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28-571: Entelea arborescens or whau is a species of malvaceous tree endemic to New Zealand. E. arborescens is the only species in the genus Entelea . A shrub or small tree to 6 m with large lime -like leaves giving a tropical appearance, whau grows in low forest along the coast of the North Island and the northern tip of the South Island . The dry fruit capsules are very distinctly brown and covered with spines. The common name whau

56-456: A rich moist loam , whau can be grown outdoors in sun or light shade in mild climates, or in a conservatory or glasshouse in cold climates. It is intolerant of drought and is able to withstand barely 3 °C of frost. Propagation is from seed, which is available commercially. It also strikes readily from hardwood cuttings about 20–30 cm long with leaves and twigs removed. Thrust deep into gritty damp soil in black planting bags and covered with

84-483: A transient, opportunist species. The characteristics which cause it to be effective in such a role include: its ability to quickly occupy ground where light has been temporarily let into the forest; its tremendous rate of growth; its ability to rapidly produce fruit; its enormous seed production, especially as it is about to die; and the fact that its seeds are capable of germinating as soon as the capsules open. Whau seeds can be stimulated into growth by fire after lying on

112-489: A vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs are common, and are most typically stellate . Stems of Bombacoideae are often covered in thick prickles. The flowers are commonly borne in definite or indefinite axillary inflorescences , which are often reduced to a single flower, but may also be cauliflorous , oppositifolious, or terminal. They often bear supernumerary bracts in

140-480: A very dry or ill-drained soil. Its occurrence is sporadic even in undisturbed coastal forest. In lowland rain-forest whau is rare, found only beside streams in valleys near the coast where open ground and sufficient warmth and light are found. Although whau occurs here and there in Nelson and Marlborough in the South Island , occurrence is local south of Lat. 38°. The plant has never been found more than 8 km. from

168-681: A wet sack or newspaper for a week to keep moist; new leaves will appear after about three weeks. Best left a few months until strong re-growth is obvious before transplanting. Malvaceae See List of Malvaceae genera Malvaceae ( / m æ l ˈ v eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ), or the mallows , is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra , cotton , cacao , roselle and durian . There are also some genera containing familiar ornamentals, such as Alcea (hollyhock), Malva (mallow), and Tilia (lime or linden tree). The genera with

196-455: Is a Māori word that appears to derive from the common Polynesian word for hibiscus , particularly Hibiscus tiliaceus , which it superficially resembles. Alternate names include 'New Zealand mulberry', 'corkwood' and 'evergreen lime'. Within the Malvaceae , Entelea is placed within tribe Sparrmannieae and subfamily Grewioideae , a position confirmed by ndhF DNA sequence data. As

224-1278: Is based on the second circumscription, as presented by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . The Malvaceae s.l. (hereafter simply "Malvaceae") comprise nine subfamilies. A tentative cladogram of the family is shown below. The diamond denotes a poorly supported branching (<80%). Byttnerioideae : 26 genera, 650 species, pan-tropical, especially South America Grewioideae : 25 genera, 770 species, " pantropical " Sterculioideae : 12 genera, 430 species, pan-tropical Tilioideae : three genera, 50 species, northern temperate regions and Central America Dombeyoideae : about 20 genera, about 380 species, palaeo-tropical, especially Madagascar and Mascarenes Brownlowioideae : eight genera, about 70 species, especially palaeo-tropical Helicteroideae : eight to 12 genera, 10 to 90 species, tropical, especially Southeast Asia Malvoideae : 78 genera, 1,670 species, temperate to tropical Bombacoideae : 12 genera, 120 species, tropical, especially Africa and America Until recently, relationships between these subfamilies were either poorly supported or almost completely obscure. Continuing disagreements focused primarily on

252-416: Is compacted, depleted of organic matter, or has clay dispersed throughout its fine-earth fraction. For example, pea can be cultivated in sandy loam and clay loam soils, but not more compacted sandy soils. Loam (the high-humus definition, not the soil texture definition) may be used for the construction of houses, for example in loam post and beam construction. Building crews can build a layer of loam on

280-456: Is considered ideal for gardening and agricultural uses because it retains nutrients well and retains water while still allowing excess water to drain away. A soil dominated by one or two of the three particle size groups can behave like loam if it has a strong granular structure, promoted by a high content of organic matter. However, a soil that meets the textural (geological) definition of loam can lose its characteristic desirable qualities when it

308-532: Is suitable for growing most plant varieties. Bricks made of loam, mud, sand, and water, with an added binding material such as rice husks or straw, have been used in construction since ancient times. Loam soils can be classified into more specific subtypes. Some examples are sandy loam, silt loam, clay loam, and silty clay loam. Different soil phases have some variation in characteristics like stoniness and erosion that are too minor to affect native vegetative growth but can be significant for crop cultivation. Loam

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336-413: Is superior, with axial placentation, with capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made of many tightly packed glandular hairs , usually positioned on the sepals. The fruits are most often loculicidal capsules , schizocarps or nuts . Self-pollination is often avoided by means of protandry . Most species are entomophilous (pollinated by insects). Bees from the tribe Emphorini of

364-656: Is the case with most malvaceous plants, E. arborescens has alternate, stipulate foliage. The bright green, obliquely cordate leaves are large (10 to 20 cm long), and have from 5 to 7 nerves and long petioles . The flowers are borne profusely between early spring and mid-summer. They have 4 or 5 sepals and 4 or 5 petals. They are 2 cm in diameter, scented, white, with a central tuft of densely-packed yellow stamens. The brown seed capsules, which are 1½ cm long, bear 2½ cm long rigid bristles. Whau has very lightweight wood, rivalling balsa ( Ochroma pyramidale ) for lightness, and less dense than cork ( about half

392-628: Is the fruit of the durian . A number of species, including Hibiscus syriacus , Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Alcea rosea are garden plants. Loam In the United States Department of Agriculture , textural classification triangle , the only soil that is not predominantly sand, silt, or clay is called "loam". Loam soils generally contain more nutrients, moisture, and humus than sandy soils, have better drainage and infiltration of water and air than silt- and clay-rich soils, and are easier to till than clay soils. In fact,

420-564: The Apidae (including Ptilothrix , Diadasia , and Melitoma ) are known to specialize on the plants. A number of species are pests in agriculture , including Abutilon theophrasti and Modiola caroliniana , and others that are garden escapees. Cotton (four species of Gossypium ), kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), cacao ( Theobroma cacao ), kola nut ( Cola spp. ), and okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) are important agricultural crops. The fruit and leaves of baobabs are edible, as

448-499: The "core Malvales" families used to be defined on the basis of shared "malvean affinities". These included the presence of malvoid teeth, stems with mucilage canals, and stratified wedge-shaped phloem. These affinities were problematic because they were not always shared within the core families. Later studies revealed more unambiguous synapomorphies within Malvaceae s.l.. Synapomorphies identified within Malvaceae s.l. include

476-429: The basis that genetics studies have shown the commonly recognised families Bombacaceae , Tiliaceae , and Sterculiaceae , which have always been considered closely allied to Malvaceae s.s. , are not monophyletic groups. The Malvaceae can be expanded to include all of these families so as to compose a monophyletic group. Adopting this circumscription, the Malvaceae incorporate a much larger number of genera. This article

504-429: The correct circumscription of these subfamilies, including the preservation of the family Bombacaceae. A study published in 2021 presented a fully resolved phylogenetic framework for Malvaceae s.l. using genomic data for all nine subfamilies. Regarding the traditional Malvaceae s.s. , the subfamily Malvoideae approximately corresponds to that group. 245 genera are currently accepted. The relationships between

532-490: The density). The wood was used by Māori to make pōito (fishing floats), kārewa (buoys) and mōkihi (rafts). The pale brown wood forms several bands of unlignified pith -like parenchyma per year. This is a characteristic shared with related plants including Sparrmannia , and causes there to be no distinct growth rings in the wood. The species is extremely light-demanding and is unable to live under an unbroken canopy. It cannot tolerate even moderate cold, strong wind, or

560-426: The flowers, with the main axis developing first. Bracts on the peduncle subtend axillary buds that become these lateral stalks. One bract within this whorl is a sterile bract. The bicolor unit is a variable structure in complexity, but the presence of fertile and sterile bracts is a salient characteristic. The English common name 'mallow' (also applied to other members of Malvaceae) comes from Latin malva (also

588-425: The inner surface of the sepals, but flowers of the subfamily Tiliodeae also have present nectaries on the petals. Malvean flowers also share a unifying structure known as a bicolor unit, named for its initial discovery in the flowers of Theobroma bicolor . The bicolor unit consists of an ordered inflorescence with determinate cymose structures. The inflorescence can branch off the main axis, creating separate orders of

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616-470: The largest numbers of species include Hibiscus (434 species), Pavonia (291 species), Sida (275 species), Ayenia (216 species), Dombeya (197 species), and Sterculia (181 species). The circumscription of the Malvaceae is controversial. The traditional Malvaceae sensu stricto comprise a very homogeneous and cladistically monophyletic group. Another major circumscription, Malvaceae sensu lato , has been more recently defined on

644-562: The presence of tile cells, trichomatous nectaries, and an inflorescence structure called a bicolor unit. Tile cells consist of vertically positioned cells interspersed between and dimensionally similar to procumbent ray cells. Evidence of Malvean wood fossils has confirmed their evolutionary link in Malvaceae s.l. , as well as explained their diverse structures. Flowers of Malvaceae s.l . exhibit nectaries consisting of densely arranged multicellular hairs resembling trichomes. In most of Malvaceae s.l. , these trichomatous nectaries are located on

672-424: The primary definition of loam in most dictionaries is soils containing humus (organic content) with no mention of particle size or texture, and this definition is used by many gardeners. The different types of loam soils each have slightly different characteristics, with some draining liquids more efficiently than others. The soil's texture, especially its ability to retain nutrients and water , are crucial. Loam soil

700-405: The sea (Waitākere Stream, near Auckland), nor higher than 350 m. Extreme minimum temperatures for localities where Entelea really thrives are always, so far as the records show, well above 0 °C. In its natural habitat the tree depends mainly for success upon its prodigious seed production, the remarkably long life of the seed, and, after germination, rapid growth. In forest, whau is essentially

728-664: The source for the English word " mauve "). Malva itself was ultimately derived from the word for the plant in ancient Mediterranean languages. Cognates of the word include Ancient Greek μαλάχη ( malákhē ) or μολόχη ( molókhē ), Modern Greek μολόχα ( molókha ), modern Arabic : ملوخية ( mulukhiyah ) and modern Hebrew : מלוחיה ( molokhia ). Most species are herbaceous plants or shrubs , but some are trees or lianas . Leaves are generally alternate , often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be entire, but when dentate ,

756-466: The structure of a bicolor unit. They can be unisexual or bisexual, and are generally actinomorphic , often associated with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx . They generally have five valvate sepals , most frequently basally connate , with five imbricate petals . The stamens are five to numerous, and connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils . The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels . The ovary

784-523: The surface of the ground for many years. Having germinated, whau establishes itself with striking rapidity. In a study on Taranga (Hen Island) , in favourable conditions whau was often the first new plant to appear, followed by Urtica ferox (tree nettle), Macropiper excelsum (kawakawa), Coprosma macrocarpa (coastal karamu) and Coprosma lucida (shiny karamu); forest-dominating trees were slower to come in – Corynocarpus (karaka) most quickly, followed by Beilschmiedia tawa (tawa). Preferring

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