Misplaced Pages

#197802

62-539: Whitaker's is a reference book, published annually in the United Kingdom . It was originally published by J. Whitaker & Sons from 1868 to 1997, next by HM Stationery Office until 2003 and then by A. & C. Black , which became a wholly owned subsidiary of Bloomsbury Publishing in 2011. The publication was acquired by Rebellion Publishing in 2020, with the 153rd edition appearing on 15 April 2021. In mid-2022, Rebellion announced that there would not be

124-470: A superstrate , prestige language and the dominant medium of literary and intellectual expression in the southern half of the peninsula from the 8th century to the 13th century. Arabic in al-Andalus existed largely in a situation of bilingualism with Romance until the 13th century. It also coexisted with Hebrew , and Arabic features and traditions had a major impact on Jewish poetry in Iberia. There

186-583: A "Christian" language, after which they would have to get rid of all Arabic written material. This triggered one of the largest revolts, the Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571) . Still, Andalusi Arabic remained in use in certain areas of Spain (particularly the inner regions of Valencia and Aragon ) until the final expulsion of the Moriscos at the beginning of the 17th century. Andalusi Arabic

248-455: A 2022 edition and no further editions have appeared since then. Joseph Whitaker began preparing his Almanack in the autumn of 1868. He postponed publication of the first edition on learning of the resignation of Benjamin Disraeli on 1 December 1868, so that he could include details of the new Gladstone administration . At the same time, Whitaker continued to expand the information so that

310-790: A personal interest in the continued publication of the book after its headquarters were destroyed in the Blitz . A copy is also sealed in Cleopatra's Needle on the north bank of the River Thames . Each year the Almanack is published in two formats – the Standard Edition and a shortened Concise Edition. In previous years, a larger-format of the Standard Edition, bound in leather , was produced for libraries . In 2016, Whitaker's launched its online edition through its website, which

372-515: A register of the less-privileged masses. Many features of Andalusi Arabic have been reconstructed by Arabists using Hispano-Arabic texts (such as the azjāl of ibn Quzman , al-Shushtari and others) composed in Arabic with varying degrees of deviation from classical norms, augmented by further information from the manner in which the Arabic script was used to transliterate Romance words. The first complete linguistic description of Andalusi Arabic

434-707: A series of almanacs for the years of 1792 to 1797. Currently published almanacs such as Whitaker's Almanack have expanded their scope and contents beyond that of their historical counterparts. Modern almanacs include a comprehensive presentation of statistical and descriptive data covering the entire world. Contents also include discussions of topical developments and a summary of recent historical events. Other currently published almanacs (ca. 2006) include TIME Almanac with Information Please , World Almanac and Book of Facts , The Farmer's Almanac and The Old Farmer's Almanac and The Almanac for Farmers & City Folk. The Inverness Almanac , an almanac/literary journal,

496-493: A similar goal as the ancient Babylonian almanac, to find celestial bodies. " Almanac ". New International Encyclopedia . 1905. " Almanac ". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. " Almanacs ". The New Student's Reference Work . 1914. " Almanac ". Encyclopedia Americana . 1920. Spanish Arabic Andalusi Arabic or Andalusian Arabic ( Arabic : اللهجة العربية الأندلسية , romanized :  al-lahja l-ʿarabiyya l-ʾandalusiyya )

558-672: A substratum to an adstratum to a superstratum with respect to Arabic. Semantic fields such as plant and animal names, domestic objects, and agriculture received the most loanwords. Sometimes both the Romance and Arabic words were used, such as the words imlíq (from UMBILICU ) and surra ( سُرَّة ) for navel ; Consuelo Lopez-Morillas recalls "the many households made up of Hispano-Roman women and Arab men." Once subsumed into Arabic morphological patterns, Romance loanwords became difficult to distinguish as such. For example, nibšāriuh (from aniversario 'anniversary' or 'birthday')

620-490: Is a parapegma , a list of dates of seasonally regular weather changes, first appearances and last appearances of stars or constellations at sunrise or sunset, and solar events such as solstices , all organized according to the solar year. With the astronomical computations were expected weather phenomena, composed as a digest of observations made by various authorities of the past. Parapegmata had been composed for centuries. Ptolemy believed that astronomical phenomena caused

682-493: Is evidence that code-switching was commonplace among bilingual populations in al-Andalus. It also had some contact with Berber languages or al-lisān al-gharbī ( اللسان الغربي 'the western tongue') in periods of Berber rule, particularly under the Almoravids and Almohads, though Federico Corriente identified only about 15 Berberisms that entered Andalusi Arabic speech. The influence of Romance on Andalusi Arabic

SECTION 10

#1732793358198

744-593: Is evidenced by occasional Romance or even local Arabic transcription of / a / as [ o ] or [ u ] . There was a fair amount of compensatory lengthening involved where a loss of consonantal gemination lengthened the preceding vowel, whence the transformation of عشّ /ʕuʃ(ʃ)/ ("nest") into عوش /ʕuːʃ/ . New phonemes introduced into Andalusi Arabic, such as /p/ and /t͡ʃ/ were often written as geminated بّ and جّ respectively. This would later be carried over into Aljamiado , in which /p/ and /t͡ʃ/ in Romance languages would be transcribed with

806-404: Is not an Arabic word....The word remains a puzzle." Walter William Skeat concludes that the construction of an Arabic origin is "not satisfactory". The Oxford English Dictionary similarly says "the word has no etymon in Arabic" but indirect circumstantial evidence "points to a Spanish Arabic al-manākh ". The reason why the proposed Arabic word is speculatively spelled al-manākh is that

868-830: Is still used in Andalusi classical music and has significantly influenced the dialects of such towns as Sfax in Tunisia, Rabat , Salé , Fès , Tétouan and Tangier in Morocco, Nedroma , Tlemcen , Blida , Jijel , and Cherchell in Algeria, and Alexandria in Egypt. Andalusi Arabic also influenced Andalusi Romance ("Mozarabic"), Spanish , Judaeo-Spanish varieties, Catalan-Valencian-Balearic , Portuguese , Classical Arabic and Moroccan , Tunisian , Egyptian , Hassani and Algerian Arabics. Under Muslim rule, Arabic became

930-481: Is the so-called Babylonian Almanac , which lists favorable and unfavorable days with advice on what to do on each of them. Successive variants and versions aimed at different readership have been found. Egyptian lists of good and bad moments, three times each day, have also been found. Many of these prognostics were connected with celestial events. The flooding of the Nile valley, a most important event in ancient Egypt,

992-670: The Catholic Monarchs of Spain . Once widely spoken in Iberia, the expulsions and persecutions of Arabic speakers caused an abrupt end to the language's use on the peninsula. It continued to be spoken to some degree in North Africa after the expulsion, although Andalusi speakers rapidly assimilated into the Maghrebi communities to which they fled. Arabic in al-Andalus existed largely in a situation of bilingualism with Andalusi Romance (known popularly as Mozarabic ) until

1054-572: The North-American Almanack , published annually from 1771 to 1784, as well as the first American nautical almanac, The Navigator's Kalendar, or Nautical Almanack, for 1783 . Andrew Ellicott of Ellicott's Upper Mills , Maryland , authored a series of almanacs, The United States Almanack , the earliest known copy of which bears the date of 1782. Benjamin Banneker , a free African American living near Ellicott's Mills, composed

1116-574: The Ottoman Empire and to the fact that the Moriscos had revealed themselves as agents of the enemy who helped the Ottomans against Spain, Philip II of Spain issued a royal decree in Spain forbidding Moriscos from the use of Arabic on all occasions , formal and informal, speaking and writing. Using Arabic henceforth would be regarded as a crime. Arabic speakers were given three years to learn

1178-652: The Wapsipinicon Almanac , and the Calendari dels Pagesos , a Catalan-language almanac published in Catalonia since 1861. The GPS almanac , as part of the data transmitted by each GPS satellite, contains coarse orbit and status information for all satellites in the constellation, an ionospheric model, and information to relate GPS derived time to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). Hence the GPS almanac provides

1240-415: The environment . The largest section is the countries directory, which includes recent history , politics , economic information and culture overviews. Each edition also features a selection of critical essays focusing on events of the previous year. Extensive astronomical data covering the forthcoming year is published at the rear of the book. Whitaker's was prized enough that Winston Churchill took

1302-633: The imperial period , each month was headed with illustrations of its chief astrological signs , matching Roman geoponical tracts that often combined guidance for the proper conditions for different activities with the stars present during that period rather than using the civil calendar . The origins of the almanac can be connected to ancient Babylonian astronomy , when tables of planetary periods were produced in order to predict lunar and planetary phenomena. Similar treatises called Zij were later composed in medieval Islamic astronomy . The modern almanac differs from Babylonian, Ptolemaic and Zij tables in

SECTION 20

#1732793358198

1364-537: The 11th century on, in stanzaic dialectal poems ( zajal ) and dialectal proverb collections. Substantial material on late Granadan Arabic survives in the work of Pedro de Alcalá —the Vocabulista aravigo en letra castellana and Arte para ligeramente saber la lengua araviga , both published in 1505 to explain the language of the conquered to the conquerors following the Fall of Granada . Its last documents are

1426-452: The 13th century. It was also characterized by diglossia : in addition to standard written Arabic, spoken varieties could be subdivided into an urban, educated idiolect and a register of the less-privileged masses. Spoken Andalusi Arabic had distinct features. It is unique among colloquial dialects in retaining from Standard Arabic the internal passive voice through vocalization. Through contact with Romance , spoken Andalusi Arabic adopted

1488-720: The 17th century, English almanacs were bestsellers, second only to the Bible; by the middle of the century, 400,000 almanacs were being produced annually (a complete listing can be found in the English Short Title Catalogue ). Until its deregulation in 1775, the Stationers' Company maintained a lucrative monopoly over almanac publication in England. Richard Allestree (not to be confused with Richard Allestree (1621/22–1681), provost of Eton College) wrote one of

1550-519: The 9th century that Christians were no longer using Latin, Richard Bulliet estimates that only 50% of the population of al-Andalus had converted to Islam by the death of Abd al-Rahman III in 961, and 80% by 1100. By about 1260, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the Emirate of Granada , in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared. The colloquial Arabic of al-Andalus

1612-540: The Classical language. Alternatively in higher registers, [ e ] and [ o ] were only allophones of / i / and / u / respectively, while diphthongs were mostly resistant to monophthongization. However, / a / could turn into [ e ] or [ i ] via imāla . In the presence of velar or pharyngeal contour, / a / was backed into [ ɑ ] and sometimes even rounded into [ o ] or [ u ] , or even [ ɒ ] . This

1674-569: The Latin writer Pseudo-Geber wrote under an Arabic pseudonym. (The later alchemical word alkahest is known to be pseudo-Arabic.) The earlier texts considered to be almanacs have been found in the Near East , dating back to the middle of the second millennium BC. They have been called generally hemerologies, from the Greek word hēmerologion , "calendar" (from hēmera , meaning "day"). Among them

1736-531: The Moon. It has been suggested that the word almanac derives from a Greek word meaning calendar . However, that word appears only once in antiquity, by Eusebius who quotes Porphyry as to the Coptic Egyptian use of astrological charts ( almenichiaká ). The earliest almanacs were calendars that included agricultural, astronomical, or meteorological data. But it is highly unlikely Roger Bacon received

1798-455: The above letters, each containing a shadda . Andalusi Arabic is uniquely conservative among colloquial Arabic dialects for retaining the internal passive voice ( صيغة المجهول ' sighatu l-majhūl ') of Standard Arabic verbs , using the same stem of the active voice verb with different vocalization. The passive voice is expressed in the past or perfect tense with kasra (/i/) on the last syllable and damma (/u/) on all other syllables, and in

1860-481: The case that ق most often represented /q/ , sometimes /k/ , and marginally /ɡ/ based on a plethora of surviving Andalusi writings and Romance transcriptions of Andalusi Arabic words. The vowel system was subject to a heavy amount of fronting and raising, a phenomenon known as imāla , causing /a(ː)/ to be raised, probably to [ ɛ ] or [ e ] and, particularly with short vowels, [ ɪ ] in certain circumstances, particularly when i-mutation

1922-449: The changes in seasonal weather; his explanation of why there was not an exact correlation of these events was that the physical influences of other heavenly bodies also came into play. Hence for him, weather prediction was a special division of astrology . Surviving Roman menologia rustica combined schedules of solar information and agricultural activities throughout the year with the months' tutelary deities and major festivals . By

Whitaker's Almanack - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-471: The days of the month were indicated by movable pegs inserted into bored holes, hence the name. There were also written texts and according to Diogenes Laërtius , Parapegma was the title of a book by Democritus . Ptolemy , the Alexandrian astronomer (2nd century) wrote a treatise, Phaseis —"phases of fixed stars and collection of weather-changes" is the translation of its full title—the core of which

2046-648: The extensive Berber presence in al-Andalus. Corriente identified about 15 Berberisms that entered Andalusi Arabic, only a few of which were still in use in the early 16th century. The phoneme represented by the letter ق in texts is a point of contention. The letter, which in Classical Arabic represented either a voiceless pharyngealized velar stop or a voiceless uvular stop , most likely represented some kind of post-alveolar affricate or velar plosive in Andalusi Arabic. Federico Corriente presents

2108-706: The first center in the colonies for the annual publication of almanacs, to be followed by Philadelphia during the first half of the eighteenth century. Nathaniel Ames of Dedham, Massachusetts , issued his popular Astronomical Diary and Almanack in 1725 and annually after c.  1732 . James Franklin published The Rhode Island Almanack by "Poor Robin" for each year from 1728 to 1735. James' brother, Benjamin Franklin , published his annual Poor Richard's Almanack in Philadelphia from 1732 to 1758. Samuel Stearns of Paxton, Massachusetts , issued

2170-461: The first edition, described it as "the largest of the cheap almanacks" to appear, and noted it contained a great deal more valuable information than other such works. In 2013, the 2014 edition became the first to be published under the new simpler branding of " Whitaker's ". Whitaker's Almanack consists of articles, lists and tables on a wide range of subjects including education , the peerage , government departments, health and social issues, and

2232-547: The first modern examples. Copies of 12th century almanacs are found in the British Museum, and in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. In 1300, Petrus de Dacia created an almanac (Savilian Library, Oxford) the same year Roger Bacon, OFM, produced his own. In 1327 Walter de Elvendene created an almanac and later on John Somers of Oxford, in 1380. In 1386 Nicholas de Lynne, Oxford produced an almanac. In 1457

2294-632: The first printed almanac was published at Mainz, by Gutenberg (eight years before the famous Bible). Regio-Montanus produced an almanac in 1472 (Nuremberg, 1472), which continued in print for several centuries. In 1497 the Sheapheard's Kalendar , translated from French ( Richard Pynson ) became the first almanac to be printed in English. By the second half of the 16th century, yearly almanacs were being produced in England by authors such as Anthony Askham, Thomas Buckminster, John Dade and Gabriel Frende. In

2356-461: The future in the divination sense. Early almanacs therefore contained general horoscopes , as well as natural information. An example is the folded almanac Western MS.8932 (Wellcome Collection, London), produced in England between 1387 and 1405, is a calendar with astrological tables and diagrams used by medical practitioners to harness astrological information relating to health. In 1150 Solomon Jarchus created such an almanac considered to be among

2418-496: The imperfect (prefix) form of a verb, preceded by either kān or kīn (depending on the register of the speech in question), of which the final -n was normally assimilated by preformatives y- and t- . An example drawn from Ibn Quzmān will illustrate this: The oldest evidence of Andalusi Arabic utterances can be dated from the 10th and 11th century, in isolated quotes, both in prose and stanzaic Classical Andalusi poems ( muwashshahat ), and then, from

2480-441: The imperfect tense with damma /u/ on the personal subject prefix—the first syllable—and fatḥah /a/ on the following syllables. Some nouns in Andalusi Arabic shifted gender to match the gender of corresponding terms in Romance, such as the feminine Arabic nouns ʿayn ( عين 'eye') and shams ( شمس 'sun'), which became masculine in al-Andalus, matching ojo and sol . Gender distinction in second-person pronouns and verbs

2542-601: The initially planned 329 pages grew to 370. The first edition of the Almanack appeared on 23 December 1868, priced at 1 shilling , introduced by a short editorial piece written by Joseph Whitaker. It began "The Editor does not put forward this Almanack as perfect: yet he ventures to think that he has succeeded in preparing a work which will commend itself to those who desire to see improvement in this direction." It concluded by inviting critics to suggest ways in which improvements could be made. The Manchester Guardian , reviewing

Whitaker's Almanack - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-491: The more popular English almanacs, producing yearly volumes from 1617 to 1643, but his is by no means the earliest or the longest-running almanac. Works that satirized this type of publication appeared in the late 1500s. During the next century, a writer using the pseudonym of "Poor Richard, Knight of the Burnt Island" began to publish a series of such parodies that were entitled Poor Robin's Almanack . The 1664 issue of

2666-481: The phonemes / p / and / tʃ / . Like the other Iberian languages, Andalusi lacked vowel length but had stress instead (e.g. Andalusí in place of Andalusī ). A feature shared with Maghrebi Arabic was that the first-person imperfect was marked with the prefix n- ( نلعب nalʿab 'I play') like the plural in Standard Arabic, necessitating an analogical imperfect first-person plural, constructed with

2728-533: The seeds of what was to grow into an indigenous Andalusi Arabic." Unlike the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania , through which Latin remained the dominant language, the Muslim conquest brought a language that was a vehicle for a cultural and religious subjugation. Over the centuries, Arabic spread gradually in al-Andalus, primarily through conversion to Islam . While Alvarus of Cordoba lamented in

2790-532: The sense that "the entries found in the almanacs give directly the positions of the celestial bodies and need no further computation", in contrast to the more common "auxiliary astronomical tables" based on Ptolemy's Almagest . The earliest known almanac in this modern sense is the Almanac of Azarqueil written in 1088 by Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Latinized as Arzachel) in Toledo , al-Andalus . The work provided

2852-769: The series stated: "This month we may expect to hear of the Death of some Man, Woman, or Child, either in Kent or Christendom." The first almanac printed in the Thirteen Colonies of British America was William Pierce's 1639 An Almanac Calculated for New England . The almanac was the first in a series of such publications that Stephen Daye , or Day, printed each year until 1649 in Cambridge, Massachusetts . The Cambridge/ Boston area in Massachusetts soon became

2914-405: The spelling occurred as "almanach", as well as almanac (and Roger Bacon used both spellings). The earliest use of the word was in the context of astronomy calendars. The Arabic word المناخ al-munākh has different meanings in contemporary Arabic than in classical Arabic usage. The word originally meant "the place where camels kneel [so riders and baggage can disembark]". In contemporary Arabic,

2976-509: The suffix -ū ( نلعبوا nalʿabū 'we play'). A feature characteristic of it was the extensive imala that transformed alif into an /e/ or /i/ (e.g. al-kirā ("rent") > al-kirē > Spanish " alquiler "). The Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, about a century after the death of Muhammad , involved a few thousand Arab tribesmen and a much larger number of partially Arabicized Amazigh , many of whom spoke little or no Arabic . According to Consuelo López-Morillas , "this population sowed

3038-526: The true daily positions of the sun, moon and planets for four years from 1088 to 1092, as well as many other related tables. A Latin translation and adaptation of the work appeared as the Tables of Toledo in the 12th century and the Alfonsine tables in the 13th century. After almanacs were devised, people still saw little difference between predicting the movements of the stars and tides, and predicting

3100-428: The verbal system was substantially altered. One example is the initial n- on verbs in the first person singular , a feature shared by many Maghrebi varieties. Likewise the form V pattern of tafaʻʻal-a ( تَفَعَّلَ ) was altered by epenthesis to atfa``al ( أتْفَعَّل ). Andalusi Arabic developed a contingent/subjunctive mood (after a protasis with the conditional particle law ) consisting of

3162-815: The word from this etymology: "Notwithstanding the suggestive sound and use of this word (of which however the real form is very uncertain), the difficulties of connecting it historically either with the Spanish Arabic manākh, or with Medieval Latin almanach without Arabic intermediation, seem insurmountable." One etymology report says "The ultimate source of the word is obscure. Its first syllable, al-, and its general relevance to medieval science and technology, strongly suggest an Arabic origin, but no convincing candidate has been found". Ernest Weekley similarly states of almanac : "First seen in Roger Bacon. Apparently from Spanish Arabic, al-manakh , but this

SECTION 50

#1732793358198

3224-550: The word means "climate". The prestige of the Tables of Toledo and other medieval Arabic astronomy works at the time of the word's emergence in the West, together with the absence of the word in Arabic, suggest it may have been invented in the West and is pseudo-Arabic. At that time in the West, it would have been prestigious to attach an Arabic appellation to a set of astronomical tables. Also around that time, prompted by that motive,

3286-594: Was a variety or varieties of Arabic spoken mainly from the 9th to the 15th century in Al-Andalus , the regions of the Iberian Peninsula , respectively modern Spain until the late-15th century, and modern Portugal until the mid-13th century under Muslim rule . It became an extinct language in Iberia after the expulsion of the Moriscos , which took place over a century after the Granada War by

3348-457: Was abandoned. There were about twenty suffixes from Romance that were attached to Arabic bases. The -an which, in Classical Arabic, marked a noun as indefinite accusative case (see nunation ), became an indeclinable conjunctive particle, as in ibn Quzmān's expression rajul-an 'ashīq . The unconjugated prepositive negative particle lis developed out of the classical verb lays-a . The derivational morphology of

3410-424: Was especially pronounced in situations of daily Arabic-Romance contact . For example, an Arabic letter written by a Valencian Morisco in 1595 contained constructions such as taʿmál alburšíblī 'do what is possible' and aquštiš matáʿī 'at a cost to me.' It was also characterized by diglossia : in addition to standard written Arabic, spoken varieties could be subdivided into an urban, educated idiolect and

3472-416: Was expected to occur at the summer solstice, but as the civil calendar had exactly 365 days, over the centuries, the date was drifting in the calendar. The first heliacal rising of Sirius was used for its prediction and this practice, the observation of some star and its connecting to some event apparently spread. The Greek almanac, known as parapegma, has existed in the form of an inscribed stone on which

3534-678: Was given by the Spanish Arabist Federico Corriente , who drew on the Appendix Probi , zajal poetry, proverbs and aphorisms, the work of the 16th century lexicographer Pedro de Alcalá , and Andalusi letters found in the Cairo Geniza . As Arabisms moved into varieties of Iberian Romance over time, Andalusi Arabic borrowed widely from the Romance lexicon. Corriente observes three periods in which Romance words entered Arabic, as Romance shifted from

3596-425: Was made plural as nibšāriyāt and lubb (from lobo 'wolf') became a broken plural as lababah . Romance loanwords were used in Andalusi Arabic through the end of Muslim rule in Iberia, even after Granada had been monolingually arabophone for two centuries. The lexical impact of Berber language on Andalusi Arabic appears to be considerably less than that of Romance and very small in proportion to

3658-430: Was possible. Contact with native Romance speakers led to the introduction of the phonemes / p / , / ɡ / and, possibly, the affricate / tʃ / from loanwords . Monophthongization led to the disappearance of certain diphthongs such as /aw/ and /aj/ which were leveled to / oː / and / eː / , respectively, though Colin hypothesizes that these diphthongs remained in the more mesolectal registers influenced by

3720-581: Was prominent among the varieties of Arabic of its time in its use for literary purposes, especially in zajal poetry and proverbs and aphorisms . In 1502, the Muslims of Granada were forced to choose between conversion and exile; those who converted became known as the Moriscos . In 1526, this requirement was extended to Muslims in the rest of Spain, the Mudéjars . In 1567, due to the wars against

3782-938: Was published in West Marin, California, from 2015 to 2016. In 2007, Harrowsmith Country Life Magazine launched a Canadian Almanac, written in Canada, with all-Canadian content. The nonprofit agrarian organization the Greenhorns currently publishes The New Farmer's Almanac as a resource for young farmers. Major topics covered by almanacs (reflected by their tables of contents) include: geography , government , demographics , agriculture , economics and business , health and medicine , religion , mass media , transportation , science and technology , sport , and awards / prizes . Other examples include The Almanac of American Politics published by Columbia Books & Information Services , The Almanac of British Politics ,

SECTION 60

#1732793358198

3844-471: Was updated weekly with free-to-view and subscription only content. The Almanack' s current editor is Michael Rowley. There have been eleven editors since 1868: Almanac The etymology of the word is unclear. The earliest documented use of the word in something like its current sense is in Latin in 1267. Roger Bacon used it to mean a set of tables detailing movements of heavenly bodies including

#197802