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49-639: The society focuses on evangelism and education , mostly in Africa . In 2021, there were 1,428 members of the Missionaries of Africa of 36 nationalities, working in 42 countries, in 217 communities. The cholera epidemic of 1867 left a large number of Algerian orphans, and the education and Christian instruction of these children was the occasion of the founding of the society in Maison-Carrée (now El-Harrach ) near Algiers ; but from its inception

98-574: A society of apostolic life . They may retain their own property; but they may expend it in the society only at the direction of the superiors. The White Fathers, meaning the members of the international Missionary Society of priest and brothers,  were: At present, in 2021, the Society is constituted as follows:   -1,144 Missionaries of Africa – fully professed priests , deacons and brothers: -467 are living and working in Europe -120 in

147-469: A Christian message and usually accompanied by an opportunity to respond with a prayer for salvation . New opportunities for evangelism have been provided in recent decades by increased travel opportunities and by instant communications over the internet. Instant chalk board drawings (while storytelling), using bright poster chalk on large boards, along with ventriloquism and humor, have also been used in schools and churches and at beaches and river banks. In

196-610: A caravan of several missionaries arrived at the port of Mombasa , and after a three-month trek reached Lake Victoria . The White Fathers were the largest missionary society to operate in Zambia, as well as one of the earliest to settle in the country. Their first station was among the Mambwe , in the Tanganyika- Malawi corridor, established in 1891 (prior to the establishment of British rule). The Mambwe had been harassed by

245-678: A distributor of these American Christian films in France, if Christian films are considered proselytism, all films are a form of proselytism, since films of all genres could each be said to carry a message. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala The Archdiocese of Kampala is the Metropolitan See for the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical province of Kampala in Uganda . The present Kampala Archdiocese

294-592: A leadership position; they may be found preaching to large meetings or in governance roles. In addition, Christian groups who encourage evangelism are sometimes known as evangelistic or evangelist . The word evangelist comes from the Koine Greek word εὐανγέλιον (transliterated as euangelion ) via Latinised evangelium as used in the canonical titles of the Four Gospels , authored by (or attributed to) Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John (also known as

343-510: A light material, which suits the weather conditions. To accompany this was a long white cloak known as a burnous . These men would wear a rosary around their neck to show that they were men of religion and prayer, and the rosary resembled the misbaha of the Marabouts .   The official archives of the Missionaries of Africa (‘The White Fathers’) are in Rome, Italy . This archival collection

392-556: A necklace and token of their religion, in imitation of the misbaha of the marabouts . The nickname "White Fathers" derives from their garb. A novitiate was established in 1868. Missionary posts were established in Kabylie and in the Sahara . In 1876 three missionaries on their way to Timbuktu were killed by desert nomads. In 1878 ten missionaries left Algiers to establish posts at Lakes Victoria , Nyassa and Tanganyika . In 1878,

441-435: A year, containing information about the mission and their work in the surrounding area and community. The Rapports Annuales consisted of a variety of statistics, including, number of missionaries; catechists ; neophytes; catechumans; baptisms of various categories; marriages ; confessions ; confirmations; and the number of boys and girls attending school for each mission station. Within these recordings and reports, education

490-792: Is deemed essential to those researching African history as it contains a wide availability of resources. However, many are unaware of the regional ‘White Fathers’ archives that exist within Africa itself. The archive at the ‘White Fathers’ headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia , was most recently updated in 2001, overseen by Father Hugo Hinfelaar. The collections had been held until 1996 at the Ilondola missions ‘Language Learning Centre’, which had been an open facility for researchers since 1960. The collections were mainly created and catalogued by Father Louis Oger until he died in 1996. These included materials detailing

539-668: Is deemed private. However, researchers can gain access on request. They are currently managed by the General Secretariat of the Society, and their archivist is Father Dominique Arnauld. Whilst today the official languages of the society are French and English , most records and the limited electronic collection are organised in the French language . The archives hold a variety of materials ranging from correspondence, reports, general administration and publications from their founder Cardinal Lavigerie . This centralised archive

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588-476: Is the act of preaching the gospel with the intention of sharing the message and teachings of Jesus Christ . It is sometimes associated with Christian missions . Christians who specialize in evangelism are often known as evangelists , whether they are in their home communities or living as missionaries in the field, although some Christian traditions refer to such people as missionaries in either case. Some Christian traditions consider evangelists to be in

637-525: Is the result of territorial changes: When the Catholic White Fathers came to Lubaga in 1879, they were allocated land near Lubaga Hill . In 1889, the reigning monarch Mwanga II of Buganda , donated them land on Lubaga Hill itself where they built Saint Mary's Cathedral Rubaga , beginning in 1914 until 1925, with the assistance of monetary contributions from Roman Catholic congregations abroad. The early missionaries had problems pronouncing

686-570: The Four Evangelists ). The Greek word εὐαγγέλιον originally meant a reward given to the messenger for good news ( εὔ = "good", ἀνγέλλω = "I bring a message"; the word " angel " comes from the same root) and later "good news" itself. The verb form of euangelion , (translated as "evangelism"), occurs rarely in older Greek literature outside the New Testament , making its meaning more difficult to ascertain. Parallel texts of

735-738: The Foursquare Church , was the first woman to use radio to reach a wider audience in the United States. In 1951, producer Dick Ross and Baptist evangelist Billy Graham founded the film production company World Wide Pictures , which would make videos of his preaching and Christian films. In 1960, more than half of the Protestant American missionaries were evangelical. American and European Pentecostal missionaries are also numerous, Pentecostalism can develop independently by non-foreign residents in various regions of

784-682: The Smithsonian , which provide images of the missions and the Africans living near them in Rwanda and Burundi . Similar photographs exist in the University of Birmingham archives and detail a variety of missionary work in several African countries. Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "White Fathers"  . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Evangelism In Christianity, evangelism or witnessing

833-569: The ‘evangelising' of the African continent and the presence of Islam in the world. The different areas in which the White Fathers have been predominately active since their foundation by leader, Charles- Martial Allemand- Lavigerie , include: the establishment and development of new Christian communities in Africa; the formation of laity and clergy; social works; the struggle for justice within these African countries; rural development; and

882-691: The 90's (and now in the 2000's) Geoffrey Moran of Australia uses these "old school" methods as they are now new again for both children and adults. Ventriloquism is also returning to radio in the Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy style. In 1831, the Presbyterian Mission Agency was founded by the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America . Various evangelical mission organizations have specialized in evangelism throughout history. In 1792, BMS World Mission

931-627: The Americas -510 in Africa -16 in Asia   -31 in the Generalate in Rome   Although there are 460 students now at various stages of preparation, many of these White Fathers are retired because of age or ill health. It raises the question of the future of the Society which is disappearing in Europe. Presently, the process to become a White Father is much longer than before. To complete

980-632: The Bemba to Christianity . However, Britain, which wanted to exercise indirect colonial power in this area, refused to allow the French White Fathers to set up missions before 1900. But, by the 1930s, the White Fathers oversaw twenty missions located in the eastern provinces of Zambia. Following the request of Zambia authorities for the bones of Joseph Dupont, the bishop's bones were reburied at Chilubula mission on 15 December 2000. This event was, rather unusual, in that it happened 88 years after

1029-519: The Gospels of Luke and Mark reveal a synonymous relationship between the verb euangelizo ( εὑαγγελίζω ) and a Greek verb kerusso ( κηρύσσω ), which means "to proclaim". Evangelism can include preaching or distributing bibles, tracts, newspapers and/or magazines, by the media, street evangelists, etc. The Bible records that Jesus sent out his disciples to evangelize by visiting peoples homes in pairs of two believers (cf. Luke 10:1–12 ). In

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1078-588: The Regional House outside Mwanza in Tanzania, allow an insight into the research done in those areas in which the White Fathers lived and worked. Within the archives there are Rapports Annuales and a full set of Chronique Trimestrielle detailing the White Fathers’ progress of the pursuit of their aims from the 1880s through to the late 1950s. The Chronique Trimestrielle was published four times

1127-424: The United States, then a student at Dallas Theological Seminary. In 2007, there were over 10,000 Baptist missionaries in overseas missions around the world. Some consider evangelism to be proselytising , while others argue it is merely free speech. The fact that evangelicals speak about their faith in public is sometimes criticized by the media and it is often associated with proselytism. According to

1176-536: The White Father missionaries were usually pure white and, in some cases, black. The design was also different as it resembled more of a cassock , the traditional clerical attire for in Catholicism. However, the climate across Africa meant that wearing a cassock would not be suitable, so robes were designed with inspiration from a gandoura , which is a popular article of clothing in Africa made from cotton and

1225-511: The White Fathers and their impact on colonial history , between 1885 and 1921. The White Fathers who arrived at Lake Victoria region in 1879, published six Luganda grammars and dictionaries in French. White Father missionaries in Algeria ransomed a young slave, Adrien Atiman , and arranged for his education. Atiman subsequently became a medical catechist with the White Fathers at Karema , and

1274-525: The attempted conversion of believers of other faiths, especially in opposition to Islam. The White Fathers lived in Regional Houses, with each house being obliged to contain three members. The General-Superior is at the head of the society and is selected every six years by the chapter. There are often archives found within these Regional Houses which tell of the progress and aims in which the White Fathers wished to pursue. The archives to be found in

1323-614: The council and gains leadership is elected, with the next election due in 2022. The table below lists all the General Superiors from 1874 until the present day: The White fathers were once the largest missionary society in Zambia . In 1891, the White Fathers established their first station among the Mambwe , an ethnic group from northeastern Zambia, in the Tanganyika-Malawi corridor. This establishment makes them

1372-643: The earliest to settle in the country, even before the effective inception of British rule after the Berlin Conference in 1885 which gave the Zambia territory to the British power.   In 1895 Joseph Dupont took over the Mambwe mission. He directed his effort toward the dominant ethnic group in Northern Zambia, the Bemba .   Joseph Dupont then contacted the Bemba royalty. This action

1421-547: The evangelicals, freedom of religion and freedom of expression allow them to discuss their faith like they would discuss other topics. Christian films made by American evangelical production companies are also regularly associated with proselytism. According to Sarah-Jane Murray, screenwriting teacher at the US Film and Christian Television Commission United, Christian films are works of art, not proselytism. For Hubert de Kerangat, communications manager at SAJE Distribution,

1470-461: The field and four years of theology . This training can be slightly different for brother candidates. The theological studies are spent in scholasticate presently located in Abidjan ( Ivory Coast ), Nairobi ( Kenya ), Merrivale (Devon) , South Africa and Jerusalem . The society admits persons of all nationalities. The Missionaries of Africa society claims that, from its origins, it has aimed for

1519-537: The founder had in mind the conversion of the Arabs and the peoples of Central Africa. Lavigerie instructed his missionaries to speak the language of the people, eat the same food, and wear the same clothing. They therefore adopted North African dress for their vestments : the gandoura for the cassock , the burnous for the mantle , and even the chechia for the Zucchetto . They wore their rosary with crucifix as

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1568-648: The leader of the General Council is the Superior General , Father Stanley Lubungo from Zambia , and he has four assistant councillors: Didier Sawadogo ( Burkina Faso ), Francis Barnes ( British ), Martin Grenier ( Canadian ), and Ignatius Anipu ( Ghanaian ). These individuals have specific areas of responsibility such as which countries they interact with which allows them to travel visiting various regions before returning to Rome. Everyone who serves in

1617-566: The members of the ‘White Fathers’ had left Zambia. It shows the influence the White Fathers had at the time and still have in Zambia to this day.   Even today, Lusaka , is home to the ‘White Fathers’ headquarters, where the archivale collection remains, and was updated in 2001 by Father Hugo Hinfelaar. Africa is a continent with high levels of Islamic worship which meant that the White Fathers would wear robes that resembled those of Algerian Arabs . Algerian Arab robes were ones filled with colours and patterns which were known as kaftans , while

1666-575: The mid-1930s, the White Fathers had around twenty missions, all of them located in present-day Northern Luapula and, to a lesser extent, Eastern provinces of Zambia. In addition, many of the documentations of the language of Luganda , spoken in Uganda , such as grammars, dictionaries and individual articles are in English or French . This can all be traced back to the French Catholic Missionary Congregation of

1715-454: The missions, each house being obliged to contain at least three members. At the head of the society is a General-Superior, elected every six years by the chapter. He resides in Rome at the Generalate house on Via Aurelia. Those desiring to become priests or brothers are admitted to the novitiate after their philosophical studies. After the novitiate they spent two years of missionary training on

1764-624: The politically and linguistically stronger ethnic group of Northern Zambia , the Bemba , towards whom the White Fathers directed subsequent efforts. The establishment of the Chilubula mission by the bishop of Nayasa Vicariate, Joseph Dunpont , in 1898, marked the beginning of the White Fathers’ colonisation of Lubemba. This allowed the missionary society to extend their work further than any other missionary society in Northern Rhodesia. By

1813-455: The present Lakes Archdioceses of Kampala , Gitega , Tabora , and the dioceses of Kigoma , Lilongwe , and Kalemie-Kirungu . The society is composed of missionary priests and brothers. The members are bound by an oath engaging them to labour for the conversion of Africa according to the constitutions of their society. The missionaries are not, strictly speaking, a religious institute , whether " order " or " congregation ". Instead, they are

1862-496: The process of preparation, the candidates must first spend one year in a preparatory centre. Then comes the study of Philosophy for 3 or 4 years. The next step is the Spiritual Year which takes place in one of 3 centres in Africa. Two are English-speaking, one is French-speaking. The final period of study of 4 years takes place in Africa or Jerusalem . One of the chief points in the rule is in regard to community life in

1911-542: The same text, Jesus mentioned that few people were willing to evangelize, despite there being many people who would be receptive to his Gospel message . The child evangelism movement is a Christian evangelism movement that originated in the 20th century. It focuses on the 4/14 Window which centers on evangelizing children between the ages of 4 and 14 years old. Beginning in the 1970s, a group of Christian athletes known as The Power Team spawned an entire genre of Christian entertainment based on strong-man exploits mixed with

1960-738: The seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kampala. The remains of the first African Catholic bishop in Uganda, Bishop Joseph Nakabaale Kiwanuka and those of the first African Catholic Cardinal, Cardinal Emmanuel Kiwanuka Nsubuga are kept in the Catholic Mission on the hill. The seat of the Archbishop is Saint Mary's Cathedral in Lubaga Division , in western Kampala . There are two Minor Basilica of

2009-503: The second-largest source of missionaries in the world, after the United States and ahead of England. In July 1999, TopChrétien, an evangelical Christian web portal and social network , was launched by Éric Célérier, pastor of the Assemblies of God of France and Estelle Martin. In January 2007, GodTube , a site for sharing videos related to Christianity, especially evangelical, was founded by Christopher Wyatt of Plano, Texas in

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2058-494: The society's administration, history and personnel. By moving the collections to Lusaka, Zambia , the archive has become much more accessible, and they are actively seeking to expand their collections. A similar regional archive exists in Mwanza, Tanzania and details the activities of the ‘White Fathers’ who worked in this area. Although small, it provides a valuable insight into the societies missions and contains documents such as

2107-595: The word Lubaga . They instead pronounced it with an "r" as in Rubaga. In Luganda, there is no word that starts with an "R". (Other Bantu languages from western Uganda and the African Great Lakes Area have words starting with "R".) Later, the missionaries built a hospital and a nursing school on the hill. Today, Lubaga remains the seat of the headquarters of the Catholic Church in Uganda. It is

2156-754: The world, notably in Africa, South America, and Asia. Youth with a Mission was founded in 1960 in United States by Loren Cunningham and his wife Darlene. The Christian Broadcasting Network was founded in 1961 in Virginia Beach , United States, by Baptist minister Pat Robertson . In 1974, Billy Graham and the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization organized the First International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne . In 2004, South Korea became

2205-450: The ‘Reports Annuels’. The latter compiles statistics related to the ‘White Fathers’ work, ranging from the number of Sisters to baptisms . Records such as this are not available in Rome, demonstrating the importance of seeking various archival sources and not solely those from the central archive. Photographic archives related to the ‘White Fathers missionary work from throughout the 20th century can be found in various archives such as in

2254-1234: Was founded in Kettering , England by William Carey . In 1814, the American Baptist International Ministries was founded by the American Baptist Churches USA in United States. In 1865, OMF International was founded by Hudson Taylor in England. In 1893, in Lagos in Nigeria, SIM was founded by Walter Gowans , Rowland Bingham , and Thomas Kent . Samuel E. Hill, John H. Nicholson, and William J. Knights founded Gideons International , an organization which distributes free Bibles to hotels, motels, hospitals, military bases, prisons, schools, and universities, in Janesville in Wisconsin, United States, in 1899. In 1922, Canadian evangelical evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson , founder of

2303-487: Was in line with Lavigerie 's instructions. The founding Cardinal believed in the ‘Clovis Model’: this model was a strategy of conversion in order to Christianise the indigenous people from Zambia. The strategy consisted of the idea that you needed to persuade the King to convert first and then the population will follow and convert to Christianism as well. The White Fathers claimed to be successful in converting at least some of

2352-483: Was one of the main aims. From 1874 under the leadership of Archbishop (later Cardinal) Charles-Martial Allemand-Lavigerie , General Superiors served the role of being in overall charge of the Society. After the death of Charles-Martial Allemand-Lavigerie in 1892, the Superior General's position changed to one of ultimate leadership as their work was no longer overseen by a Cardinal or Archbishop . Today

2401-600: Was responsible for a significant autobiographical account of his enslavement, subsequent freedom and integration into the White Fathers' mission. In 1882, at the request of the Holy See, the White Fathers established St. Anne's Seminary at Jerusalem to train Greek Melchite clergy of that rite. The seminary would operate until 1967. In 1894 a mission in French Sudan (now Mali ) was founded. These now form

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