Misplaced Pages

#198801

25-677: White Shield ( Arikara : nahtasuutaaká , Hidatsa : maanaagi iixodagish ) is a census-designated place (CDP) lying within the boundaries of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation . It is located "on" the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in McLean County , North Dakota , United States. The population was 336 at the 2010 census . It is considered the primary community of the Arikara (Sahnish) people and

50-477: A garden area and corrals have been built for authenticity. The park is open to the public and located west of New Town at the Earthlodge Village Site. The family earth lodges are roughly 40 feet (12 m) in diameter. The ceremonial earth lodge is more than 90 feet (27 m) in diameter. The park is the central point in a rebuilding and cultural renewal effort by the three affiliated tribes of

75-412: A harness at the dog's shoulders, with the butt ends dragging behind the animal; midway, a ladder-like frame, or a hoop made of plaited thongs, was stretched between the poles; it held loads that might exceed 60 pounds. Women also used dogs to pull travois to haul firewood or infants. The travois were used to carry meat harvested during the seasonal hunts; a single dog could pull a quarter of a bison . In

100-556: A mountain man who interacted with Arikara people and learned the language in the 19th century. Earth lodge An earth lodge is a semi-subterranean building covered partially or completely with earth, best known from the Native American cultures of the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands . Most earth lodges are circular in construction with a dome-like roof, often with a central or slightly offset smoke hole at

125-689: A people from the Pawnee in about the 15th century. The Arzberger site near present-day Pierre, South Dakota , designated as a National Historic Landmark , is an archeological site from this period, containing the remains of a fortified village with more than 44 lodges. During the sedentary seasons, the Arikara lived primarily in villages of earth lodges . While traveling or during the seasonal bison hunts, they erected portable tipis as temporary shelter. They were primarily an agricultural society, whose women cultivated varieties of corn (or maize). The crop

150-683: Is named for Chief White Shield. White Shield was founded in 1954 to replace the town of Elbowoods ( Arikara : hiswíkAt ( IPA: [hisˈwikə̥t]] ), which was inundated by the creation of Lake Sakakawea . The name honors White Shield, an Arikara chief and a scout for General George Armstrong Custer . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 3.8 square miles (9.8 km), all land. As of 2014, White Shield's Arikara language speakers are active in language revitalization . The Arikara language

175-515: Is taught at Fort Berthold Community College , White Shield School, and at the Arikara Cultural Center. Arikara is extensively documented, with several volumes of interlinear texts of Arikara stories, a learner's introductory text, and linguistic studies. As of 2014, iPhone and iPad Arikara language apps are available. The language is used in the 2015 film The Revenant starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass ,

200-525: Is taught at Fort Berthold Community College , White Shield School, and at the Arikara Cultural Center. As of the census of 2000, there were 348 people, 100 households, and 79 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 92.9 inhabitants per square mile (35.9/km). There were 108 housing units at an average density of 28.8 per square mile (11.1/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 1.15% White , 98.56% Native American , and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.78% of

225-467: The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation . This is the only village of its kind to be constructed by the Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nations in over 100 years. A number of major Mississippian culture mound centers have identified earth lodges, either beneath (i.e. preceding) mound construction or as a mound-top building. Sequential constructions, collapses, and rebuilding of earth lodges seems to be part of

250-722: The Sioux , and European-American settlers. During the Black Hills War , in 1876 some Arikara served as scouts for Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer in the Little Bighorn Campaign . The three tribes are settled on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota. Arikara has the following consonant phonemes : Notably, it is one of the very few languages without [m]. Arikara distinguishes between

275-672: The affricate [ t͡ʃ ] and the consonant cluster /t+ ʃ /: Voiced consonants in Arikara have voiceless allophones . Whenever a sonorant precedes a devoiced vowel, that sonorant devoices as well. Arikara also has the following vowel phonemes: Arikara is now spoken in North Dakota by a very few elders. One of the last fluent speakers, Maude Starr, died on January 20, 2010. She was a certified language teacher who participated in Arikara language education programs. Language revitalization efforts are continuing. As of 2014, speakers are centered on White Shield, North Dakota . The language

SECTION 10

#1732773140199

300-576: The apex of the dome. Earth lodges are well-known from the more-sedentary tribes of the Plains such as the Hidatsa , Mandan , and Arikara , but they have also been identified archaeologically among sites of the Mississippian culture in the eastern United States. Earth lodges were typically constructed using the wattle and daub technique, with a thick coating of earth. The dome-like shape of

325-401: The average family size was 3.89. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 43.1% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 23.6% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 5.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

350-419: The earth lodge was achieved by the use of angled (or carefully bent) tree trunks, although hipped roofs were also sometimes used. During construction the workers would dig an area a few feet beneath the surface, allowing the entire building to have a floor somewhat beneath the surrounding ground level. They set posts into holes in the ground around the edges of the earth lodge, and made the tops meet in (or near)

375-441: The earth lodge was used as a fire pit, and a hole was built into the center. This smoke hole was often covered by a bullboat during inclement weather. Logs were gathered each spring as the ice receded and sheared them off; fresh logs were also cut. The most common wood used was cottonwood. Cottonwood was a wet, soft wood; this meant that lodges often required rebuilding every six to eight years. In Hidatsa culture, men only raised

400-400: The large logs; the rest of the work was done by women. Therefore, a lodge was considered to be owned by the woman who built it. A vestibule of exposed logs marked the entrance and provided an entryway; these vestibules were often a minimum of 6 to 9 feet (1.8 to 2.7 m) in length (determined by the size of the lodge and resulting outer-clay thickness). A windbreak was built on the interior of

425-456: The late 18th century, the tribe suffered a high rate of fatalities from smallpox epidemics , which so reduced their population as to disrupt their social structure. Due to their reduced numbers, the Arikara started to live closer to the Mandan and Hidatsa tribes in the same area for mutual protection. They migrated gradually from present-day Nebraska and South Dakota into North Dakota in response to pressure from other tribes, especially

450-670: The lodge, blocking the wind and giving privacy to the occupants. Earth lodges often also contained cache pits (root cellar-type holes) lined with willow and grasses, within which dried vegetables were stored. Earth lodges were often built alongside tribal farm fields, alternating with tipis (which were used during the nomadic hunting season). A reconstructed earth lodge can be seen at the Glenwood , Iowa 's Lake Park . A village entirely made up of earth-lodges may be seen at New Town, North Dakota . The village consists of six family-sized earth lodges and one large ceremonial lodge. In addition,

475-633: The mechanism of construction for certain mounds (including the mound at Town Creek Indian Mound and some of the mounds at the Ocmulgee National Monument ). In Kanabec County, Minnesota , the Groundhouse River flows through such a center. According to Newton H. Winchell in The Aborigines of Minnesota , the river was named for the earth lodges of the Hidatsa , who lived in the area before being driven westward to

500-415: The middle. This construction technique is sturdy and can produce large buildings (some as much as 60 feet (18 m) across), in which more than one family would live. Their size is limited by the length of available tree trunks. Internal vertical support posts were sometimes used to give additional structural support to the roof rafters. After a strong layer of sticks (or reeds) was wrapped through and over

525-406: The population. There were 100 households, out of which 52.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.0% were married couples living together, 33.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.48 and

SECTION 20

#1732773140199

550-399: The radiating roof timbers, the people often applied a layer of thatch as part of the roof. The structure was then entirely covered in earth. The earth layer (and the partially subterranean foundation) provided insulation against the extreme temperatures of the Plains. The structures consisted of a clay outer shell over an inner shell of long grasses and a woven willow ceiling. The middle of

575-468: Was $ 15,625, and the median income for a family was $ 15,625. Males had a median income of $ 15,625 versus $ 12,159 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 6,603. About 45.7% of families and 56.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 68.8% of those under age 18 and 53.3% of those age 65 or over. In 2020 the nearest fire station was in Garrison and the nearest police station

600-535: Was in New Town . In 2020 there were plans to establish a joint police and fire station. It is served by White Shield School District . Arikara language The Arikara were apparently a group met by Lewis and Clark in 1804; their population of 30,000 was reduced to 6,000 by smallpox . For several hundred years, the Arikara lived as a semi- nomadic people on the Great Plains in present-day United States of America . They are believed to have separated as

625-458: Was such an important staple of their society that it was referred to as "Mother Corn". Traditionally an Arikara family owned 30–40 dogs. The people used them for hunting and as sentries, but most importantly for transportation in the centuries before the Plains tribes adopted the use of horses in the 1600s. Many of the Plains tribes had used the travois , a lightweight transportation device pulled by dogs. It consisted of two long poles attached by

#198801