56-643: White Springs is a town in North Florida on the Suwannee River . The population was 740 at the 2020 census. Home of the annual Florida Folk Festival , it is a tourist destination noted for historic charm, antique shops, and river recreation. The Suwannee River was once the boundary between the Timucuan peoples to the east and the Apalachee people to the west. When Spanish explorers visited
112-400: A cotton gin attracted buyers and sellers; and fashionable clothing and hats were offered for sale. Leisure activities included ballroom dancing , lawn tennis , and skating . In 1903, the spring was enclosed by concrete and coquina walls that included multiple water gates and galleries to prevent water intrusion from river flooding . A four-story wooden bathhouse was constructed around
168-934: A white supremacist , neo-pagan religion known as the Asatru Folk Assembly (AFA), dedicated a Viking neo-pagan temple in White Springs. The temple for the hate group is dedicated to the Viking god Njord and is called "Njordshof" which means "Njord's temple" in Old Norse , the language of the Vikings. The exact coordinates for the Town of White Springs is located in southeastern Hamilton County at 30°19′54″N 82°45′22″W / 30.33167°N 82.75611°W / 30.33167; -82.75611 (30.331647, –82.756008). Its southern boundary follows
224-522: A hotel and spring house from local timber. During the Civil War , some Confederate soldiers found refuge in the town from Union troops. The family of future governor Napoleon Bonaparte Broward , whose Jacksonville farm was burned by Union forces, moved to a nearby farm which they named "Rebel's Refuge". At some point, the springs were renamed "White Sulphur Springs". Following the Civil War,
280-442: A house or road is on top. Sinkholes can be classified on the basis of the processes by which they are formed: dissolution, cover-subsidence, and cover-collapse. Formation of sinkholes can be accelerated by intense withdrawals of groundwater over short periods of time, such as those caused by pumping for frost-protection of winter crops in west-central Florida. Sinkholes that developed beneath gypsum stacks in 1994 and 2016 caused
336-657: A large proportion of the water withdrawn starting in the late 1930s. In the 1950s, all municipal, domestic, and industrial supply (except cooling), and about half of agricultural supply in Orlando, Florida had been converted to groundwater from the Floridan aquifer system. Groundwater withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system increased steadily from 630 Mgal/d (2.4 million m /d; 1,900 acre⋅ft/d) in 1950 to 3,430 Mgal/d (13.0 million m /d; 10,500 acre⋅ft/d) in 1990. Permitting and regulations enacted during
392-419: A loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid , by-products of the production of fertilizer from phosphate rock . These sinkholes were likely formed from the collapse of preexisting dissolution cavities in the limestone beneath the stacks. Lake Jackson near Tallahassee, FL occasionally drains into a sinkhole in the bottom of the lake bed when water levels in
448-491: A total area of 1.9 square miles (4.8 km), of which 56,330 square feet (5,233 m), or 0.11%, are water. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild winters. According to the Köppen climate classification , the Town of White Springs has a humid subtropical climate zone ( Cfa ). As of the 2020 United States census , there were 740 people, 464 households, and 282 families residing in
504-551: Is composed of two main aquifers : the Upper Floridan aquifer and the Lower Floridan aquifer. These aquifers are separated by sediments that range from low-permeability clays in the panhandle (Bucatunna Clay) and low-permeability dolomites and gypsiferous anhydrite in west-central Florida to permeable limestones along the east coast of Florida and elsewhere. Where these intervening sediments and rock are permeable,
560-519: Is confined (and isolated) beneath the Upper Floridan aquifer and may be important to the offshore movement of groundwater in areas previously unknown. The carbonate rocks that compose the Floridan aquifer system have highly variable hydraulic properties, including porosity and permeability. Transmissivity within the aquifer system has been reported over a range of more than six orders of magnitude, from less than 8 ft /d (0.74 m /d) to greater than 9,000,000 ft /d (840,000 m /d), with
616-441: Is one of a number of major outflows of the aquifer with a flow rate of 200–300 million US gallons (0.76–1.14 million cubic metres; 610–920 acre-feet) of water per day. A record peak flow from the spring on April 11, 1973, was measured at 14,324 US gallons (54.22 m ) per second – equal to 1.24 billion US gal (4.68 million m ; 3,800 acre⋅ft) per day. The Floridan aquifer system
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#1732779905352672-544: The Suwannee River , which forms the border with Columbia County . The town is crossed by U.S. Route 41 ( SR 25 and 100 ) and SR 136 . US 41 leads northwest 17 miles (27 km) to Jasper , the Hamilton County seat, and southeast 12 miles (19 km) to Lake City . SR 136 leads west 3 miles (5 km) to Interstate 75 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has
728-523: The United States Geological Survey , total withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system in 2000 were ranked 5th highest of all principal aquifers in the nation at 3,640 million gallons per day (Mgal/d) (13.8 million m /d; 11,200 acre⋅ft/d). Of the total, 49% (1,949 Mgal/d; 7.38 million m /d; 5,980 acre⋅ft/d) was used for irrigation, 33% (1,329 Mgal/d; 5.03 million m /d; 4,080 acre⋅ft/d)
784-475: The hydrologic and lithologic similarities of the Tertiary carbonate formations in southeast Florida, concluded that they represented a single hydrologic unit, and named that unit the "Floridan aquifer". With additional information collection, more zones of high and low hydraulic conductivity have been identified. As a result, the name Floridan Aquifer has evolved into "Floridan aquifer system", which contains
840-527: The 1990s curtailed the year-on-year increases in withdrawal; however, withdrawals in 2000 increased to 4,020 Mgal/d (15.2 million m /d; 12,300 acre⋅ft/d) due to extreme drought conditions between 1999 and 2001 that prevailed over much of the Southeastern United States. Much of the increase was due to increased agricultural demand. The Floridan aquifer system spans an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 km ) in
896-657: The Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit, the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit, and the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit. The Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers behave as a single hydrogeologic unit in areas where these composite units are leaky. The Lower Floridan aquifer is generally less permeable than the Upper Floridan aquifer and the water produced can be highly mineralized and/or saline; however,
952-413: The Floridan aquifer system are largely controlled by the degree of confinement provided by upper confining units, the interaction of streams and rivers with the aquifer in its unconfined areas, and the interaction between fresh and saline water along the coastlines. Where the Floridan aquifer system is at or near land surface (areas shaded brown in image above), clays are thin or absent and dissolution of
1008-403: The Floridan aquifer system is thickly confined. Low permeability limestone rocks of Paleocene age (e.g. Cedar Keys Formation) form the base of the Floridan aquifer system. The Floridan aquifer system ranges in thickness from less than 100 feet (30 m) in updip areas where the rocks pinch out to more than 3,700 feet (1,100 m) in southwestern Florida. Recharge, flow, and natural discharge in
1064-615: The Lower Floridan aquifer is relatively fresh water to the base of the system in central Florida and in updip areas of central and southern Georgia and Alabama. A new basal permeable zone is mapped throughout the Florida peninsula, and slightly into southeastern Georgia, that incorporates the previously established Boulder Zone and Fernandina permeable zone; this more extensive unit is called the Oldsmar permeable zone. The Oldsmar permeable zone appears to have higher permeability, far greater than
1120-578: The Ocala Lower-Permeability Zone, and the Avon Park Permeable Zone. The base of the Upper Floridan aquifer is marked by two composite units (see below) and one confining unit in the middle part of the Floridan aquifer system: the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit or the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit, and the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit. In updip areas, the base of the Upper Floridan is either coincident with
1176-646: The United States and the town began to fade. In 1950, the Stephen Foster Memorial Museum opened to commemorate songwriter Stephen Foster , composer of the world-renowned song of the Suwannee River, " Old Folks at Home ". The museum is surrounded by formal gardens which extend to the banks of the Suwannee River. A carillon containing the world's largest set of tubular bells , opened in 1957 and plays Foster's songs throughout
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#17327799053521232-698: The Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers behave as a single unit. Conversely, where the intervening sediments are less permeable, there is less hydraulic connection between the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers. The Upper Floridan aquifer is the main source of water withdrawn from the Floridan aquifer system due to high yields and proximity to land surface. Groundwater in the Upper Floridan is fresh in most areas, though locally may be brackish or saline, particularly in coastal areas with saltwater intrusion problems, and in South Florida. The Upper Floridan aquifer includes
1288-457: The Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, is a sequence of Paleogene carbonate rock which spans an area of about 100,000 square miles (260,000 km ) in the southeastern United States. It underlies the entire state of Florida and parts of Alabama , Georgia , Mississippi , and South Carolina . The Floridan aquifer system is one of the world's most productive aquifers and supplies drinking water for nearly 10 million people. According to
1344-667: The Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers. Withdrawals from the Floridan aquifer system began in 1887 when the City of Savannah, Georgia , began to supplement surface water withdrawals from the Savannah River with groundwater. At that time artesian heads in the system were 40 feet (12 m) above land surface and no pumps were needed; by 1898, it was estimated that between 200 and 300 wells had been finished in South Georgia, and by 1943, about 3,500 wells had been completed in
1400-637: The White Springs Public Library. Many of the original Victorian buildings survive, particularly within the White Springs Historic District , established in 1997 by the National Register of Historic Places . The town and state park are the site of the annual Florida Folk Festival , a four-day celebration of traditional Florida food, arts, and music. The event, first held in 1953, is one of
1456-409: The aquifer are large enough for scuba divers to swim through. The carbonate rocks that form the Floridan aquifer system are of late Paleocene to early Oligocene age and are overlain by low-permeability clays of Miocene age (upper confining unit) and surficial sands of Pliocene and Holocene age ( surficial aquifer system). In west-central Florida, north Florida, and along the updip margin of
1512-707: The aquifer drop. Dover Sinkhole, located along the Peace River near Bartow, FL , was witnessed draining about 10 Mgal/d (38,000 m /d) of water from the Peace River during June 2006. There are 824 springs inventoried across the Floridan aquifer system of which 751 are located in Florida, 17 in Alabama, and 56 in Georgia. Springs are classified according to median value of all available discharge measurements. In Florida, there are 33 magnitude 1 springs,
1568-427: The aquifer system is either unconfined or thinly confined. In areas where the aquifer is thickly confined, Miller (1986) indicated lower transmissivity was related primarily to textural changes and secondarily to the thickness of the rocks. Micritic limestone in southern Florida and in the updip outcrop areas was identified as having much lower transmissivity than elsewhere in the system. Sinkholes are common where
1624-449: The area in the 1530s, the spring was visited by Natives from both sides of the river, who believed the water possessed healing powers. The Native Americans considered the spring a sacred healing ground, and used it even in times of war; any tribe member could bathe and drink the mineral waters without fear of being attacked. The spring water has a "rotten egg" sulfur smell that comes from dissolved hydrogen sulfide gas. The settlement
1680-412: The base of the Upper Floridan aquifer is coincident with the top of the evaporite unit. In regions where no distinct lower permeability unit is known to be present, the base of the Upper Floridan is extrapolated along a horizon that allows for a stratigraphic grouping of permeable rock into the upper or lower parts of the aquifer system. In southeastern Alabama, northern Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina,
1736-527: The cavernous areas of the Boulder and Fernandina permeable zones, and contains freshwater in the central peninsula area. This newly delineated areally extensive basal unit containing freshwater may influence the movement of freshwater water through the deepest part of the aquifer system toward the discharge areas. The Oldsmar permeable zone, which is part of the Lower Floridan aquifer, is of interest because it may be an important alternative source of water where it
White Springs, Florida - Misplaced Pages Continue
1792-564: The day. The facility is a Florida State Park . Through the 1980s, water flow at the spring declined to the point when it ceased flowing in 1990. The ex-mayor of White Springs, Dr. Helen Miller, was vice chairman of Florida Leaders Organized for Water (FLOW), a group which proposed the Floridan Aquifer Sustainability Act of 2013. The legislation seeks to restore the Floridan aquifer to 1980 levels. In 2022,
1848-609: The existence of the Floridan Aquifer in peninsular Florida and referred to the carbonate units as the "principal artesian formations." In 1944, M.A. Warren of the Georgia Geological Survey described an extension of this system in south Georgia and applied the term "principal artesian aquifer " to the carbonate units involved. In 1953 and 1966 Stringfield also applied the term "principal artesian aquifer" to these rocks. In 1955, Garald G. Parker noted
1904-401: The land surface to the south where it becomes buried beneath surficial sand deposits and clay. In areas depicted in brown in the image at the right, the Floridan aquifer system crops out and is again exposed at land surface. These regions are particularly prone to sinkhole activity due to the proximity of the karstified limestone aquifer to land surface. Some of the fractures/conduits within
1960-512: The limestone is intensified and many springs and sinkholes are apparent. Transmissivity of the aquifer in karstified areas such as these is much higher owing to the development of large, well-connected conduits within the rock (see image at right). Springs form where the water pressure is great enough for the groundwater to flow out on the land surface. More than 700 springs have been mapped in Florida. Wakulla Springs in Wakulla County
2016-507: The majority of values ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 ft /d (930–9,290 m /d). Where the aquifer is unconfined or thinly confined, infiltrating water dissolves the rock and transmissivity tends to be relatively high. Where the aquifer is thickly confined, less dissolution occurs and transmissivity tends to be lower. In the first regional map depicting transmissivity variation across the aquifer, Miller (1986) showed that transmissivity values exceed 250,000 ft /d (23,000 m /d) where
2072-427: The median income for a household in the town was $ 24,861, and the median income for a family was $ 32,115. Males had a median income of $ 31,953 versus $ 21,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 15,555. About 20.0% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.3% of those under age 18 and 26.6% of those age 65 or over. The Hamilton County School District operates
2128-559: The more notable of which include: In Georgia, there is only one magnitude 1 spring, Radium Spring , which no longer flows during drought conditions; there are also six magnitude 2 and five magnitude 3 springs. The largest of the 17 springs in Alabama are three magnitude 3 springs; there are no springs in South Carolina of magnitude 3 or higher. Many springs are known to exist offshore in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, however
2184-529: The oldest continuous folk festivals in the United States. North Florida Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.237 via cp1104 cp1104, Varnish XID 197654738 Upstream caches: cp1104 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 07:45:05 GMT Floridan aquifer The Floridan aquifer system , composed of
2240-471: The public schools serving White Springs, Hamilton County Elementary School and Hamilton County High School , both in an unincorporated area of the county. South Hamilton Elementary School in White Springs formerly served the city; it was consolidated into a new elementary school, Hamilton County Elementary School, located in an unincorporated area south of Jasper . Its opening was scheduled for August 2017. The Suwannee River Regional Library System operates
2296-401: The rock below the land surface is limestone, carbonate rock, salt beds, or rocks that can naturally be dissolved by groundwater circulating through them. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground. If there is not enough support for the land above the spaces then a sudden collapse of the land surface can occur. These collapses can be small or they can be huge and can occur where
White Springs, Florida - Misplaced Pages Continue
2352-463: The six coastal counties of Georgia. By around 1910–1912, development of the Floridan aquifer system had already occurred in Fernandina and Jacksonville and south along the east coast of Florida, as well as from Tampa south to Fort Myers on the west coast. Over time, the number of wells increased, as did the finished depths, as demand increased. Industrial supply for pulp and paper mills became
2408-463: The southeastern United States and underlies all of Florida and parts of southern Alabama, southeastern Georgia, and southern South Carolina. The Upper Floridan aquifer contains freshwater over much of its extent, though is brackish and saline south of Lake Okeechobee. The Floridan aquifer system crops out in central and southern Georgia where the limestone, and its weathered byproducts, are present at land surface. The aquifer system generally dips below
2464-492: The spring. The structure was designed by the Jacksonville architectural firm McClure & Holmes for owner Minnie Mosher Jackson, and included doctors' offices for patient examination and treatment, dressing rooms, space for concessions, and an elevator. At the time, water flow was calculated at 32,400 gallons per minute, or nearly 47 million gallons per day. During the 1930s, bathing in mineral springs fell out of favor in
2520-420: The stratigraphic units are grouped into the Lisbon-Avon Park Composite Unit. In peninsular Florida, this horizon is coincident with one or more evaporite-bearing or non-evaporite-bearing units of the Middle Avon Park Composite Unit. In the panhandle of Florida and southwest Alabama, the base is coincident with the top of the Bucatunna Clay Confining Unit. The hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system
2576-468: The system, the limestone crops out and the aquifer system is unconfined. Where low-permeability clays of the upper confining unit are present and substantial, the system is confined and groundwater is contained under pressure. The upper confining unit is particularly thick in Coastal Georgia and South Florida; downward leakage of water through the upper confining unit in these areas is minimal and
2632-479: The top of the confining units above the Claiborne, Lisbon, or Gordon aquifers, or it lies above any clay bed that marks the boundary between mostly carbonate and mostly clastic units or previously mapped numbered MCUs of Miller (1986). If one or more evaporite units are present, such as middle confining unit MCUIII near Valdosta in south-central Georgia (Miller, 1986) or MCUII in southwestern Florida (Miller, 1986),
2688-467: The tourist business slowly returned. In 1882, the Georgia merchants Wight and Powell purchased the property and platted city lots. They sold parcels to other retailers to open businesses catering to plantations and resorts around the spring. Crowds of health seekers arrived, first by stagecoach and then railroad . The Town of White Springs was incorporated in 1885. Hotels and boarding houses popped up;
2744-510: The town was 36.75% White , 62.15% African American , 0.37% Native American , and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population. In 2000, there were 340 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 26.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who
2800-418: The town. As of the 2010 United States census , there were 777 people, 316 households, and 207 families residing in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 819 people, 340 households, and 227 families residing in the town. The population density was 446.0 inhabitants per square mile (172.2/km). There were 393 housing units at an average density of 214.0 per square mile (82.6/km). The racial makeup of
2856-406: The uppermost or shallowest permeable zones in the Floridan aquifer system. In the northern half of the study area, this aquifer behaves as a single hydrogeologic unit and is undifferentiated. In the southern half of the study area, including most of central and southern Florida, the Upper Floridan aquifer is thick and can be differentiated into three distinct zones, namely the uppermost permeable zone,
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#17327799053522912-446: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93. In 2000, in the town, the population was spread out, with 30.3% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 75.7 males. In 2000,
2968-548: Was incorporated in 1831 as " Jackson Springs " by businessmen Joseph Bryant, James T. Hooker, his brother William B. Hooker, John Lee, and James D. Prevatt. In addition to the spring, they planned to build a ferry across the Suwannee River. The following year, Bryant Sheffield purchased the ferry operation rights and the spring, then known as "White Sulpher [sic] Springs". Sheffield drank the mineral waters and touted their ability to cure nervousness , kidney troubles, and rheumatism , among other problems. In 1842, he constructed
3024-399: Was introduced to refer to regionally extensive litho-stratigraphic units of rock, previously classified as one of eight "Middle Confining Units" by Miller (1986), which have been found to be neither confining nor permeable across their entire extents. Three regionally mapable litho-stratigraphic units are used to consistently divide the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifer in the revised framework:
3080-503: Was revised by the U.S. Geological Survey in 2015. The extent of the system was revised to include some of the updip clastic facies which grade laterally into the Lower Floridan aquifer and have been previously included in the Southeastern Coastal Plain aquifer system, the Floridan aquifer system, or both. A new method for dividing the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers was proposed and a new term, "composite unit",
3136-497: Was used for public water supply , 14% (576 Mgal/d, 2.18 million m /d; 1,770 acre⋅ft/d) was used for industrial purposes, and 4% were domestic self-supplied withdrawals. The Floridan aquifer system is the primary source of drinking water for most cities in central and northern Florida as well as eastern and southern Georgia, including Brunswick, Savannah, and Valdosta. In 1936, geologist Victor Timothy (V.T.) Stringfield first identified
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