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93-519: While the reception of the rod was in origin a Gaelic cultural feature, following the Viking and Norman invasion of Ireland some foreign families became significantly Gaelicised . A notable example were the great Hiberno-Norman De Burgh magnates styled Mac William Íochtar , who had become completely Gaelicised, ruled over their followers as Irish clan chiefs , and received the White Rod. The rod

186-505: A Jewish merchant by the name of Josce of Gloucester : "Josce, Jew of Gloucester, owes 100 shillings for an amerciament for the moneys which he lent to those who against the king's prohibition went over to Ireland." In May of that year, Raymond FitzGerald landed at Bannow Bay with at least 10 knights and 70 archers. This was the advance guard for Strongbow's army and was to be the springboard for an assault on Waterford. Raymond's force occupied an old promontory fort at Baginbun and plundered

279-545: A Staff of Office ( Irish : Bata na Bachaille ), which would later be handed down to his successor. Although the meaning and purpose were always the same, the particulars of the ceremony appear to have varied across the Gaelic world. Most notably, who presented the new lord or king with the rod depended on the history and traditions of each kingdom. A note to the pedigree of the O'Mahonys at Lambeth, written by Sir George Carew , circa 1600/3: O'Mahon's country doeth follow

372-590: A fee from Scottish recipients of honours was valued at £150 (equivalent to £17,836 in 2023). The office of White Rod received fees from all Scottish people granted the Scottish honours of duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron, baronet or knight bachelor wherever they resided and from English people granted Scottish titles. The 1902 establishment of the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood ended

465-628: A large Anglo-Norman army from Dublin marched north into what is now County Armagh . This was part of Oriel, a kingdom meant to be free from encroachment under the treaty. However, the Irish of Oriel forced the Anglo-Normans to retreat and killed up to 500 of their soldiers. That summer, the forces of Oriel and the Northern Uí Néill , under Cenél nEógain (Kinel Owen), invaded Meath, led by King Mael Sechlainn Mac Lochlainn. They destroyed

558-553: A large army to assert control over both the Anglo-Normans and the Irish. This intervention was supported by the Roman Catholic Church , who saw it as a means of ensuring Irish religious reform, and a source of taxes . At the time, Irish marriage laws conflicted with those of the broader Church, and the Gregorian Reform had not been fully implemented. Henry granted Strongbow Leinster as a fiefdom , declared

651-562: A large-scale program of ecclesiastic patronage from 1179. This included the building of new abbeys and priories. He formally reburied in Downpatrick the recently "found" bodies of three prominent Irish saints— Patrick , Brigit and Columba —and commissioned a "Life of Patrick". Walker Trustees The Walker Trustees administer a bequest made for the advancement of the Scottish Episcopal Church . The trust

744-564: A loyal Diarmait restored to power would allow the fleet of Dublin to be used in Anglo-Norman campaigns against the Welsh and Scots. Several Marcher Lords agreed to help: Richard FitzGilbert de Clare (also known as Strongbow), Robert FitzStephen , Maurice FitzGerald , and Maurice de Prendergast . Diarmait promised Strongbow his daughter Aoífe in marriage and the kingship of Leinster upon Diarmait's death. He promised Robert and Maurice

837-607: A provision. The Anglo-Norman clergy strongly backed the proposal. The plans came to nothing, allegedly due to opposition from his mother, the Empress Matilda . There were contacts between the Irish and Normans well before 1169. The Norman lord of Pembroke, Arnulf de Montgomery (d. 1118–22), was the son-in-law of Murtough O'Brien (d. 1119), king of Munster and High King of Ireland . De Montgomery and his family had rebelled against Henry I in 1100 and sought Irish aid. De Montgomery married O'Brien's daughter and obtained

930-728: A successful plundering raid into the kingdom of the Déisi , by both land and sea - even though, as their king had submitted to Henry, the kingdom should have been exempt from attack. The Norman raid on the monastic town of Lismore was interrupted by a Norse-Irish fleet from Cork. After a naval engagement, the Normans withdrew to Waterford. FitzGerald then returned to Wales, due to the death of his father. In late 1173, Diarmait Mac Murchada's son, Domhnall Caomhánach (Donal Cavanagh), attacked Strongbow's forces in Leinster, killing 200 men. Around

1023-466: Is now governed by a 2019 declaration of trust which superseded the 1877 act. Under the new arrangements the trustees are Bishop of Edinburgh, the Dean of the diocese and the diocesan secretary plus two others. The management of the trust is delegated to administrators and the trustees meet annually to review the accounts. The new arrangements give the trust four activities: payment of administration costs,

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1116-719: Is suggested that Strongbow's succession was justified in English law by having Aoífe's mother deemed to be his only legitimate wife, leaving Aoífe as his only legitimate heir. Furthermore, Strongbow's succession was not justified in Irish law , as succession to kingship was elective , and could only be passed on through the male line. Diarmait's son Domnall Cáemánach (Donal Cavanagh) backed Strongbow, perhaps because he felt it gave his family their best chance of holding on to power. Strongbow gave Domnall jurisdiction over his Irish subjects in most of Leinster. Shortly after Diarmait's death,

1209-641: Is thought that the Dublin - Leinster army in the 1014 Battle of Clontarf may have included troops from the Duchy of Normandy . After the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, the Normans became aware of the role Ireland played in providing refuge and assistance to their enemies. They also contemplated the conquest of Ireland. It is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle that if William

1302-537: The Acts of Union 1707 . Walker's son Patrick reinvigorated the office, reasserting many of its ancient rights and assuming some new duties. On Patrick's death in 1837 the office of White Rod as well as a large estate of land at Coates, Drumseugh and in the City of Edinburgh had come to Barbara and Mary Walker, daughters of William. With no descendants, the pair drew up a joint disposition which set out what would happen to

1395-580: The Annals of Tigernach stated that the kings' submissions to Henry II were in two stages; firstly in Waterford by the king of Desmond , and then in Dublin by the kings of Leinster , Meath , Breffny , Oriel and Ulster . The Irish church hierarchy also submitted to Henry, believing his intervention would bring greater political stability. Henry "used the church as a vehicle of conquest". He organised

1488-749: The Coronation Claims Office confirmed that the Episcopal Bishop of Edinburgh, John Armes , would attend the coronation of Charles III and Camilla as a representative of the Walker Trustees, in honour of the role of White Rod. The trust owns the regalia associated with the office of White Rod and since 2009 has loaned it to the National Museum of Scotland, the regalia were valued at the time as being worth £176,000 (equivalent to £298,185 in 2023). The trust

1581-831: The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in the Parliaments of England , the Kingdom of Great Britain and then the United Kingdom . The Heritable Usher of the White Rod is the only example of an office of the Crown becoming incorporated as a company. The Walker Trust Act, 1877 , incorporated the office into the Walker Trustees , entitling the trustees to charge dues from anyone receiving an honour from

1674-584: The Hill of Ward for negotiations. During these negotiations, there was a dispute, and de Lacy's men killed Ua Ruairc. His head was then impaled over the gate of Dublin Castle . Strongbow also invaded and plundered Offaly , but failed to subdue it. In early 1173, many of the Anglo-Norman leaders left Ireland to fight for King Henry in the Revolt of 1173–74 . When Raymond FitzGerald returned later that year, he led

1767-536: The Kingdom of Breifne , forced the submission Rory O'Connor , king of Connacht , and in 1161 gave MacMurrough eastern Meath . For six months in 1165, the fleet of Dublin, which was under the control of Dermot MacMurrough, was used to aid Henry II's forces in an abortive campaign in north Wales. Some of the initiative for political and military intervention came from Anglo-Norman church leaders – especially Theobald , Archbishop of Canterbury – who wanted to control

1860-701: The Laudabiliter and purported to give Henry dominion over Ireland, to ensure religious reform and ensure the Irish paid their tax to Rome . The synod sought to bring Irish church practices into line with those of England, and new monastic communities and military orders (such as the Templars) were introduced into Ireland. Henry granted Meath to Hugh de Lacy ; as that kingdom had not been conquered this meant that Henry would let de Lacy hold it if he could conquer it. In early 1172, Henry allowed de Lacy to take royal troops into Meath, where they plundered and burned

1953-602: The Lordship of Ireland , part of the Angevin Empire . The Normans' success has been attributed to military superiority and castle-building, the lack of a unified opposition from the Irish and the support of the church for Henry's intervention. In the 12th century, Gaelic Ireland was made up of several over-kingdoms, which each comprised several lesser kingdoms. At the top was the High King, who received tribute from

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2046-667: The Treaty of Abernethy created a limited settlement between the Norman conquerors and Scotland, with lands in Cumbria exchanged for peace. Over the following decades, Norman lords conquered much of south Wales and established their own semi-independent lordships there. According to historian John Gillingham , after the Norman conquest, an imperialist attitude emerged among England's new French-speaking ruling elite, and they came to view their Celtic neighbours as inferior and barbarous. It

2139-662: The Wicklow Mountains , forcing Ruaidrí's army to abandon their plans. When they reached Dublin, Diarmait began negotiations with its king, Ascall mac Ragnaill (Ascall MacRannall). On 21 September, while talks were ongoing, a force of Normans—led by Miles de Cogan and Raymond FitzGerald —stormed the town and took it. Ascall and his followers fled in their ships but vowed to re-take the town. Strongbow and Diarmait then launched "a devastating campaign" through Meath and into Breffny, burning Clonard , Kells , and several other monastic towns. In response to these violations of

2232-474: The deposed King of Leinster , who sought their help in regaining his kingship. They achieved this within weeks and raided neighbouring kingdoms. This military intervention was sanctioned by King Henry II of England . In return, Diarmait had sworn loyalty to Henry and promised land to the Normans. In 1170, there were further Norman landings, led by the Earl of Pembroke , Richard "Strongbow" de Clare . They seized

2325-584: The king of Leinster , Dermot MacMurrough , had been on good terms with the future Henry II . After becoming king of England in December 1154, Henry II had allied with Somerled , Lord of Argyll , and Muirchertach Mac Lochlainn , king of the Cenél nEógain , to put pressure on the new king of Scotland, Malcolm IV . The fruits of this alliance saw Malcolm cede parts of Scotland to England in 1157 and make peace with Somerled in 1160. In Ireland, Mac Lochlainn invaded

2418-504: The synod of Cashel , at which Irish church leaders acknowledged him as their "temporal overlord". This may have been due to their realisation that the Gregorian Reforms were not compatible with Gaelic society. Pope Adrian's successor, Pope Alexander III , sent letters to the Irish bishops, telling them to accept Henry as their overlord in accordance with the oaths sworn by its kings, or face ecclesiastical censure. He ratified

2511-690: The "maintenance and support" of the Episcopal Church. The new church planned by the Walkers became St Mary's Cathedral . It proved more expensive to construct than expected, with costs estimated as £75,000 (equivalent to £8,917,952 in 2023). A private act of the United Kingdom Parliament , the Walker Trust Act 1877, was passed which allowed some of the estate to be mortgaged to provide capital to construct

2604-522: The Anglo-Norman garrison in Dublin. The remaining garrison in Wexford was then attacked and forced out of the town. The Normans fled to a military encampment at nearby Carrick, where they were besieged. The siege of Dublin went on for two months. There were several skirmishes, but the Irish army apparently sought to starve the city into surrender. With Dublin and Carrick under siege, Strongbow and his council agreed to negotiate. Strongbow proposed that if

2697-452: The Anglo-Normans came under attack, both from within Leinster and from outside. Diarmait was succeeded as ruler of Uí Ceinnselaig (his home territory) by his brother Murchad, who opposed Strongbow along with other Leinster rulers. The Irish of Desmond launched a devastating attack on Norman-held Waterford. At about the same time, a Norse-Gaelic army, in a fleet of at least 60 ships, landed outside Dublin. Led by Ascall, they tried to re-take

2790-477: The Anglo-Normans thus became known as the Lordship of Ireland and formed part of the Angevin Empire . Henry also encouraged the Anglo-Norman lords to conquer more territory. He granted the kingdom of Thomond to Philip de Braose and granted Desmond to Robert FitzStephen and Miles de Cogan. Over the following months, the Anglo-Normans invaded the kingdoms of Desmond, Thomond, and Connacht, while John de Courcy continued his conquest of east Ulster. The arrival of

2883-470: The Anglo-Normans were allowed to keep what they had conquered, they would acknowledge Ruaidrí as their overlord. Ruaidrí responded that he would only allow the Normans to keep Dublin, Wexford, and Waterford. This was unacceptable to Strongbow. A Norman sortie slipped out of Dublin and made a surprise attack on Ruaidrí's camp at Castleknock . The Normans killed hundreds of soldiers, many of whom were resting or bathing, and seized supplies. Following this defeat,

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2976-572: The Conqueror had lived for two more years (until 1089) "he would have conquered Ireland by his prudence and without any weapons". William's son, William II , is stated as having said "For the conquest of this land, I will gather all the ships of my kingdom, and will make of them a bridge to cross over". In September 1155, King Henry II of England held a council at Winchester . According to Robert of Torigni , Henry discussed plans to invade Ireland and grant it to his brother William FitzEmpress as

3069-629: The Crown. In 1908 the Society of Knights Bachelor was formed to contest this right, but a Court of Session case the following year confirmed the right of the Walker Trustees to charge recipients of honours. However, the Society of Knights Bachelor won an appeal to the House of Lords in 1911. The Lord Bishop of Edinburgh , as ex officio chair of the Walker Trustees, is the Heritable Usher of

3162-563: The Ferns agreement, Ruaidrí executed three hostages, including Diarmait's son. Diarmait returned to Ferns and died there suddenly in May 1171. Strongbow then claimed Leinster, as Diarmait had promised Strongbow he would inherit the kingdom upon his death, as his son-in-law through Aoífe. However, Strongbow would not have been deemed Diarmait's heir under either Irish or English law, with Diarmait having two wives, as well as sons and other daughters. It

3255-777: The Irish army withdrew. In the meantime, FitzStephen had surrendered to the Norse-Irish at Carrick. When they learned that Strongbow was on his way, they burnt Wexford and withdrew to a nearby island with FitzStephen as a hostage. King Henry apparently feared that Strongbow would set up an independent kingdom in Ireland, which could control the Irish Sea and interfere in English affairs. In early 1171, Henry ordered that his subjects return to his realm or all their possessions would be seized. Strongbow reminded Henry that he had gone to Ireland with Henry's permission, to restore Diarmait to

3348-476: The Irish by the "Life of Malachy", written by Malachy 's friend, Bernard of Clairvaux . This hagiography, written within a year of Malachy's death in 1148, depicted the Irish, in fact highly Christianised, in exaggerated terms as barbaric, semi-pagan and in need of reform. Historian F. X. Martin writes that Ireland was "barbaric" in Bernard's eyes because it "had retained its own culture and had remained outside

3441-496: The Irish church and fully implement the Gregorian Reforms . Irish church leaders had legislated for reform, notably at the synods of Cashel (1101), Ráth Breasail (1111) and Kells (1152). These reforms, intended to tighten attitudes towards marriage, clerical celibacy, the sacramental system, and control of church lands and offices, "would demand the abandonment of features of Gaelic society going back to pre-Christian times and of practises which had been accepted for centuries by

3534-484: The Latin secular world". This depiction of Ireland and the Irish became established as the mainstream view throughout Europe. In 1166, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Connor), king of Connacht , was acknowledged as High King of Ireland by most of the Irish kings. He led a coalition—that included Tigernán Ua Ruairc (Tiernan O'Rourke) of Bréifne (Breffny), Diarmait Ua Maelsechlainn (Dermot O'Melaghlin) of Míde (Meath),

3627-474: The Normans altered the agricultural landscape of Ireland. Elements that appear afterwards include: large-scale hay-making; cultivated pears and cherries; larger white-fleeced breeds of sheep; and the introduction of various animals such as rabbits, perch, pike and carp. Another economic effect was the widespread usage of coinage, originally introduced by the Vikings. In the late 1180s, during John's lordship,

3720-399: The Normans. The army included contingents from Connacht , Breffny, Meath , and Dublin, each led by their respective kings. An agreement was reached at Ferns : Diarmait was acknowledged as king of Leinster, in return for acknowledging Ruaidrí as his overlord and agreeing to send his foreign allies away permanently. To ensure compliance, Diarmait agreed to give Ruaidrí hostages , one of whom

3813-473: The Norse-Irish of Dublin , and several Leinster princes —which ousted Diarmait mac Murchada (Dermot MacMurragh) as king of Leinster . Diarmait refusing to accept his fate sailed from Ireland on the 1 August for Bristol with his daughter Aoife and sought help from Henry II in regaining his kingship. Henry gave Diarmait permission to recruit forces and authorised his subjects to help Diarmait, in return for Diarmait swearing loyalty to Henry. Among other benefits,

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3906-421: The Norse-Irish towns to be crown land , and arranged the synod of Cashel to reform the Irish church. Many Irish kings also submitted to him, likely in the hope that he would curb Norman expansion, but Henry granted the unconquered kingdom of Meath to Hugh de Lacy . After Henry's departure in 1172, fighting between the Normans and Irish continued. The 1175 Treaty of Windsor acknowledged Henry as overlord of

3999-550: The Northern Uí Néill, along with their kings. It marched into Meath, destroying the castles at Trim and Duleek , before advancing on Dublin. Raymond FitzGerald landed at Wexford with at least 30 knights, 100 mounted soldiers and 300 archers. When this army arrived at Dublin and reinforced the garrison there, Ruaidrí's army withdrew. In 1175, the Anglo-Normans rebuilt their castles in Meath and raided or "laid waste"

4092-410: The O'Donnell as King of Tyrconnell was both civil and religious in nature. The ceremony took place on the great Rock of Doon which is one mile west of Kilmacrenan , from which one is give a breathtaking view of the surrounding country. It began with the religious rites in the church of the nearby monastery and holy well singing Psalms and hymns in honor of Christ and St. Columba for the success of

4185-589: The Prince's sovereignty. Standing on the Rock surrounded by nobles and his clansmen, the Prince received an oath in which he promised to preserve the Church and the laws of the land. The Prince also vowed to deliver the succession of the realm peacefully to his Tanist (his successor). O'Ferghil, the hereditary warden and abbot of Kilmacrenan, performed the religious ceremony of the inauguration of The O'Donnell. O'Gallagher

4278-531: The Treasurer of the Bank of Scotland and their successors in those offices as trustees. The act was replaced in its role of governing the bequest by a 2019 declaration of trust and the trustees now comprise the bishop, dean, diocesan secretary and two others. It continues to provide funds for the church. As part of Mary Walker's bequest the trustees became vested with the hereditary office of Gentleman Usher of

4371-430: The Walkers directed that the lands of the estate be let and capital invested to produce an income to be spent by the administrators. The first £20,000 (equivalent to £2,378,120 in 2023) produced was directed to be spent to erect a 1,500-capacity Episcopal Church at Coates or Drumseugh which was to be "in a handsome and substantial style of architecture". Further sums were allocated to pay for ministers and officers of

4464-484: The Welsh Black Book of Carmarthen describes Henry "crossing the salt sea to invade the peaceful homesteads of Ireland", causing "war and confusion". Gerald de Barri felt obliged to refute what he called the "vociferous complaints that the kings of England hold Ireland unlawfully". Shortly after Henry left Ireland, Hugh de Lacy invaded Meath and was confronted by Tigernán Ua Ruairc. The two leaders met on

4557-466: The White Rod , a historic office of the Parliament of Scotland . This originally granted an income from fees on honours granted to Scottish people but this ceased in 1911. The trustees have successfully petitioned that a representative play a role at coronations of British monarchs and the current bishop, John Armes , participated in the 2023 coronation of Charles III and Camilla . The trusteeship

4650-479: The White Rod. The current holder is The Rt Rev. Dr John A. Armes , Bishop of Edinburgh , but the role carries no duties. Norman invasion of Ireland The Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland took place during the late 12th century, when Anglo-Normans gradually conquered and acquired large swathes of land in Ireland over which the monarchs of England then claimed sovereignty. The Anglo-Normans claimed

4743-493: The Windsor Treaty soon fell apart. Henry was "unable or unwilling" to rein in the Anglo-Norman lords, and Ruaidrí was unable to control all of the Irish kings. Contemporary English historian William of Newburgh wrote that "the military commanders left there by him [Henry] for the government of this subjugated province, desirous either of booty or fame, by degrees extended the boundaries allotted to them". In April 1176,

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4836-493: The ancient Tanist law of Ireland; and unto whom Mac Carthy Reagh shall give a white rod, he is O'Mahon, or Lord of the Country; but the giving of the rod avails nothing except he be chosen by the followers, nor yet the election without the rod. The MacCarthy Reagh was inaugurated with the same ceremonial with which he inaugurated the O'Mahon and other dependent chiefs. There was a grievance attached to this, and it did not escape

4929-481: The army was assembling. The Song of Dermot and the Earl recounts that the meeting was friendly, while Gerald of Wales pictures the king's anger gradually subsiding until a friendly agreement was reached. Strongbow's actions may have been only a catalyst for Henry's intervention. Historian Peter Crooks writes that, "No less than his predecessors, Henry II was happy to add Ireland to his empire." An English historian of

5022-460: The assistance of his fleet, but was still forced to flee to Ireland in 1102. Orderic Vitalis ' account says De Montgomery used his troops to aid O'Brien in Ireland and hoping to succeed his father-in-law as king, but had to flee after his hosts turned against him. William of Malmesbury states it was only after the Normans imposed a trade embargo on Ireland that the situation died down and the O'Brien-de Montgomery alliance ended. From at least 1144,

5115-559: The case on appeal to the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary in 1911 and no from that point the office ceased to collect fees. The holder of the office of White Rod had a historic role as usher to the monarch in Scottish coronations. This fell away after the Acts of Union, though the holder did attend the 1761 coronation of George III and Charlotte and the 1821 coronation of George IV . In 1902

5208-428: The castle at Slane and forced the Anglo-Normans to abandon Galtrim, Kells, and Derrypatrick. Strongbow died in May 1176, and Henry appointed William FitzAldelm as his new representative in Ireland. He was replaced the following year by Hugh de Lacy. In February 1177, John de Courcy left Dublin with a force of about 22 knights and 500 soldiers. De Courcy swiftly marched north, into the kingdom of Ulaid, and captured

5301-655: The cathedral was in excess of that described by the Walkers in their bequest disposition the act of parliament was required to permit the administrators to mortgage the part of the estate to cover construction costs. The act appointed the Episcopal Bishop of Edinburgh , the Episcopal Dean of Edinburgh, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh , the Deputy Keeper of Her Majesty's Signet for Scotland and

5394-440: The cathedral. The act created a body politic and corporate , "The Walker Trustees", from the holders of the offices specified in the Walkers' disposition who became trustees. The estate was valued at £178,586 12s (equivalent to £212,316,997 in 2023) at the time of the act. The office of White Rod also vested with the trustees on Mary's death, it was valued at £250 (equivalent to £29,727 in 2023) and its right to extract

5487-524: The church in Ireland." Implementing the reforms was slow and difficult. At the Synod of Kells , the church of Canterbury had its claims to primacy over the Irish church dismissed by Pope Eugene III , who felt the Irish church could handle its own affairs. This did not go down well with the Anglo-Norman clergy. In 1155 John of Salisbury , Secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and good friends with

5580-454: The conquered territory and Ruaidrí as overlord of the remainder of Ireland, with Ruaidrí also swearing fealty to Henry. The treaty soon collapsed: Norman lords continued to invade Irish kingdoms and the Irish continued to attack the Normans. In 1177, Henry adopted a new policy. He declared his son John to be the "Lord of Ireland" (i.e. claiming the whole island) and authorised the Norman lords to conquer more land. The territory they held became

5673-453: The estate after their deaths. Barbara Walker died 23 March 1859 and Mary on 4 March 1870. Their disposition gave the administration of their estate to the Episcopal Bishop of Edinburgh , the Episcopal Dean of Edinburgh, the Lord Provost of Edinburgh , the Deputy Keeper of Her Majesty's Signet for Scotland and the Treasurer of the Bank of Scotland and their successors in those offices. After paying for funeral and administration costs

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5766-458: The first Norman coins in Ireland were minted. Other mints operated in the major towns, with De Courcy in Ulster even minting coins in his own name. Whether as a direct consequence of the Normans or not, the commoner's independence decreased in both Norman and Gaelic areas. Where once they could serve more than one lord or even transfer from one lord to another, they were now unfree tenants bound to

5859-486: The important Norse-Irish towns of Dublin and Waterford, and Strongbow married Diarmait's daughter Aoífe . Diarmait died in May 1171 and Strongbow claimed Leinster, which Diarmait had promised him. Led by High King Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Conor), a coalition of most of the Irish kingdoms besieged Dublin , while Norman-held Waterford and Wexford were also attacked. However, the Normans managed to hold most of their territory. In October 1171, King Henry landed with

5952-454: The invasion was sanctioned by the papal bull Laudabiliter . At the time, Gaelic Ireland was made up of several kingdoms, with a High King claiming lordship over most of the other kings. The Anglo-Norman invasion was a watershed in Ireland's history, marking the beginning of more than 800 years of British rule in Ireland . In May 1169, Anglo-Norman mercenaries landed in Ireland at the request of Diarmait mac Murchada (Dermot MacMurragh),

6045-417: The keen eyes of the Cork juries, who presented: 'That when any Lord or Gentleman of the Irishry within this county, is made Lord or Captain of his name or kindredtie, he taketh of every inhabitant, freeholder , and tenant under him, a cow to be paid for erecting a rod in that name. While describing how Hugh Roe O'Donnell was inaugurated on 3 May 1592, Timothy T. O'Donnell has written, "The inauguration of

6138-414: The kingship, and that whatever he had gained in Ireland was "by the grace and favour of Henry, and was at his disposal". In July, before the siege of Dublin, Henry granted Strongbow most of the land he had gained and honored him with the post of "royal constable in Ireland". By September 1171, Henry had decided to lead a military expedition to Ireland, and summoned Strongbow to meet him at Pembroke while

6231-455: The land. The Normans also instigated the widespread building of castles by aristocrats, a key component of the feudal system they brought to Ireland, and round towers . From 1169 until the mid-fourteenth century, castles were mostly associated with Norman lordships and formed the basis of new settlements. Not until after 1205, during the reign of king John, was a royal castle built in Ireland. De Courcy, who had conquered Ulaid, instigated

6324-466: The march to Limerick. Norman power in Ireland seemed to be disintegrating, and in the words of Gerald de Barri, "the entire population of Ireland took the opportunity of this disorder to rise with one consent against the English". Shortly after the Norman defeat at Thurles, the Norse-Irish of Waterford rose up and killed the Norman garrison of 200 soldiers. Ruaidrí gathered an army that included contingents from Connacht, Meath, Breffny, Oriel, Ulster, and

6417-484: The monastic towns of Fore and Killeigh . Henry also made Dublin available for the freemen of Bristol to colonise. Many of the Norse-Irish inhabitants were forced to re-settle outside the walls, at what became Oxmantown . Henry left Ireland on 17 April 1172, setting sail from Wexford. Some English writers – such as William of Canterbury and Ralph Niger – condemned Henry's military intervention, describing it as an unlawful "hostile invasion" and "conquest". A poem in

6510-400: The new church, to support other ministers of the Episcopal church in Edinburgh, for bursaries for the education of three young Episcopalian men "distinguished for talent, industry and good conduct", for the relief of the poor "inflicted with incurable disease", and for the maintenance of the vestry at the Episcopalian chapel in Oldmeldrum , Aberdeenshire. The remaining income was to be used for

6603-407: The other kings but did not rule Ireland as a unitary state , though it had a common culture and legal system. The five port towns of Dublin , Wexford , Waterford , Cork , and Limerick were inhabited by the Norse-Irish and had their own rulers. The Normans conquered England between 1066 and 1075, with all earldoms thereafter held by Normans, as were all bishoprics after 1096. In parallel,

6696-573: The payment of fees for all but knights bachelor. The fees were contentious and in 1908 the Society of Knights Bachelor was founded as a body to represent knights bachelor. The society brought a case before the Outer House of the Court of Session in March 1909 disputing the right of the trustees to collect fees when knights were appointed. The court found in favour of the trustees but the society won

6789-481: The province from Athlone in the west to Drogheda in the east. They also hanged the Irish king of Meath, Magnus Ua Máel Sechlainn (Manus O'Melaghlin). On 6 October 1175, Henry II of England and High King Ruaidrí agreed to the Treaty of Windsor . The treaty divided Ireland into two spheres of influence: Henry was acknowledged as overlord of the Norman-held territory, and Ruaidrí was acknowledged as overlord of

6882-469: The recently elected Anglo-Norman Pope Adrian IV , made an "extraordinary intervention" at the Roman Curia . He called for Norman involvement in Ireland to reform its "barbaric and impious" people. This resulted in the papal bull Laudabiliter , or an equivalent, which purported to grant Henry II papal authority to intervene in Ireland, such as by conquest. Salisbury had been inspired in his views on

6975-513: The rest of Ireland. Ruaidrí also swore fealty to Henry and agreed to pay him a yearly tribute in cow hides, which Ruaidrí could levy from throughout his kingdom. A Connacht-based annalist reported the treaty in triumphal terms: " Cadla Ua Dubthaig [archbishop of Tuam] came out of England from [Henry] the son of the Empress, having with him the peace of Ireland, and the kingship thereof, both Foreigner and Gael, to Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair". However,

7068-489: The same time, an Irish army from Thomond and Connacht, led by Domnall Ua Briain (Donal O'Brian), forced the Normans out of Kilkenny and destroyed Strongbow's motte-and-bailey castle there. Strongbow responded in early 1174 by marching an army into Thomond and advancing towards Limerick. At the Battle of Thurles , Domnall Ua Briain's forces defeated a contingent of Strongbow's army, killing thousands and forcing him to abandon

7161-559: The streets, in which 700 defenders were killed. Diarmait and the other Norman commanders then arrived in Waterford, where Strongbow married Diarmait's daughter, Aífe. The Normans and Diarmait held a council of war at Waterford and agreed to take Dublin. High King Ruaidrí encamped a large army near Dublin to intercept them. As well as troops from Connacht, it included troops from Breffny (led by King Tigernán), Meath (led by King Máel Sechlainn), and Oriel (led by King Murchad Ua Cerbaill). The Normans and Diarmait bypassed them by travelling over

7254-628: The surrounding countryside. They were then besieged by a much larger force of Irish and Norse-Irish. The outnumbered Anglo-Normans drove a large herd of cattle into the opposing army. In the ensuing havoc, the Normans routed the besiegers, killing up to 500 and capturing 70. These captives were then executed: the Normans broke their limbs before beheading them and throwing their bodies off the cliff. On 23 August, Strongbow landed at Passage with at least 200 knights and 1,000 soldiers. They met with Raymond's force and assaulted Waterford. The walls were eventually breached and there followed fierce fighting in

7347-498: The territories Diarmait had claimed sovereignty over. First they besieged the Norse-Irish seaport of Wexford , which surrendered after two days. They then raided and plundered the territories of north Leinster, which had refused to submit to Diarmait. They also raided the neighbouring kingdom of Ossory , defeating the forces of king Donnchad Mac Gilla Patraic (Donagh MacGillapatrick) in the battle of Achad Úr . However, Donnchad withdrew his forces to safety. Prendergast then announced he

7440-434: The territory they had conquered to him. He let Strongbow hold Leinster in fief and declared Dublin, Wexford and Waterford to be crown land . Fifteen Irish kings and chiefs submitted to Henry, likely in the hope that he would curb unprovoked Norman expansion into their territories. Those who did not submit included Ruaidrí (the High King and king of Connacht) and the kings of Meath and the Northern Uí Néill . Against this,

7533-410: The time, William of Newburgh , wrote that Henry wanted to have "the glory of such a famous conquest" and its proceeds for himself. On 17 October 1171, King Henry landed at Waterford with a large army of at least 500 mounted knights and 4,000 men-at-arms and archers. Several siege towers were also shipped over, should he need to assault the Norman-held towns, or others such as Cork and Limerick. This

7626-424: The town of Downpatrick . The Ulaid, led by king Ruaidrí Mac Duinnsléibe (Rory MacDunleavy), tried to re-take the town but were repelled after a fierce battle. King Henry held a council at Oxford in May 1177, which marked a change of policy towards Ireland. He declared his son John (aged ten) to be "Lord of Ireland", and made plans for him to become king of all Ireland when he came of age . The territory held by

7719-421: The town of Wexford and two neighbouring cantreds . Under Irish law, Diarmait had no right to do this. Having secured their help, he returned to his home territory of Uí Ceinnselaig (Hy Kinsella) in 1167 with one knight, Richard FitzGodebert, and a small number of soldiers. He smoothly resumed power as chief and awaited the arrival of his allies. King Ruaidrí and Tigernán confronted him with a small force and there

7812-633: The town, but were repulsed by de Cogan's forces. Ascall was captured and publicly executed. A great army, led by Ruaidrí, surrounded Dublin. It comprised troops from most of the Irish kingdoms: contingents from Connacht, Breffny (led by King Tigernán ), Meath (led by King Máel Sechlainn ), Thomond (led by King Domnall Ua Briain ), Oriel (led by King Murchad Ua Cerbaill ), Ulster (led by King Magnus Mac Duinnsléibe ), and Leinster (led by Diarmait's brother Murchad). A Norse-Gaelic fleet of 30 ships, sent by Godred Olafsson , blockaded Dublin bay. Robert FitzStephen sent his best troops out of Wexford to help

7905-501: The trustees successfully petitioned the Court of Claims to play a role in the coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra . The claim was first disallowed, as the role had no duty other than to "stand and wait". When the court found that the Lord Lyon King of Arms also had no real duties at the coronation beyond standing and waiting the decision was reversed and a representative of the trustees granted permission to attend. In 2023

7998-431: Was a skirmish at Killistown. Diarmait gave hostages to Ruaidrí and a hundred ounces of gold to Tigernán, and FitzGodebert left Ireland. On 1 May 1169, Robert FitzStephen and Maurice de Prendergast landed at Bannow Bay, on the south coast of County Wexford, with a force of at least 40 knights, 60 men-at-arms and 360 archers. This force merged with about 500 men led by Diarmait. They set about conquering Leinster and

8091-400: Was founded by the Walker Trust Act 1877, a private act of the United Kingdom Parliament , to administer a bequest made by sisters Barbara and Mary Walker. The Walkers left an estate valued at £178,586 12s (equivalent to £21,235,022 in 2023) to be used to construct a new place of worship, which became St Mary's Cathedral , and to provide for other needs of the church. Because the cost of

8184-460: Was founded following the deaths of sisters Barbara and Mary Walker of Coates , Midlothian . The pair were wealthy spinsters who descended from William Walker, the son of a Scottish Episcopal Church clergyman and grandson of a tailor and burgess of Aberdeen . Walker had, in 1805, purchased the hereditary office of Gentleman Usher of the White Rod , an officer of the Parliament of Scotland with mediaeval origins but whose duties had lapsed since

8277-440: Was his son. However, Diarmait apparently sought to use his Anglo-Norman allies to make himself High King. Shortly after the Ferns agreement, Maurice FitzGerald landed at Wexford with at least 10 knights, 30 mounted archers and 100-foot archers. In a show of strength, Maurice and Diarmait marched an army north and laid waste to the hinterland of Dublin. By 1170, Strongbow appears to have been funded financially for his invasion by

8370-535: Was required to be both white and straight, with the colour representing purity and the straightness of justice, according to the account given by Geoffrey Keating . Even after the collapse of all other institutions of Gaelic Ireland , the Chief Poet of a district, who presided well into 18th-century Munster over the district's Cúirt , a poetic court similar to the Welsh Eisteddfod , would receive

8463-623: Was the Prince's Marshal and O'Clery was the Ollamh , or scholarly lawyer who presented to him the book containing the laws and customs of the land and the straight white wand symbolizing the moral rectitude demanded of his judgments and rule." Prior to the Union with England in 1707 , there was a Gentleman Usher of the White Rod in the Estates of Parliament in Edinburgh , who had a similar role to

8556-435: Was the first time a reigning King of England had set foot on Irish soil, and marked the beginning of England's claim to sovereignty in Ireland. Henry led his army to Lismore , the site of an important monastery, and chose the site for a castle. He then moved on to Cashel , which he had in mind as the venue for a church council. Henry then led his army to Dublin. The Norman lords affirmed their loyalty to Henry and handed over

8649-451: Was withdrawing from Ireland with his 200 men, but Diarmait would not let them set sail from Wexford. In response, Prendergast offered his men as mercenaries to Donnchad of Ossory, which Donnchad accepted. He used these mercenaries to temporarily subdue Loígis . However, Prendergast refused to fight his former companions, and he soon left Ireland with his men. In response, High King Ruaidrí led an army into Leinster to confront Diarmait and

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