61-681: Whitehills is a small fishing village in Banffshire , Scotland, that lies three miles (five kilometres) west of Banff on the Moray Firth . It forms part of the Aberdeenshire council area. It surrounds a rocky bay to the west of Knock Head. It has grown as a fishing village since the C16 and developed especially in the C19. It is characterised by its C18/19 old village which stretches along
122-576: A bǘza , a robust variant of the Viking longship. The first herring buss was probably built in Hoorn around 1415. The last one was built in Vlaardingen in 1841. The ship was about 20 metres long and displaced between 60 and 100 tons. It was a massive round- bilged keel ship with a bluff bow and stern , the latter relatively high, and with a gallery. The busses used long drifting gill nets to catch
183-558: A canoe at all, though it evolved through the enlargement of dugout canoes. For stability in rougher waters, canoes can be fitted with outriggers . One or two small logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted to either side of the hull. These are called outrigger canoes . Many of the fishing boats in Indonesia and the Philippines are double-outrigger craft, consisting of
244-630: A dugout was uncovered in Poole Harbour , Dorset . The Poole Logboat , dated to 300 BC, was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a large oak tree . Best known are the canoes of the Eastern North American Indians . These, often elegant canoes, were not dugouts, but were made of a wooden frame covered with bark of a birch tree , pitched to make it waterproof. Typically canoes are propelled with paddles , often by two people. Paddlers face in
305-584: A few inches. Coracles have been used, and to a degree are still used, in India, Vietnam, Iraq, Tibet, North America and Britain. Coracles in Iraq are called " quffa ." Their history goes back to antiquity where they appear on Assyrian -era reliefs sculpted between 600 and 900 BC. These reliefs are now in the British Museum . Herodotus visited Babylon in the 5th century BC, and wrote a long description of
366-518: A fishing vessel which tows a trawl . Dutch trawling boats were common in the North Sea, and the word dogger was given to the area where they often fished, which became known as the Dogger Bank . Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the rough conditions of the North Sea. Like the herring buss, they were wide-beamed and bluff-bowed, but considerably smaller, about 15 metres long,
427-587: A markedly similar design to those used in Peru. Apart from Peru and Bolivia, reed boats are still used in Ethiopia and were used until recently in Corfu . Coracles are light boats shaped like a bowl, typically with a frame of woven grass or reeds, or strong saplings covered with animal hides. The keel -less, flat bottom evenly spreads the weight across the structure reducing the required depth of water often to only
488-447: A maximum beam of 4.5 m, a draught of 1.5 m, and displacing about 13 tonnes. They could carry a tonne of bait, three tonnes of salt, half a tonne each of food and firewood for the crew, and return with six tonnes of fish. Decked areas forward and aft probably provided accommodation, storage and a cooking area. An anchor would have allowed extended periods fishing in the same spot, in waters up to 18 m deep. The dogger would also have carried
549-405: A narrow main hull with two attached outriggers, commonly known as jukung in Indonesia and banca in the Philippines. The jukung is of Balinese origin, one of many genre of Pacific/Asian outrigger canoes. The considerable stability provided by the outriggers means that the jukung copes well with a lateen (triangular) sail. While the lateen sail presents some difficulties in tacking into
610-936: A similar number of small fishing boats. Traditional fishing boats are usually characteristic of the stretch of coast along which they operate. They evolve over time to meet the local conditions, such as the materials available locally for boat building, the type of sea conditions the boats will encounter, and the demands of the local fisheries . Artisan fishing is small-scale commercial or subsistence fishing, particularly practices involving coastal or island ethnic groups using traditional fishing techniques and traditional boats. This may also include heritage groups involved in customary fishing practices. Artisan fishers usually use small traditional fishing boats that are open (undecked) and have sails; these boats use little to no mechanised or electronic gear. Large numbers of artisan fishing boats are still in use, particularly in developing countries with long productive marine coastlines. A raft
671-403: A small natural harbour which provides a safe haven for a village fleet of fishing boats . The village needs to provide a safe way of landing fish and securing boats when they are not in use. Fishing villages may operate from a beach, particularly around lakes. For example, around parts of Lake Malawi , each fishing village has its own beach. If a fisherman from outside the village lands fish on
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#1732786793165732-552: A sturdy and stable boat even in bad weather. Originally, the luzzu was equipped with sails although nowadays almost all are motorised, with onboard diesel engines being the most common. Boats in South East Asia and Polynesia centred on canoes, outriggers and multihull boats. By contrast, boats in Europe centred on framed and keeled monohulls . The Scandinavians were building innovative boats millennia ago, as shown by
793-481: A thin layer of tar for waterproofing. Today tarred calico or canvas , or simply fiberglass can be used. Different Welsh rivers have their own designs, tailored to the flow of the river. The Teifi coracle , for instance, is flat-bottomed, as it is designed to negotiate shallow rapids, common on the river in the summer, while the Carmarthen coracle is rounder and deeper, because it is used in tidal waters on
854-579: A time. The catch would sometimes be transferred to special ships (called ventjagers ), and taken home while the fleet would still be at sea (the picture shows a ventjager in the distance). During the 17th century, the British developed the dogger , an early type of sailing trawler or longliner , which commonly operated in the North Sea . The dogger takes its name from the Dutch word dogger , meaning
915-568: Is a double-ended carvel-built fishing boat from the Maltese islands. Traditionally, they are brightly painted in shades of yellow, red, green and blue, and the bow is normally painted with a pair of eyes. These eyes may be the modern survival of an ancient Phoenician custom (also practiced by the ancient Greeks ); they are sometimes (and probably inaccurately) referred to as the Eye of Horus or of Osiris . The luzzu has survived because it tends to be
976-745: Is a structure with a flat top that floats. It is the most basic boat design, characterised by the absence of a hull . The classic raft is constructed by lashing several logs, placed side by side, to two or more additional logs placed transverse to the others. In many Asian countries, the rafts are similarly constructed using bamboo. In shallow waters, rafts can be punted with a push pole. They can be used as stealthy platforms for fishing shallow waters around lakes. In sheltered coastal waters, anchored or drifting rafts can become effective fish aggregating devices . Payaos were traditional bamboo rafts used in Southeast Asia as aggregating device. Fishermen on
1037-514: Is a village, usually located near a fishing ground , with an economy based on catching fish and harvesting seafood . The continents and islands around the world have coastlines totalling around 356,000 kilometres (221,000 mi). From Neolithic times, these coastlines, as well as the shorelines of inland lakes and the banks of rivers, have been punctuated with fishing villages. Most surviving fishing villages are traditional. Coastal fishing villages are often somewhat isolated, and sited around
1098-844: Is about the boats used for fishing that are or were built from designs that existed before engines became available. Early fishing vessels included rafts , dugout canoes , reed boats , and boats constructed from a frame covered with hide or tree bark , such as coracles . The oldest boats found by archaeological excavation are dugout canoes dating back to the Neolithic Period around 7,000-9,000 years ago. These canoes were often cut from coniferous tree logs, using simple stone tools . A 7000-year-old sea going boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait. These early vessels had limited capability; they could float and move on water, but were not suitable for use any great distance from
1159-652: Is accessible at all states of the tide. Drying out for maintenance is possible in a purpose-built bay of the inner harbour. A five-mile-long (eight-kilometre) coastal path stretches from the Whitehills Harbour to Banff Harbour. On the outskirts of the village there is an ancient Roman structure called the Red Well whose name derives from the water spring it was built to protect which leaves a red deposit, possibly due to high iron content. Between 1924 and 1969 Whitehills had an RNLI lifeboat station. The station
1220-574: Is listed in the Domesday Book . Recent archaeological excavations of earlier fishing settlements are occurring at some pace. A fishing village recently excavated in Khanh Hoa , Vietnam, is thought be about 3,500 years old. Excavations on the biblical fishing village Bethsaida , on the shore of the Sea of Galilee and birthplace of the apostles Peter, Philip and Andrew, have shown that Bethsaida
1281-711: Is the Khufu ship , a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954. A further development was the use of timber frames , to which the planks could be lashed, stitched or nailed. With the use of frames, it is possible to develop carvel-style and clinker-style planking (in the USA the term lapstrake is used instead of clinker ). Scandinavians were using clinker construction by at least 350 BC. Carvel construction dates back even earlier. A luzzu
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#17327867931651342-571: Is unavoidably obvious. Further expansion to the south west is likely to most favoured by developers, but this should maintain principles of good layout and sympathetic siting in order to avoid the sprawl of the village. In 1999, the fishing harbour was developed as a leisure marina, called the Whitehills Marina. The marina offers facilities for visiting sailors and hosts an annual sailing regatta in August. The marina has 47 pontoon berths and
1403-539: The Incas . They live, still today, on man-made floating islands scattered across Lake Titicaca . These islands are constructed from totora reeds . Each floating island supports between three and ten houses, also built of reeds. The Uros also build their boats from bundled dried reeds. These days some Uros boats, used for fishing and hunting seabirds, have motors. Reed boats were constructed in Easter Island with
1464-538: The Tywi , where there are no rapids. Coracles can be effective fishing vessels. When operated skilfully, they hardly disturb the water or the fish. Welsh coracle fishing is performed by two men, each seated in his coracle and with one hand holding the net while with the other he plies his paddle. When a fish is caught, each hauls up his end of the net until the two coracles touch and the fish are secured. Many coracles are so light and portable that they can easily be carried on
1525-595: The Yangtze River delta, was a small fishing village. Extended fishing communities that retain their cultural identities around a connection to water through fishing, leisure, or otherwise, are sometimes referred to as aquapelagos . In recent times, fishing villages have been increasingly targeted for tourist and leisure enterprises. Recreational fishing and leisure boat pursuits can be big business these days, and traditional fishing villages are often well positioned to take advantage of this. For example, Destin on
1586-653: The 19th Century used craft similar to kayaks, but referred to them as canoes. The availability of reliable and durable ropes and lines has had many consequences for the development and utility of traditional fishing boats. They can be used to lash planks and frames together, as stay lines for masts, as anchor lines to secure the boat, and as fishing lines for making fishing nets . Ropes and lines are made of fibre lengths, twisted or braided together to provide tensile strength. They are used for pulling, but not for pushing. Fossilised fragments of "probably two-ply laid rope of about 7 mm diameter" have been found in one of
1647-646: The C19 through the development of terraced 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -storey and detached villa housing. The shore, links and extensive views from throughout the village add a sense of openness. The landmark buildings in Whitehills are the Parish Church (built in 1773) and the Downie's Fish Processing Plant, as well as the marina. The clock tower of Trinity Church of Scotland (1879) was built by Alexander Ross . The Methodist Chapel, meanwhile, dates to 1840. During
1708-535: The C20 the town has developed to the east and also along the southerly edges. Around half the building stock is low density, private new build; these are built in a style which is typical of most modern development. The 20/21C extension to the village has little in common with old town character or its street pattern and its recent spread means that the village can clearly be seen from Banff. The village's exposed location, sea views and unique character, mean that new development
1769-476: The Iraq coracles. Yack butter is used for waterproofing. Again, different rivers have their own designs. Sometimes two coracles are strapped together for added stability. In Vietnam , elegant coracles constructed with bamboo, are still used from many beaches, such as at Nha Trang , Phan Thiết and Mui Ne . The coracles are towed in a line behind a motor boat, like beads on a string, to their fishing ground. There
1830-609: The Iraqi coracles are very large, with the largest reaching up to 5.5 metres (18 ft) in diameter and being able to carry up to 5 tons. Coracles are known to have been in use in Britain in 49 BC when Julius Caesar encountered them. They are still used in Wales , where they were traditionally framed with split and interwoven willow rods, tied with willow bark. The outer layer was an animal skin, such as horse or bullock hide, with
1891-420: The beach, he gives some of the fish to the village headman. Village fishing boats are usually characteristic of the stretch of coast along which they operate. Traditional fishing boats evolve over time to meet the local conditions, such as the materials available locally for boat building, the type of sea conditions the boats will encounter, and the demands of the local fisheries . Some villages move out onto
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1952-602: The building and maintenance of boats. Until the 19th century, some villagers supplemented their incomes with wrecking (taking valuables from nearby shipwrecks ) and smuggling . In less developed countries, some traditional fishing villages persist in ways that have changed little from earlier times. In more developed countries, traditional fishing villages are changing due to socioeconomic factors like industrial fishing and urbanization . Over time, some fishing villages outgrow their original function as artisanal fishing villages. Seven hundred years ago, Shanghai , beside
2013-454: The caves at Lascaux , dated about 15,000 BC . Egyptian rope dates back to 4000 to 3500 BC and was generally made of water reed fibers. Other rope in antiquity was made from the fibers of date palms , flax , grass , papyrus , leather , or animal hair. Rope made of hemp fibres was in use in China from about 2800 BC. Before engines became available, boats could be propelled manually or by
2074-455: The coast of Florida, has evolved from an artisanal fishing village into a seaside resort dedicated to tourism with a large fishing fleet of recreational charter boats. The tourist appeal of fishing villages has become so big that the Korean government is purpose-building 48 fishing villages for their tourist drawing power. In 2004 China reported it had 8,048 fishing villages. Skara Brae on
2135-453: The coracles he encountered there. Traditionally, quffa were framed with willow or juniper and covered with hides or reeds . The outside was then coated with hot bitumen for waterproofing, although the inside could also be coated for larger vessels. These coracles have been in continuous use on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, particularly around Baghdad , through the 1970s. Some of
2196-688: The design, adding keels , and developing oars for propulsion. Another Nordic shipfind is the Nydam boat , found preserved in the Nydam Mose bog in Sundeved , Denmark . It has been dendro dated to 310-320 AD. Built of oak, it is also clinker-built, is 23 metres long and was rowed by thirty men. By 1000 AD the Norsemen were pre-eminent on the oceans. They were skilled seamen and boat builders, with clinker-built boat designs that varied according to
2257-519: The direction of travel, either seated on supports in the hull , or kneeling directly upon the hull. Paddles can be single-bladed or double-bladed. A pirogue is a small, flat-bottomed boat of a design associated particularly with West African fishermen and the Cajuns of the Louisiana marsh. These are usually dugouts, and are light and small enough to be easily taken onto land. The design allows
2318-479: The fisherman lay fishing nets in the sea. Later, another tow returns the coracle fishermen to the beach with their catch. A canoe is a small narrow boat, usually pointed at both bow and stern and normally open on top, though they can be covered. A dugout is a canoe hollowed from a tree trunk. The oldest known canoe is the dugout Pesse canoe found in the Netherlands. According to C14 dating analysis it
2379-818: The fisherman's shoulders. In North America, American Indians and frontiersmen made coracles, called bull boats , by covering a willow frame with buffalo hide. The buffalo hair was left on the hide because it inhibited the craft from spinning, and the tails were also left intact and used to tie bull boats together. Indian coracles commonly operate on the rivers Kaveri and Tungabhadra in Southern India . The smaller ones are about 6.2 feet (1.9 metres) in diameter, and are used primarily for fishing. Indian coracles have been used since prehistoric times. In Tibet , coracles, used for fishing and ferrying people, are made by stretching yak hide over juniper frames, and fastened with leather thongs. They are shaped like
2440-526: The herring. The nets would be retrieved at night and the crews of eighteen to thirty men would set to gibbing , salting and barrelling the catch on the broad deck. The ships sailed in fleets of 400 to 500 ships to the Dogger Bank fishing grounds and the Shetland isles. They were usually escorted by naval vessels, because the English considered they were "poaching". The fleet would stay at sea for weeks at
2501-609: The jangada dates back to ancient Greek times. It uses a triangular ( lateen ) sail, which allows it to sail against the wind. A felucca is a traditional wood-planked sailing boat used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean including Malta , and particularly along the Nile in Egypt . Its rig consists of one or two lateen sails . Building boats from planks meant boats could be more precisely constructed along
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2562-530: The line of large canoes than hollowing tree trunks allowed. It is possible that planked canoes were developed as early as 8,500 years ago in Southern California. By 3000 BC , the Egyptians knew how to assemble planks of wood into a ship hull . They used woven straps to lash planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks to seal the seams. An example of their skill
2623-490: The many petroglyph images of Nordic Bronze Age boats. The oldest archaeological find of a wooden Nordic boat is the Hjortspring boat , built about 350 BC. This is the oldest known boat to use clinker planking, where the planks overlap one another. It was designed as a large canoe, 19 m long and crewed by 22–23 men using paddles . Scandinavians continued to develop better boats, incorporating iron and other metal into
2684-530: The oceans. These boats had sails and oarsmen, and were used for war and trade. Some ancient vessels were propelled by either oars or sail, depending on the speed and direction of the wind (see trireme and bireme ). The Chinese were using sails around 3000 BC, of a type that can still be seen on traditional fishing boats sailing off the coast of Vietnam in Ha Long Bay. A jangada is an elegant planked fishing boat used in northern Brazil . It has been claimed
2745-424: The paddler facing the bow of the boat. Small boats that use oars are called rowboats , and the rower typically faces the stern. Around 4000 BC, Egyptians were building long narrow boats powered by many oarsmen. Over the next 1,000 years, they made a series of remarkable advances in boat design. They developed cotton-made sails to help their boats go faster with less work. Then they built boats large enough to cross
2806-413: The pirogue to move through the very shallow water of marshes and be easily turned over to drain any water that may get into the boat. The pirogue is usually propelled by paddles with one blade. It can also be punted with a push pole in shallow water. Small sails can also be used. Outboard motors are increasingly being used in many regions. The log canoe of Chesapeake Bay is in the modern sense not
2867-658: The same way as the Norse boats, as were the Shetland yoals and the sgoths of the Outer Hebrides . In the 15th century, the Dutch developed a type of sea-going herring drifter that became a blueprint for subsequent European fishing boats. This was the herring buss , used by Dutch herring fishermen until the early 19th centuries. The ship type buss has a long history. It was known around 1000 AD in Scandinavia as
2928-624: The sea, or on a lake or river. Even today, many traditional fishing boats are still in use. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), at the end of 2004, the world fishing fleet consisted of about 4 million vessels, of which 2.7 million were undecked (open) boats. While nearly all decked vessels were mechanised, only one-third of the undecked fishing boats were powered, usually with outboard engines. The remaining 1.8 million boats were traditional craft of various types, operated by sail and oars. This article
2989-474: The shore towards the harbour. This has developed like other Moray Firth fishing villages, with small houses clustered around each other with gable ends facing the sea. The exteriors are painted a variety of colours; gable ends face the sea and there is extensive use of rybats and edge detailing as well as distinctive white grouting between granite blocks. Most houses front directly onto the street with small informal spaces between them. The village spread inland in
3050-461: The shoreline. They were used mainly for fishing and hunting . The development of fishing boats took place in parallel with the development of boats built for trade and war. Early navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics for sails . Affixed to a pole set upright in the boat, these sails gave early boats more range, allowing voyages of exploration According to the FAO, at the end of 2004,
3111-492: The sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. In a kayak the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double bladed paddle. In a canoe the paddler faces forward and sits or kneels in the boat, using a single bladed paddle. In some parts of the world, such as the United Kingdom , kayaks are considered a subtype of canoe . Continental European and British canoeing clubs and associations of
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#17327867931653172-468: The top of the raft used handlines to catch tuna . Pontoon boats , and to some degree the punt , can be viewed as modern derivatives of rafts. Boats, rafts and even small floating islands have been made from reeds. Reed rafts can be distinguished from reed boats, since the rafts are not made watertight. The earliest known boat made with reeds (and tar) is a 7000-year-old sea going boat found in Kuwait. The Uros are an indigenous people pre-dating
3233-491: The type of boat. Trading boats, such as the knarrs , were wide to allow large cargo storage. Raiding boats, such as the longship , were long and narrow and very fast. The vessels they used for fishing were scaled down versions of their cargo boats. The Scandinavian innovations influenced fishing boat design long after the Viking period came to an end. For example, yoles from the Orkney Island of Stroma were built in
3294-960: The water itself, such as the floating fishing villages of Ha Long Bay in Vietnam , the stilt houses of Tai O built over tidal flats near Hong Kong, and the kelong found in waters off Malaysia , the Philippines and Indonesia . Other fishing villages are built on floating islands , such as the Phumdi on Loktak Lake in India, and the Uros on Lake Titicaca which borders Peru and Bolivia. Apart from catching fish, fishing villages often support enterprises typically found in other types of village, such as village crafts, transport, schools and health clinics, housing and community water supplies. In addition, there are enterprises that are natural to fishing villages, such as fish processing and marketing , and
3355-506: The western coast of the Orkney mainland, off Scotland, was a small Neolithic agricultural and fishing village with ten stone houses. It was occupied from about 3100 to 2500 BC, and is Europe's most complete Neolithic village. The ancient Lycian sunken village of Kaleköy in Turkey, dates from 400 BCE. Clovelly , a fishing hamlet north Devon coast of England, an early Saxon settlement,
3416-591: The wind, requiring a jibe , the jukung is superb in its reaching ability and jybe-safe running. They are usually highly decorated and bear a marlin-like prow . A traditional catamaran consists of two canoes, or vakas , joined by a frame, formed of akas . Catamarans were used by the ancient Tamil Chola dynasty as early as the 5th century AD for moving their invasion fleets. Since then, they have been widely used for fishing in South East Asia and Polynesia. Kayaks are generally differentiated from canoes by
3477-491: The wind. Boats could be propelled by the wind by attaching sails to masts set upright in the boat. Manual propulsion could be done in shallow water by punting with a push pole, and in deeper water by paddling with a paddle or rowing with oars . The difference between paddling and rowing is that when rowing the oars have a mechanical connection with the boat, while when paddling the paddles are hand-held with no mechanical connection. Canoes were traditionally paddled, with
3538-581: The world fishing fleet included 1.8 million traditional craft of various types which were operated by sail and oars. These figures for small fishing vessels are probably under reported. The FAO compiles these figures largely from national registers. These records often omit smaller boats where registration is not required or where fishing licences are granted by provincial or municipal authorities. Indonesia reportedly has about 700,000 current fishing boats, 25 percent of which are dugout canoes , and half of which are without motors. The Philippines have reported
3599-994: Was constructed somewhere between 8200 and 7600 BC. This canoe is exhibited in the Drents Museum in Assen , Netherlands. Another dugout, almost as old, has been found at Noyen-sur-Seine . The oldest known canoe found in Africa is the Dufuna canoe , constructed about 6000 BC. It was discovered by Fulani herdsman in Nigeria in 1987. During the Iron Age residents of Great Britain used dugouts for fishing and transport. Two ancient dugouts discovered in Newport, Shropshire are on display at Harper Adams University in Newport. In 1964,
3660-571: Was established in the tenth century BCE. A Tongan fishing village, recently excavated, appears to have been founded 2900 years ago. This makes it the oldest known settlement in Polynesia . Another recent excavation has been made at Walraversijde , a medieval fishing village on the coast of West Flanders in Belgium . Traditional fishing boats Traditionally, many different kinds of boats have been used as fishing boats to catch fish in
3721-461: Was transferred from Banff and in 1932 a new boathouse and slipway (which still stand today) were constructed for a new motor lifeboat. Whitehills received a new 47-foot (14-metre) Watson-class boat in 1961, but this was withdrawn and the station closed in 1969 after launching only eleven times in eight years. This Aberdeenshire location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fishing village A fishing village
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