A locative adverb is a type of adverb that refers to a location or to a combination of a location and a relation to that location. Generally, a locative adverb is semantically equivalent to a prepositional phrase involving a locative or directional preposition. In English, for example, homeward is a locative adverb, specifying a location "home" and a relation "toward" (in this case a direction), and is equivalent to the phrase "toward home". The relation need not be a direction, as it can be any relation that can be specified by a locational preposition such as to , from , in , at , near , toward , or away from . For example, the word home is itself a locative adverb in a sentence like "I took him home today" or "I found him home today"; in the former case, it is equivalent to the phrase "to home", and in the latter to the phrase "at home".
5-551: Pro-form locative adverbs generally form a closed class and are particularly important in a language. Examples in English include there (meaning "at that place"), whither (= "to what place"), and hence (= "from this place"). As can be seen from the examples below, these anaphoric locative adverbs generally have a close relationship with the demonstratives (in English, this and that ). They are also usually closely related to locative interrogative adverbs ; in English, there
10-494: Is a formal relationship between here, hence, hither; there, thence, thither; and where, whence, whither. (Location) (Origin) (Direction) Pro-form In linguistics , a pro-form is a type of function word or expression (linguistics) that stands in for (expresses the same content as) another word , phrase , clause or sentence where the meaning is recoverable from the context. They are used either to avoid repetitive expressions or in quantification (limiting
15-416: Is called binding theory. Some 19th-century grammars of Latin, such as Raphael Kühner's 1844 grammar, organized non-personal pronouns (interrogative, demonstrative , indefinite/ quantifier , relative ) in a table of "correlative" pronouns due to their similarities in morphological derivation and their syntactic relationships (as correlative pairs) in that language. Later that century, L. L. Zamenhof ,
20-778: The inventor of Esperanto , made use of the concept to systematically create the pro-forms and determiners of Esperanto in a regular table of correlatives . The table of correlatives for English follows. everywise nowise elsewise for some reason Some languages may have more categories. See demonstrative . Note that some categories are regular and some are not. They may be regular or irregular also depending on languages. The following chart shows comparison between English, French (irregular) and Japanese (regular): (Note that "daremo", "nanimo" and "dokomo" are universal quantifiers with positive verbs.) Some languages do not distinguish interrogative and indefinite pro-forms. In Mandarin , " Shéi yǒu wèntí?" means either " Who has
25-455: The variables of a proposition). Pro-forms are divided into several categories, according to which part of speech they substitute: An interrogative pro-form is a pro-form that denotes the (unknown) item in question and may itself fall into any of the above categories. The rules governing allowable syntactic relations between certain pro-forms (notably personal and reflexive/reciprocal pronouns) and their antecedents have been studied in what
#890109