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25-579: When the water surface of the bodden freezes over in severe winters, this narrows in the channel to and from the Großer Jasmunder Bodden , which is about 350 metres wide, is the last stretch of water to remain open and is a refuge for numerous water fowl . By the Middle Ages it was common for boats to cross at this point. Because the coastline of Rügen is so deeply incised, alternative detours by land were very long. Moreover,

50-816: A moraine-dammed lake that is released suddenly can result in the floods, such as those that created the granite chasms in Purgatory Chasm State Reservation . In a report published in June 2007, the United Nations Environment Programme estimated that global warming could lead to 40% of the world population being affected by the loss of glaciers, snow and the associated meltwater in Asia. The predicted trend of glacial melt signifies seasonal climate extremes in these regions of Asia. Historically Meltwater pulse 1A

75-581: A comparatively short period between spits and offshore sandbars. These shallow glacial scoops were then subjected to extensive sedimentation during the Holocene , resulting in lakes with depths of no more than 4–6 metres. Thermal and saline stratification is extremely unstable under these conditions, and bodden have the typical dynamics of small bodies of water with a sea connection, which is a rapid filling and draining due to tidal and wind action, and inflow of fresh water. The frequent movement of water can lead to

100-729: A highly variable process. Cities that indirectly source water from meltwater include Melbourne , Canberra , Los Angeles , Las Vegas among others. In North America, 78% of meltwater flows west of the Continental Divide , and 22% flows east of the Continental Divide. Agriculture in Wyoming and Alberta relies on water sources made more stable during the growing season by glacial meltwater. The Tian Shan region in China once had such significant glacial runoff that it

125-668: A new ferry boat, also called the Wittow , was brought into service, after a wider, more modern ferry landing stage had been built. A 110 kV overhead cable to the Bohlendorf substation crosses the bodden by the Wittow Ferry on two, 95-metre-high masts. It has a span of 840 metres. 54°33′28.2″N 13°14′49.9″E  /  54.557833°N 13.247194°E  / 54.557833; 13.247194 Bodden Bodden are briny bodies of water often forming lagoons , along

150-551: A result the light railway ferry passed into history. On 19 January 1970 the line from Bergen to Wittower Fähre was also closed. The ferry boats and facilities were then transferred to the Weiße Flotte ("White Fleet"). The names of the station on the northern shore was Fährhof and that on the southern shore was Wittower Fähre , neither of which corresponded to the names of their local parishes. Both ships continued to work until 1994 and 1996 respectively. The Bergen

175-414: A river or collects on the surface forming a melt pond, which may re-freeze. It may also collect under ice or frozen ground. Meltwater provides drinking water for a large proportion of the world's population, as well as providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric plants . This meltwater can originate from seasonal snowfall, or from the melting of more permanent glaciers. Climate change threatens

200-549: A scouring effect, but can also with heavy pollution show a tendency toward eutrophication . Due to erosion of cliffs and sedimentary deposition, the shape of the bodden coasts remains unstable. Sudden changes have been caused by stormfloods, which repeatedly closed connections to the sea or opened new ones in the past. Bodden-type bays can be found in Mecklenburg , and in Denmark , where they are called Nor ( da ). However,

225-726: Is further connected to the Oder Lagoon by the Peenestrom , another bodden-type strait with Spandowerhagener Wiek , Krösliner See , Hohendorfer See , Krumminer Wiek and Achterwasser . The bodden are important sanctuaries for many species of birds and are especially important resting places for migratory birds like cranes and geese. This was the reason for the establishment of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park ( Nationalpark Vorpommersche Boddenlandschaft ), comprising most of

250-452: Is often found during early spring when snow packs and frozen rivers melt with rising temperatures, and in the ablation zone of glaciers where the rate of snow cover is reducing. Meltwater can be produced during volcanic eruptions , in a similar way in which the more dangerous lahars form. It can also be produced by the heat generated by the flow itself. When meltwater pools on the surface rather than flowing, it forms melt ponds . As

275-523: The bodden between Darß and Rügen . Traditionally bodden have been good fishing areas, rich in mesolithic community sites, in particular the Pomeranian bodden of Rügen , Greifswald and Peenestrom . From these waters anglers regularly land 10–15 kg pike . Meltwater Meltwater (or melt water ) is water released by the melting of snow or ice , including glacial ice , tabular icebergs and ice shelves over oceans. Meltwater

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300-617: The dyke between Großen Jasmunder Bodden and the Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden near Lietzow was not built until 1868, so that the land route as far as the Schmale Heide ( Prora ) was not practicable. Not until the opening of the 37.9 km long 750-mm narrow gauge railway line from Bergen via Trent, Wittow Ferry and Wiek to Altenkirchen of the Rügen Light Railway (RüKB) d on 21 December 1896

325-716: The glacial meltwater are a concern in more remote highland regions of the Andes, where the proportion of water from glacial melt is much greater than in lower elevations. In parts of the Bolivian Andes, surface water contributions from glaciers are as high as 31-65% in the wet season and 39-71% in the dry season. Glacial meltwater comes from glacial melt due to external forces or by pressure and geothermal heat . Often, there will be rivers flowing through glaciers into lakes. These brilliantly blue lakes get their color from " rock flour ", sediment that has been transported through

350-624: The meltwater levels are highest. Glacial meltwater can also affect important fisheries, such as in Kenai River , Alaska. Meltwater can be an indication of abrupt climate change . An instance of a large meltwater body is the case of the region of a tributary of Bindschadler Ice Stream, West Antarctica where rapid vertical motion of the ice sheet surface has suggested shifting of a subglacial water body. It can also destabilize glacial lakes leading to sudden floods , and destabilize snowpack causing avalanches . Dammed glacial meltwater from

375-642: The most typical bodden are located off the Pomeranian mainland between the mouth of the Recknitz river and the island of Usedom . Several adjacent bodden between the Fischland-Darß-Zingst peninsula, Hiddensee , the northern and western peninsulae of Rügen and the Pomeranian mainland are grouped as Bodden chains ( Boddenketten ): Another bodden is the Bay of Greifswald ( Greifswalder Bodden ),

400-701: The northern parts of which constitute the Rügischer Bodden with Schoritzer Wiek , Wreechensee , Having Inlet with Neuensiener See and Selliner See , and Hagensche Wiek . To the south, the Bay of Greifswald comprises Gristower Inwiek , Kooser See and Dänische Wieck ( Danish Bay ). The Bay of Greifswald is connected to the West Rügen bodden chain by the Strelasund , a bodden-type strait with Glewitzer Wiek , Puddeminer Wiek and Deviner See ; it

425-491: The open sea. Freshwater inflow from the mainland and saltwater inflow from the open sea, which depends on wind direction and force as well as the proximity of the bodden to the sea, result in fluctuating salt gradients and distinctive ecosystems. During the Littorina Sea transgression, an island archipelago was formed by the carving of narrow glacial basins and channels resulting from meltwater . Bodden were formed in

450-506: The precipitation of snow and the shrinking volume of glaciers. Some cities around the world have large lakes that collect snow melt to supplement water supply. Others have artificial reservoirs that collect water from rivers, which receive large influxes of meltwater from their higher elevation tributaries. After that, leftover water will flow into oceans causing sea levels to rise. Snow melt hundreds of miles away can contribute to river replenishment. Snowfall can also replenish groundwater in

475-408: The rivers to the lakes. This sediment comes from rocks grinding together underneath the glacier. The fine powder is then suspended in the water and absorbs and scatters varying colors of sunlight , giving a milky turquoise appearance. Meltwater also acts as a lubricant in the basal sliding of glaciers. GPS measurements of ice flow have revealed that glacial movement is greatest in summer when

500-658: The southwestern shores of the Baltic Sea , primarily in Germany 's state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . These lagoons can be found especially around the island of Rügen , Usedom and the Fischland-Darss-Zingst peninsula. Some of them are protected reserves, forming the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park . They have a distinctive geological origin and are enclosed by peninsulae, spits and islands, leaving only narrow connections to adjacent bodden or

525-451: The weather gets colder meltwater will often re-freeze. Meltwater can also collect or melt under the ice's surface. These pools of water, known as subglacial lakes can form due to geothermal heat and friction . Melt ponds may also form above and below Arctic sea ice , decreasing its albedo and causing the formation of thin underwater ice layers or false bottoms . Meltwater is water that melts off of glaciers or snow. It then flows into

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550-412: Was a prominent feature of the last deglaciation and took place 14.7-14.2 thousand years ago. The snow of glaciers in the central Andes melted rapidly due to a heatwave, increasing the proportion of darker-coloured mountains. With alpine glacier volume in decline, much of the environment is affected. These black particles are recognized for their propensity to change the albedo – or reflectance – of

575-618: Was known as the "Green Labyrinth", but it has faced significant reduction in glacier volume from 1964 to 2004 and become more arid, already impacting the sustainability of water sources. In tropical regions, there is much seasonal variability in the flow of mountainous rivers, and glacial meltwater provides a buffer for this variability providing more water security year-round, but this is threatened by climate change and aridification . Cities that rely heavily on glacial meltwater include La Paz and El Alto in Bolivia , about 30%. Changes in

600-549: Was scrapped in 1997 after initial aspirations to preserve it in the Prora Museum of Technology and the Wittow lay until 2005 next to the old Trichter , the original landing stage in the ferry port, and was then to be converted in Barth in the a museum café. As a result it was moved to the museum in the former sugar factory at Barth Harbour. Currently the Wittow is available for sale from the museum (as at July 2011). In 1996

625-611: Was there a regular and capable ferry service. For decades, two ferry boats, the Wittow and the Bergen , that had been built in 1896 and 1911 in Stettin, transported three wagons or (on request) a steam locomotive across. Normally only goods wagons were carried; passengers had to change. On 10 September 1968 the section of line from Wittower Fähre (Fährhof)–Altenkirchen was closed, and the ships now just ferried foot passengers and cars. As

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