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87-565: Under the ancient name of Bizya or Bizye ( Ancient Greek : Βιζύη ) Vize served as a capital for the ancient Thracian tribe of the Asti , and was mentioned by several ancient authors. From inscriptions it seems that during the late 1st century BCE Bizye was under local rule of the Sapians rather than under direct Roman control. The martyrs Memnon and Severos were killed in Bizye as part of

174-522: A nave with two rows of columns with three columns each, two aisles and an apse . Its original wooden roof was replaced in the 12th and 13th centuries by a high dome. The building is vaulted around the dome in a style that is not normally seen in Byzantine architecture . Vize Fortress ( Turkish : Vize Kalesi ) is a fortification constructed in the Ancient Roman era at the northwest of

261-543: A pitch accent . In Modern Greek, all vowels and consonants are short. Many vowels and diphthongs once pronounced distinctly are pronounced as /i/ ( iotacism ). Some of the stops and glides in diphthongs have become fricatives , and the pitch accent has changed to a stress accent . Many of the changes took place in the Koine Greek period. The writing system of Modern Greek, however, does not reflect all pronunciation changes. The examples below represent Attic Greek in

348-587: A bridge built here. Bizye is described as a city ( polis ) in the province of Europe in the Synecdemus of Hierocles , as well as later in the De Thematibus of Constantine Porphyrogenitus . The city appears to be identical with the "Uzusa" ( Greek : Οὔζουσα ) mentioned by the council in Trullo in 692, which was signed by one Geōrgios elachistos episkopos Uzusēs tēs Thrakōn chōras . Since there

435-625: A cousin of the Byzantine emperors Isaac II Angelos and Alexios III Angelos . At first, Michael allied with Boniface of Montferrat , but having lost the Morea ( Peloponnese ) to the Franks at the battle of the Olive Grove of Koundouros , he went to Epirus , where he considered himself the Byzantine governor of the old province of Nicopolis and revolted against Boniface. Epirus soon became

522-477: A lack of contemporaneous evidence. Several theories exist about what Hellenic dialect groups may have existed between the divergence of early Greek-like speech from the common Proto-Indo-European language and the Classical period. They have the same general outline but differ in some of the detail. The only attested dialect from this period is Mycenaean Greek , but its relationship to the historical dialects and

609-419: A lesser degree. Pamphylian Greek , spoken in a small area on the southwestern coast of Anatolia and little preserved in inscriptions, may be either a fifth major dialect group, or it is Mycenaean Greek overlaid by Doric, with a non-Greek native influence. Regarding the speech of the ancient Macedonians diverse theories have been put forward, but the epigraphic activity and the archaeological discoveries in

696-421: A peace treaty that fixed a new border in the upper Maritsa valley. From 1286 to 1355, Bizye was the centre of one of three known military districts called megala allagia (the other two were Thessaloniki and Serres . This district covered the entire area stretching roughly from Mesembria in the north to Arcadiopolis in the west and the suburbs of Constantinople in the east. In 1304, a large Byzantine army

783-550: A prefix /e-/, called the augment . This was probably originally a separate word, meaning something like "then", added because tenses in PIE had primarily aspectual meaning. The augment is added to the indicative of the aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect, but not to any of the other forms of the aorist (no other forms of the imperfect and pluperfect exist). The two kinds of augment in Greek are syllabic and quantitative. The syllabic augment

870-608: A separate historical stage, though its earliest form closely resembles Attic Greek , and its latest form approaches Medieval Greek . There were several regional dialects of Ancient Greek; Attic Greek developed into Koine. Ancient Greek was a pluricentric language , divided into many dialects. The main dialect groups are Attic and Ionic , Aeolic , Arcadocypriot , and Doric , many of them with several subdivisions. Some dialects are found in standardized literary forms in literature , while others are attested only in inscriptions. There are also several historical forms. Homeric Greek

957-630: A standard subject of study in educational institutions of the Western world since the Renaissance . This article primarily contains information about the Epic and Classical periods of the language, which are the best-attested periods and considered most typical of Ancient Greek. From the Hellenistic period ( c.  300 BC ), Ancient Greek was followed by Koine Greek , which is regarded as

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1044-510: A vowel or /n s r/ ; final stops were lost, as in γάλα "milk", compared with γάλακτος "of milk" (genitive). Ancient Greek of the classical period also differed in both the inventory and distribution of original PIE phonemes due to numerous sound changes, notably the following: The pronunciation of Ancient Greek was very different from that of Modern Greek . Ancient Greek had long and short vowels ; many diphthongs ; double and single consonants; voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops ; and

1131-570: Is a literary form of Archaic Greek (derived primarily from Ionic and Aeolic) used in the epic poems , the Iliad and the Odyssey , and in later poems by other authors. Homeric Greek had significant differences in grammar and pronunciation from Classical Attic and other Classical-era dialects. The origins, early form and development of the Hellenic language family are not well understood because of

1218-418: Is added to stems beginning with consonants, and simply prefixes e (stems beginning with r , however, add er ). The quantitative augment is added to stems beginning with vowels, and involves lengthening the vowel: Some verbs augment irregularly; the most common variation is e → ei . The irregularity can be explained diachronically by the loss of s between vowels, or that of the letter w , which affected

1305-666: Is called 'East Greek'. Arcadocypriot apparently descended more closely from the Mycenaean Greek of the Bronze Age. Boeotian Greek had come under a strong Northwest Greek influence, and can in some respects be considered a transitional dialect, as exemplified in the poems of the Boeotian poet Pindar who wrote in Doric with a small Aeolic admixture. Thessalian likewise had come under Northwest Greek influence, though to

1392-448: Is considered by some linguists to have been closely related to Greek . Among Indo-European branches with living descendants, Greek is often argued to have the closest genetic ties with Armenian (see also Graeco-Armenian ) and Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ). Ancient Greek differs from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and other Indo-European languages in certain ways. In phonotactics , ancient Greek words could end only in

1479-595: Is exhibited in Kırklareli Museum . The Theatre ( Turkish : antik tiyatro ) was built in the 2nd century during the Late Roman era and is the only one known in Thrace . It was discovered in 1998 during archaeological excavations carried out on the Çömlektepe tumulus. Parts of the cavea (spectators' seats) still exist with aisles between the seats as do parts of the scaenae (stage) and orchestra. Reliefs from

1566-456: Is no signature for a representative of Bizye in the document, it is assumed that they are the same place. Proto-Bulgarian inscriptions indicate that Khan Krum captured and probably destroyed Bizye. During the 9th and 10th centuries the town served as the head of a tourmarches . In the aftermath of Thomas the Slav 's rebellion in 823, his stepson Anastasios attempted to take refuge in Bizye but

1653-556: Is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek ( c.  1400–1200 BC ), Dark Ages ( c.  1200–800 BC ), the Archaic or Epic period ( c.  800–500 BC ), and the Classical period ( c.  500–300 BC ). Ancient Greek was the language of Homer and of fifth-century Athenian historians, playwrights, and philosophers . It has contributed many words to English vocabulary and has been

1740-712: The Byzantine Empire established in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade in 1204 by a branch of the Angelos dynasty. It claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Byzantine Empire during the subsequent struggle for Constantinople , along with the Empire of Nicaea and the Empire of Trebizond ; its rulers briefly proclaiming themselves as Emperors in 1227–1242 (during which it is most often called

1827-495: The Diocletianic Persecution beginning in 303. In 353 CE, the exiled Eustathius of Antioch chose to settle in Bizye, where he later died. The city is documented as the seat of an archbishop , as a suffragan of Heraclea, as early as the 5th century. Beginning in the 6th century, water was piped from Bizye to Constantinople, and some of the pipes are still visible. In 773 or 774, the emperor Constantine V had

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1914-490: The Dukes of Athens . In 1267 Corcyra and much of Epirus were taken by Charles of Anjou , and in 1267/68 Michael II died. Michael VIII did not attempt to annex Epirus directly, and allowed Nikephoros I to succeed his father and deal with Charles, who captured Dyrrhachium in 1271. In 1279 Nikephoros allied with Charles against Michael VIII, agreeing to become Charles' vassal. With Charles' defeat soon after Nikephoros lost Albania to

2001-608: The Eastern Orthodox Church . Henry of Flanders demanded that Michael submit to the Latin Empire , which he did, at least nominally, by allowing his daughter to marry Henry's brother Eustace in 1209. Michael did not honour this alliance, assuming that mountainous Epirus would be mostly impenetrable by any Latins with whom he made and broke alliances. Meanwhile, Boniface's relatives from Montferrat made claims to Epirus as well, and in 1210 Michael allied with

2088-448: The Empire of Thessalonica ). The term "Despotate of Epirus" is, like "Byzantine Empire" itself, a modern historiographic convention and not a name in use at the time. The Despotate was centred on the region of Epirus , encompassing also Albania and the western portion of Greek Macedonia and also included Thessaly and western Greece as far south as Nafpaktos . Through a policy of aggressive expansion under Theodore Komnenos Doukas

2175-759: The Greek region of Macedonia during the last decades has brought to light documents, among which the first texts written in Macedonian , such as the Pella curse tablet , as Hatzopoulos and other scholars note. Based on the conclusions drawn by several studies and findings such as Pella curse tablet , Emilio Crespo and other scholars suggest that ancient Macedonian was a Northwest Doric dialect , which shares isoglosses with its neighboring Thessalian dialects spoken in northeastern Thessaly . Some have also suggested an Aeolic Greek classification. The Lesbian dialect

2262-768: The Ottoman Turks against the Albanians. In 1399 the Albanian leader of Principality of Gjirokastër , Gjon Zenebishi captured the Despot Esau de' Buondelmonti and released him after 15 months, when his relatives in Italy offered a huge amount of money as a ransom. By 1416 the Tocco family of Cephalonia succeeded in reuniting Epirus, or at least in asserting their control over its towns. But internal dissension eased

2349-521: The Romans '), which generally referred to the whole Byzantine Empire, to refer specifically to Epirus, as seen in the Latin title of Despotus Romanie claimed by Philip I of Taranto and his son Philip of Apulia , Nicholas Orsini , and later Carlo I Tocco . In the Byzantine world, the term Dysis ( Δύσις ), meaning "West", which historically referred to Dalmatia , Macedonia and Sicily , or even

2436-535: The Venetians and attacked Boniface's Kingdom of Thessalonica . Pope Innocent III excommunicated him in response. Henry forced Michael into a renewed nominal alliance later that year. Michael turned his attention to capturing other strategically important Latin-held towns, including Larissa and Dyrrhachium . He also took control of the ports on the Gulf of Corinth . In 1214 he captured Corcyra from Venice , but he

2523-432: The kaza of Vize had a total population of 14,109, consisting of 10,020 Muslims and 4,089 Greeks . The acropolis area on the hill above the town has a commanding position overlooking the surrounding area and still retains some ancient remains; the remains of the ancient theatre were discovered on the slope of the acropolis in the 1990s. Many burial mounds constructed for the rulers of Thracian Kingdom are scattered cross

2610-501: The present , future , and imperfect are imperfective in aspect; the aorist , present perfect , pluperfect and future perfect are perfective in aspect. Most tenses display all four moods and three voices, although there is no future subjunctive or imperative. Also, there is no imperfect subjunctive, optative or imperative. The infinitives and participles correspond to the finite combinations of tense, aspect, and voice. The indicative of past tenses adds (conceptually, at least)

2697-403: The scaenae frons , the stage backdrop, are exhibited in Kırklareli Museum . The town also has some Ottoman structures, in addition to an ancient synagogue . Ancient Greek language Ancient Greek ( Ἑλληνῐκή , Hellēnikḗ ; [hellɛːnikɛ́ː] ) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It

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2784-1031: The 5th century BC. Ancient pronunciation cannot be reconstructed with certainty, but Greek from the period is well documented, and there is little disagreement among linguists as to the general nature of the sounds that the letters represent. /oː/ raised to [uː] , probably by the 4th century BC. Greek, like all of the older Indo-European languages , is highly inflected. It is highly archaic in its preservation of Proto-Indo-European forms. In ancient Greek, nouns (including proper nouns) have five cases ( nominative , genitive , dative , accusative , and vocative ), three genders ( masculine , feminine , and neuter ), and three numbers (singular, dual , and plural ). Verbs have four moods ( indicative , imperative , subjunctive , and optative ) and three voices (active, middle, and passive ), as well as three persons (first, second, and third) and various other forms. Verbs are conjugated through seven combinations of tenses and aspect (generally simply called "tenses"):

2871-495: The Archaic period of ancient Greek (see Homeric Greek for more details): Μῆνιν ἄειδε, θεά, Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκε, πολλὰς δ' ἰφθίμους ψυχὰς Ἄϊδι προΐαψεν ἡρώων, αὐτοὺς δὲ ἑλώρια τεῦχε κύνεσσιν οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι· Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή· ἐξ οὗ δὴ τὰ πρῶτα διαστήτην ἐρίσαντε Ἀτρεΐδης τε ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν καὶ δῖος Ἀχιλλεύς. The beginning of Apology by Plato exemplifies Attic Greek from

2958-659: The Byzantines. Under Andronikos II Palaiologos , son of Michael VIII, Nikephoros renewed the alliance with Constantinople. Nikephoros, however, was persuaded to ally with Charles II of Naples in 1292, although Charles was defeated by Andronikos's fleet. Nikephoros married his daughter to Charles's son Philip I of Taranto and sold much of his territory to him. After Nikephoros's death in c. 1297 Byzantine influence grew under his widow Anna, Andronikos's cousin, who ruled as regent for her young son Thomas I Komnenos Doukas . In 1306 she revolted against Philip in favour of Andronikos;

3045-558: The Classical period of ancient Greek. (The second line is the IPA , the third is transliterated into the Latin alphabet using a modern version of the Erasmian scheme .) Ὅτι [hóti Hóti μὲν men mèn ὑμεῖς, hyːmêːs hūmeîs,   Despotate of Epirus The Despotate of Epirus ( Medieval Greek : Δεσποτᾶτον τῆς Ἠπείρου ) was one of the Greek successor states of

3132-744: The Despotate of Epirus also briefly came to incorporate central Macedonia , with the establishment of the Empire of Thessalonica in 1224, and Thrace as far east as Didymoteicho and Adrianople , and was on the verge of recapturing Constantinople and restoring the Byzantine Empire before the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230 where he was defeated by the Bulgarian Empire . After that, the Epirote state contracted to its core in Epirus and Thessaly, and

3219-424: The Despotate. Anna tried to negotiate and obtain the Despotate for her son when he came of age, but Andronikos demanded the complete surrender of the Despotate to which she finally agreed. Thus Epirus came peacefully under imperial rule, with Theodore Synadenos as governor. The imperials had insisted that Nikephoros would be engaged to one of the daughters of the emperor's right-hand man, John Kantakouzenos . When

3306-455: The Epirote rulers as "Despots of Epirus" is technically incorrect. The title of Despot did not imply any specific territorial jurisdiction, nor was it hereditary; it was merely the highest rank in the Byzantine court hierarchy , awarded by a reigning emperor to close relatives, usually his sons. Consequently, it was often borne by the princes sent to govern semi-autonomous appanages and only later came to be associated with these territories as

3393-492: The Latin army was defeated by a combined force of Bulgars and Cumans led by Tsar Kaloyan , who then launched a series of invasions throughout eastern Thrace. Bizye was one of the few cities in the region that remained unaffected by these incursions. Toward the end of 1205, the nobleman Anseau de Cayeux was sent to garrison the city along with 120 knights. Later in June 1206, the emperor Henry of Flanders set up camp at Bizye, which

3480-617: The Latin inhabitants were expelled but she was forced to return some territory to Philip. In 1312 Philip abandoned his claim to Epirus and claimed the defunct Latin Empire of Constantinople instead as the inheritance of his wife Catherine II of Valois, Princess of Achaea . Anna succeeded in marrying off Thomas to a daughter of Michael IX, but Thomas was assassinated in 1318 by his cousin Nicholas Orsini , who married his widow and claimed to rule not only Epirus, but all of Greece; his rule

3567-967: The Latins out of Thrace . In 1227 Theodore crowned himself Byzantine emperor, although this was not recognized by most Greeks, especially not the Patriarch in Nicaea. In 1230 Theodore broke the truce with Bulgaria , hoping to remove Ivan Asen II , who had held him back from attacking Constantinople. In the battle of Klokotnitsa (near Haskovo in Bulgaria) the Bulgarian emperor defeated Theodore, capturing and later blinding him. His brother Manuel Komnenos Doukas took power in Thessalonica, but Epirus itself soon broke away under Michael I's illegitimate son, Michael II Komnenos Doukas . Manuel awarded Michael

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3654-747: The Ottomans in 1479. In traditional and modern historiography , the Epirote state is usually termed the "Despotate of Epirus" and its rulers are summarily attributed the title of " Despot " from its inception, but this use is not strictly accurate. First of all, the title of "Despot" was not borne by all Epirote rulers: the state's founder, Michael I Komnenos Doukas , never used it, and is only anachronistically referred to as " Despot of Epirus " in 14th-century Western European sources. His successor Theodore Komnenos Doukas did not use it either, and actually crowned himself emperor ( basileus ) at Thessalonica c.  1225 . The first ruler of Epirus to receive

3741-560: The Peloponnese, and by Nikephoros who had returned to Epirus, based in Thomokastron . By the end of the year the imperial army returned to the area, and in the following year, 1340, Andronikos III himself arrived together with John Kantakouzenos. Nikephoros was persuaded through diplomacy to recognize the authority of the emperor. He surrendered Thomokastron, married Maria Kantakouzene, the daughter of John Kantakouzenos, and received

3828-605: The Tocco , where the inhabitants of the Despotate are referred to as the Despotatoi . The term "Despotate of Epirus" is thus sometimes replaced by "(Independent) State of Epirus" in more recent historiography. The Epirote realm itself did not have an official name. Contemporaries, particularly in Western Europe, used the term Romania (Greek: Ῥωμανία , romanized:  Rhōmania , lit.   'land of

3915-550: The aorist. Following Homer 's practice, the augment is sometimes not made in poetry , especially epic poetry. The augment sometimes substitutes for reduplication; see below. Almost all forms of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect reduplicate the initial syllable of the verb stem. (A few irregular forms of perfect do not reduplicate, whereas a handful of irregular aorists reduplicate.) The three types of reduplication are: Irregular duplication can be understood diachronically. For example, lambanō (root lab ) has

4002-482: The area, which were consecrated to the Blessed Mother. The area around Bizye was described as unsafe due to the presence of robbers In 1344, Bizye was captured by John VI Kantakouzenos , who installed his general Manuel Komnenos Raul Asen as governor of the city. A few years later, in the late 1340s, a force of 1,200 Turkish horsemen penetrated Byzantine territory as far as Bizye. After Matthew Kantakouzenos

4089-419: The augment when it was word-initial. In verbs with a preposition as a prefix, the augment is placed not at the start of the word, but between the preposition and the original verb. For example, προσ(-)βάλλω (I attack) goes to προσ έ βαλoν in the aorist. However compound verbs consisting of a prefix that is not a preposition retain the augment at the start of the word: αὐτο(-)μολῶ goes to ηὐ τομόλησα in

4176-684: The battle of Klokotnitsa. Theodore's younger son Demetrios Angelos Doukas lost Thessalonica to Nicaea in 1246 and Michael II of Epirus allied with the Latins against the Nicaeans. In 1248 John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea forced Michael to recognize him as emperor, and officially recognized him in turn as despotēs in Epirus. Vatatzes' granddaughter Maria later (in 1256) married Michael's son Nikephoros , although she died in 1258. Also in 1248 Michael's daughter Anna married William II , Prince of Achaea , and Michael decided to honour this alliance over his obligations to Vatatzes. The allies were defeated in

4263-438: The center of Greek scholarship, this division of people and language is quite similar to the results of modern archaeological-linguistic investigation. One standard formulation for the dialects is: West vs. non-West Greek is the strongest-marked and earliest division, with non-West in subsets of Ionic-Attic (or Attic-Ionic) and Aeolic vs. Arcadocypriot, or Aeolic and Arcado-Cypriot vs. Ionic-Attic. Often non-West

4350-566: The clan of Muriq Shpata held Aetoloacarnania, with Angelokastron as its capital. In 1367 a part of the Epirotan Despotate was resurrected under local Serbian nobleman Thomas II Preljubović , who kept Ioannina. After Thomas' death in 1384, his widow remarried in 1385 and transferred the Despotate to homage of Italian nobility. The state tradition was carried on by the Serbian and Italian rulers of Ioannina , who solicited aid from

4437-609: The command of Ferran Ximenes de Arenos . They were defeated, and the Catalans looted the city. The city was again looted in 1313, this time by a Turkish force led by Ḫalil; the Turks were later defeated in battle at Xerogypsos . In the winter of 1322, Syrgiannes Palaiologos captured Bizye along with Raidestos (modern Tekirdağ ) and Sergentzion , but almost immediately lost the city to the forces of Andronikos III Palaiologos . Andronikos himself stayed in Bizye for several days during

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4524-618: The control of the Gazi Turks along with other areas in the southern Istranca mountains . The metropolitan of Bizye was reassigned to Mesembria and Anchialos to compensate for the loss of Bizye. During the Ottoman civil war , Bizye was ceded by the Ottoman emir Süleyman Çelebi to Manuel II Palaiologos in 1403 and then reconquered by the Ottomans under Musa Çelebi in 1410 or 1411. After the elimination of Musa, Sultan Mehmed I restored

4611-615: The dialect of Sparta ), and Northern Peloponnesus Doric (including Corinthian ). All the groups were represented by colonies beyond Greece proper as well, and these colonies generally developed local characteristics, often under the influence of settlers or neighbors speaking different Greek dialects. After the conquests of Alexander the Great in the late 4th century BC, a new international dialect known as Koine or Common Greek developed, largely based on Attic Greek , but with influence from other dialects. This dialect slowly replaced most of

4698-481: The diocese of Stauropolis in July 1361. The inhabitants of Bizye were possibly resettled in 1357 or 58, perhaps because of Turkish brigands taking advantage of the fact that the city's garrison had been depleted by the fighting between John V Palaiologos and Matthew Kantakouzenos. In the autumn of 1358, Manuel Asanes , Matthew's uncle-turned-enemy, asked John V to make him governor of Bizye. In 1368, Bizye came under

4785-403: The ensuing conflict at the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259. Emperor Theodore II Laskaris allied with Michael II, and their children, betrothed by John years before, finally married in 1256, with Theodore receiving Dyrrhachium in return. Michael did not accept this transfer of land, and in 1257 he revolted, defeating a Nicaean army led by George Acropolites . As Michael marched on Thessalonica, he

4872-434: The entire European part of the Empire, also came into use already in the 13th century when juxtaposing Epirus to its eastern rival, the Empire of Nicaea , which was then called Anatolē ( Ἀνατολή ), "East". Moreover, the term " Hellenes " was widely used instead of the earlier "Romans" by the 13th-century court of the Despotate to describe its population. The Epirote state was founded in 1205 by Michael Komnenos Doukas ,

4959-457: The growing power of Nicaea and could not stop Theodore from capturing Thessalonica in 1224. Theodore now challenged Nicaea for the imperial title and crowned himself emperor, founding the short-lived Empire of Thessalonica . In 1225, after John III Doukas Vatatzes of Nicaea had taken Adrianople , Theodore arrived and took it back from him. Theodore also allied with the Bulgarians and drove

5046-561: The historical Dorians . The invasion is known to have displaced population to the later Attic-Ionic regions, who regarded themselves as descendants of the population displaced by or contending with the Dorians. The Greeks of this period believed there were three major divisions of all Greek people – Dorians, Aeolians, and Ionians (including Athenians), each with their own defining and distinctive dialects. Allowing for their oversight of Arcadian, an obscure mountain dialect, and Cypriot, far from

5133-476: The historical circumstances of the times imply that the overall groups already existed in some form. Scholars assume that major Ancient Greek period dialect groups developed not later than 1120 BC, at the time of the Dorian invasions —and that their first appearances as precise alphabetic writing began in the 8th century BC. The invasion would not be "Dorian" unless the invaders had some cultural relationship to

5220-583: The new home of many refugees from Constantinople , Thessaly , and the Peloponnese , and Michael was described as a second Noah , rescuing men from the Latin flood. John X Kamateros , the Patriarch of Constantinople , did not consider him a legitimate successor and instead joined Theodore I Laskaris in Nicaea ; Michael instead recognized the authority of Pope Innocent III over Epirus, cutting ties to

5307-508: The older dialects, although the Doric dialect has survived in the Tsakonian language , which is spoken in the region of modern Sparta. Doric has also passed down its aorist terminations into most verbs of Demotic Greek . By about the 6th century AD, the Koine had slowly metamorphosed into Medieval Greek . Phrygian is an extinct Indo-European language of West and Central Anatolia , which

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5394-585: The order along with possessions in Constantinople. However the treaty was never put into effect. In 1147, Bizye (along with Tzurulon, Medea, and Derkos ) came under the control of John III Doukas Vatatzes , who had allied with the Bulgarians. Either at the end of 1255 or the beginning of 1256, the emperor Theodore II Laskaris defeated a combined Bulgarian and Cuman force somewhere between Bizye and Bulgarophygon (modern Babeski ). He then concluded

5481-487: The perfect stem eilēpha (not * lelēpha ) because it was originally slambanō , with perfect seslēpha , becoming eilēpha through compensatory lengthening. Reduplication is also visible in the present tense stems of certain verbs. These stems add a syllable consisting of the root's initial consonant followed by i . A nasal stop appears after the reduplication in some verbs. The earliest extant examples of ancient Greek writing ( c.  1450 BC ) are in

5568-494: The plains around the town. Little Hagia Sophia Church (Gazi Süleyman Pasha Mosque) ( Turkish : Küçük Ayasofya Kilisesi (Gazi Süleyman Paşa Camii) ) is a former Byzantine era Orthodox church built during the reign of Emperor Justinian I (reigned 527–565). It converted into a mosque in the Ottoman era. Designed on a basilican plan, the church was constructed over the foundations of A Temple of Apollo with masonry stone and brick. The cruciform -shaped church consisted of

5655-403: The practice became regularized (aside from Epirus, the Despotate of the Morea is the most notable case). The territorial term "despotate" itself (in Greek δεσποτᾶτον , despotaton ) was first used in contemporary sources for Epirus only from the 14th century on, e.g. in the Chronicle of the Morea , in the history of John Kantakouzenos , the hagiography of St. Niphon, or the Chronicle of

5742-535: The summer of 1324 due to an illness. That September, Bizye's annual donation to the Patriarchate of Constantinople was set at 100 hyperpera . Andronikos returned to Bizye with an army in 1328, in anticipation of an attack by his former ally Michael Shishman that never came. In the summer of 1332, the theologian Matthaios of Ephesos stopped in Bizye en route to Brysis , where he had been appointed to office; he only stayed briefly, but he wrote that there were numerous holy wells or hagiasmata ( Turkish: ayazma ) in

5829-517: The syllabic script Linear B . Beginning in the 8th century BC, however, the Greek alphabet became standard, albeit with some variation among dialects. Early texts are written in boustrophedon style, but left-to-right became standard during the classic period. Modern editions of ancient Greek texts are usually written with accents and breathing marks , interword spacing , modern punctuation , and sometimes mixed case , but these were all introduced later. The beginning of Homer 's Iliad exemplifies

5916-429: The time of the engagement came, Nikephoros had vanished. Andronikos learned that Nikephoros had fled to Italy, with the help of members of the Epirote aristocracy who supported an independent Epirus. He stayed in Taranto , Italy, in the court of Catherine II of Valois (Philip of Taranto's widow), the titular empress of Constantinople. In 1339 a revolt began, supported by Catherine of Valois, who had previously moved to

6003-483: The title of panhypersebastos . The Empire soon fell into a civil war between John V Palaiologos and John VI Kantakouzenos, and Epirus was conquered by the Serbian tsar Stefan Dušan in 1348, who appointed his brother, despot Simeon Nemanjić-Palailogos as governor of the province. Nikephoros II took advantage of the Byzantine civil war and the death of Dušan (1355) to escape and to reestablish himself in Epirus in 1356, to which he also added Thessaly. Nikephoros

6090-443: The title of Despot —making Michael the first Epirote ruler to bear the title—as a sign of his nominal dependency on Thessalonica, but Michael was de facto independent, which he demonstrated by seizing Corfu in ca. 1236. In the rump Empire of Thessalonica, after Theodore was released in 1237, he overthrew his brother Manuel, and set up his son John Komnenos Doukas as ruler of Thessalonica. Thessalonica never regained its power after

6177-501: The title of Despot was Michael II , from his uncle Manuel of Thessalonica in the 1230s, and then again, as a sign of submission and vassalage, from the Nicaean emperor John III Vatatzes . Earlier historians assumed that Michael I was indeed named "Despot" by the deposed emperor Alexios III Angelos after ransoming him from Latin captivity in c.  1206/7 or c.  1210 ; this has been disproven by more recent research. Furthermore, even after Michael II, speaking of

6264-433: The town to Manuel II Palaiologos in 1413. Bizye finally came under definitive Turkish control at the beginning of 1453, possibly under Karaca Paşa . The Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Vize in 1661, during his sixth journey. He described it as the seat of a sanjak-bey , inhabited by a mixture of Turks, Bulgarians, and Greeks, and famous for its leeks . According to the Ottoman population statistics of 1914 ,

6351-430: The town. The fortress is believed to have been built originally in 72-76 B.C., and was revived during the reign of Justinian I . It is constructed of clear cut stones and rubble masonry on foundations with stone blocks of 50 cm × 80 cm (20 in × 31 in) and 100 cm × 150 cm (39 in × 59 in). The bluish colour of the stones of the north wall indicates that this section

6438-403: Was assassinated later that year and was succeeded by his half-brother Theodore. Theodore Komnenos Doukas immediately set out to attack Thessalonica , and he fought with the Bulgarians along the way. Henry of Flanders died on the way to counterattack, and in 1217 Theodore captured his successor Peter of Courtenay , most likely executing him. The Latin Empire, however, became distracted by

6525-480: Was Aeolic. For example, fragments of the works of the poet Sappho from the island of Lesbos are in Aeolian. Most of the dialect sub-groups listed above had further subdivisions, generally equivalent to a city-state and its surrounding territory, or to an island. Doric notably had several intermediate divisions as well, into Island Doric (including Cretan Doric ), Southern Peloponnesus Doric (including Laconian ,

6612-429: Was assembled at Bizye, commanded by emperor Michael IX and Michael Doukas Glabas Tarchaneiotes in an attempt to stop an incursion under Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria . The Byzantines had already been defeated at Skaphidas and at Bizye they were defeated again. In 1307, over the protests of the megas tzausios Humbertopoulos, the local population attempted to fight a Catalan force with Turkish auxiliaries under

6699-505: Was attacked by King Manfred of Sicily , who conquered Albania and Corcyra . However, Michael immediately allied with him by marrying his daughter Helena to him. After Theodore II died, Michael, Manuel , and William II fought the new Nicaean emperor, Michael VIII Palaiologos . The alliance was very unstable and in 1259 William was captured at the disastrous Battle of Pelagonia . Michael VIII went on to capture Michael II's capital of Arta , leaving Epirus with only Ioannina and Vonitsa. Arta

6786-482: Was forced into vassalage to other regional powers. It nevertheless managed to retain its autonomy until being conquered by the restored Palaiologan Byzantine Empire in ca. 1337. In the 1410s, the Count palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos Carlo I Tocco managed to reunite the core of the Epirote state, but his successors gradually lost it to the advancing Ottoman Empire , with the last stronghold, Vonitsa , falling to

6873-462: Was forced to abdicate the imperial throne, Bizye remained under his effective control, and he stayed here several times in 1356. As part of a synodal act in August 1355, which ratified an alliance between the emperor John V Palaiologos and Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria , the metropolitanate of Bizye was given the archdiocese of Derkos as an epidosis for about two years. A similar thing happened with

6960-539: Was handed over by the city's residents to the emperor. The folk saint Mary the Younger lived in Bizye after her marriage in 896 to Nikephoros, who was tourmarches here. After her death in 903, she was venerated as a saint, and her cult became very popular in Bizye and the surrounding regions. The Bulgarian emperor Simeon I captured Bizye in c. 925 after a five-year-long siege; the city's walls were destroyed, and most of its population fled to nearby Medea . Whether Bizye

7047-585: Was honored as "mult ere bone et forz" . Sometime after 1225, an Epirote force under Theodore Komnenos Doukas advanced on Bizye, but they were unable to take possession of the city. In 1237, the Cumans again invaded Thrace, and many of Bizye's residents were captured and sold as slaves. In August 1246, the Latin emperor Baldwin II negotiated a deal with the Order of Saint James which would have ceded Bizye and Medea to

7134-494: Was killed in battle putting down an Albanian revolt in 1359, and the territory of the former despotate became a component part of the personal Empire of Dušan's brother Simeon Nemanjić-Palailogos . Simeon was also governing Thessaly at the time, and, as the Chronicle of Ioannina shows, he left much of the territory under the control of Albanian clans establishing short-lived entities: the clan of Pjetër Losha held Arta , and

7221-477: Was later targeted during Peter I 's campaign in eastern Thrace in 927 is uncertain. In the 12th century, the Arab geographer al-Idrisi described Bizye as a large and well-fortified city in a fertile valley, with thriving commerce and industry. When Cuman invaders came and looted eastern Thrace in 1199, a Byzantine army was dispatched from Bizye to repel them. They were at first successful, but their initial victory

7308-675: Was limited only to Akamania, or the southern part of Epirus. He was overthrown by his brother John in 1323, who attempted to balance submission to Constantinople with cooperation with the Angevins of Naples, who also claimed Greece as part of their domains. John was poisoned around 1335 by his wife Anna, who became regent for their son Nikephoros II . In 1337 the new Emperor, Andronikos III Palaiologos , arrived in northern Epirus with an army partly composed of 2,000 Turks contributed by his ally Umur of Aydın . Andronikos first dealt with unrest due to attacks by Albanians and then turned his interest to

7395-534: Was rebuilt in the Late Byzantine era during the Palaeologian dynasty . The fortress consists of two nested walls. The western and southern walls are intact. An inscription in Greek letters found at the fortress, says "Here were watchtowers built under the administration of Firmus, the son of Aulus Pores, along with Aulus Kenthes, the son of Rytes the son of Kenthes, and Rabdus, the son of Hyakinthus." It

7482-457: Was recovered by 1260 while Michael VIII was occupied against Constantinople. After Michael VIII restored the empire in Constantinople in 1261 he frequently harassed Epirus, and forced Michael's son Nikephoros to marry his niece Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene in 1265. Michael considered Epirus a vassal state, although Michael II and Nikephoros continued to ally with the Princes of Achaea and

7569-561: Was squandered because the Byzantine troops got greedy. After the sack of Constantinople in April 1204, Bizye became part of the new Latin Empire as per the Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae . The city did not submit to the Latins at first, and it wasn't until March 1205 that it was brought to heel, along with the similarly rebellious cities of Arcadiopolis (modern Lüleburgaz ) and Tzurulon (modern Çorlu ). Just one month later, though,

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