138-738: The WikiLeaks Party was a minor libertarian political party in Australia between 2013 and 2015. The party was created in part to support Julian Assange 's failed bid for a Senate seat in Australia in the 2013 election . The party won 0.62% of the national vote. At the time Assange was seeking refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy in London. The WikiLeaks Party national council included Assange, Matt Watt, Gail Malone, Assange's biological father John Shipton , Omar Todd and Gerry Georgatos . The party
276-693: A landslide . It was also the third time in history that a party won 90 or more seats at an Australian election. Labor had been in government for six years since being elected in the 2007 election . This election marked the end of the Rudd-Gillard-Rudd Labor government and the start of the 9 year long Abbott-Turnbull-Morrison Liberal-National Coalition government. Abbott was sworn in by the Governor-General , Quentin Bryce , as Australia's new prime minister on 18 September 2013, along with
414-506: A minimal state on the grounds that it was an inevitable phenomenon which could arise without violating individual rights . According to common United States meanings of conservative and liberal , libertarianism in the United States has been described as conservative on economic issues ( economic liberalism and fiscal conservatism ) and liberal on personal freedom ( civil libertarianism and cultural liberalism ). It
552-448: A Parliament – the period that starts on: – (i) the day on which the proposed polling day for the election is publicly announced; or - (ii) the day on which the writs for the election are issued; whichever happens first, and ends at the close of the poll on the polling day for the election; and PART 2 b. (i) If, during an election period, a broadcaster broadcasts election matter, the broadcaster must give reasonable opportunities for
690-567: A campaign staffer received a phone call that contradicted the statement by the WikiLeaks Party that the review would be immediate and independent. Instead, the review would be delayed until after the election and would not be independent. The review was unable to interview anyone other than Shipton, but took submissions from figures like Greg Barns. The reviewer also had "limited or no access to WLP official transcripts, minutes of National Council meetings and official emails/correspondence" and
828-448: A conception of personal autonomy from which they argue in favor of civil liberties and a reduction or elimination of the state. People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism. As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups to distinguish libertarian views on
966-578: A fair hearing". Neo-libertarianism has its roots at least as far back as 1980 when it was first described by the American philosopher James Sterba of the University of Notre Dame . Sterba observed that libertarianism advocates for a government that does no more than protection against force, fraud, theft, enforcement of contracts and other so-called negative liberties as contrasted with positive liberties by Isaiah Berlin . Sterba contrasted this with
1104-618: A fight about how we go about building Australia's future, a future for the many, not just for the few." He also dismissed the opinion polls that showed him trailing to Abbott in gaining a parliamentary plurality. The press overwhelmingly favoured the Coalition over Labor , with all of News Corp 's publications endorsing Tony Abbott 's opposition over Kevin Rudd 's government, as well as Fairfax 's publications such as The Age , The Sydney Morning Herald and The Canberra Times , backing
1242-633: A foreign power". The party's campaign was thrown into turmoil just weeks before the 2013 election when members objected strongly to the party's voting preferences (see single transferable vote ). In New South Wales , a fascist group was placed above the Greens while in Western Australia the National Party was placed above Greens Senator Scott Ludlam , a strong supporter of WikiLeaks and Assange. The Sydney Morning Herald reported it
1380-463: A formal recount. During the recount it was determined that 1,375 WA Senate ballot papers could not be located. After the final recount the result was duly declared which changed the last two predicted WA Senate spots from Palmer and Labor back to Sports and Green. Mick Keelty , a former AFP Commissioner , was requested by the AEC to investigate the issue of the misplaced ballot papers. On 15 November,
1518-562: A libertarian philosophical treatise titled Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and its Influence on Morals and Happiness which criticized ideas of human rights and of society by contract based on vague promises. He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions, law, government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and insurrection. Instead of institutionalized justice, Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion, including in
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#17327767658301656-424: A night-watchman state, but instead requires sufficient government to provide each person in society with the relatively high minimum of liberty that persons using Rawls ' decision procedure would select. The political program actually justified by an ideal of negative liberty I shall call Neo-Libertarianism ." Libertarian populism combines libertarian and populist politics. According to Jesse Walker , writing in
1794-454: A party member five months later. Former member Gary Lord responded with a comprehensive 20-page report fully examining the party's failures. In December 2013, a delegation from the party, including its chairman John Shipton, visited Syria and met with President Bashar al-Assad and other officials with the goals of demonstrating "solidarity with the Syrian people and their nation" and improving
1932-564: A photo of Rudd during a debate. Similarly, in the weeks preceding the election, the Herald Sun ran the headline "Trust Me" alongside a photo Abbott and on the day of the election ran a front page consisting of the headline "It's Tony's Time" alongside another photo of Abbott. This table includes votes and percentage from the 2013 election and the seat allocation is based on the void election in Western Australia. The 2014 Australian Senate special election in Western Australia includes
2070-460: A political sense in 1802 in a short piece critiquing a poem by "the author of Gebir" and has since been used with this meaning. The use of the term libertarian to describe a new set of political positions has been traced to the French cognate libertaire , coined in a letter French libertarian communist Joseph Déjacque wrote to mutualist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1857. Déjacque also used
2208-405: A problem with the source of information if that information is credible" and that he thought al-Manar was credible than Israeli and Australian sources for information about Palestinian territories and Syria . The WikiLeaks Party contested the 5 April re-run of the disqualified 2013 Senate election (Western Australia component). The prior year's lead Senate candidate Gerry Georgatos recommended to
2346-529: A rubber stamp. He also suggested that he was entitled to make himself the president of the party because he had founded it, although there is no leader or president under the WikiLeaks Party constitution. Jamal Daoud, a member of the National Council, said the preferences were directed personally by Assange. Greg Barns , a former election adviser to the party, said that was a "nasty allegation with no substance whatsoever" and other sources said Barns made
2484-581: A term, libertarian or economic libertarian has the most everyday acceptance to describe a member of the movement, with the latter term being based on both the ideology's importance of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left. While both historical and contemporary libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded through free-market capitalism . Historically, libertarians, including Herbert Spencer and Max Stirner , supported
2622-562: A tough stance on asylum seekers who came to Australia by boat (as had the Labor Party in the final weeks leading up to the election). Immediately after the election, Abbott reiterated his party's promise and announced that his new government would begin Operation Sovereign Borders —which would turn back any vessels carrying asylum seekers—as soon as possible. He also confirmed he would abolish the carbon price that
2760-594: Is also often associated with a foreign policy of non-interventionism . Although libertarianism originated as a form of anarchist or left-wing politics , the development in the mid-20th century of modern libertarianism in the United States resulted in libertarianism's being commonly associated with right-wing politics , as well as viewed by many as neither left- nor right-wing, but an independent pro-freedom and anti-authoritarian philosophy. It also resulted in several authors and political scientists using two or more categorizations to distinguish libertarian views on
2898-437: Is closely associated with, to "safeguard" and maintain individualism. Libertarians argue that some forms of order within society emerge spontaneously from the actions of many different individuals acting independently from one another without any central planning . Proposed examples of systems that evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the evolution of life on Earth , language , crystal structure ,
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#17327767658303036-434: Is diminished by being automatically enrolled in the plan, when they merely have to check a box to opt out." Nudge is considered an important piece of literature in behavioral economics . Neo-libertarianism combines "the libertarian's moral commitment to negative liberty with a procedure that selects principles for restricting liberty on the basis of a unanimous agreement in which everyone's particular interests receive
3174-433: Is divided over the use of conservatism as an alternative. Those who seek both economic and social liberty would be known as liberals , but that term developed associations opposite of the limited government , low-taxation, minimal state advocated by the movement. Name variants of the free-market revival movement include classical liberalism , economic liberalism , free-market liberalism and neoliberalism . As
3312-616: Is in terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms". Although several modern American libertarians reject the political spectrum , especially the left–right political spectrum , several strands of libertarianism in the United States and right-libertarianism have been described as being right-wing, New Right or radical right and reactionary . While some American libertarians such as Walter Block , Harry Browne , Tibor Machan , Justin Raimondo , Leonard Read and Murray Rothbard deny any association with either
3450-554: Is now the most popular conception of libertarianism. Commonly referred to as a continuation or radicalization of classical liberalism , the most important of these early philosophers and economists was Robert Nozick . While left-libertarians advocate for social freedom, right-libertarians also value social institutions that support capitalist conditions. They reject institutions that oppose this framework, arguing that such interventions unnecessarily coerce individuals and violate their economic freedom. Anarcho-capitalists seek
3588-600: Is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it." According to American historian Bernard Bailyn , during and after the American Revolution , "the major themes of eighteenth-century libertarianism were brought to realization" in constitutions , bills of rights , and limits on legislative and executive powers, including limits on starting wars. According to Murray Rothbard , the libertarian creed emerged from
3726-532: Is the common meaning of the word libertarianism in the U.S. This form is often named liberalism elsewhere such as in Europe, where liberalism has a different common meaning than in the United States. In some academic circles, this form is called right-libertarianism as a complement to left-libertarianism , with acceptance of capitalism or the private ownership of land as being the distinguishing feature. Elements of libertarianism can be traced back to
3864-464: Is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights. The United States Declaration of Independence was inspired by Locke in its statement: "[T]o secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed . That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it
4002-413: Is true that the word "liberal" once described persons who respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in
4140-461: The Electoral Act . Members of The WikiLeaks Party objected, saying the AEC's methods were out of date because they only counted landlines. Deputy Chairman and National Council Director of The WikiLeaks Party, Omar Todd said "The current electoral system makes it extremely difficult for smaller political parties to exist and will only get worse if the overhaul of the political system happens in
4278-566: The 2010 federal election , Labor and the Liberal/National Coalition each won 72 seats in the 150-seat House of Representatives , four short of the requirement for majority government , resulting in the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election . On the crossbench , one member of the Australian Greens , one member of the National Party of Western Australia and four independent members held
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4416-529: The 2013 election were: Victoria New South Wales Western Australia Assange failed in his bid for a Senate seat. The WikiLeaks Party picked up 0.62% of the national vote, Assange garnered 1.18% of the primary vote in Victoria, and the WikiLeaks Party picked up 0.8% in New South Wales and 0.71% in Western Australia. Christine Milne , leader of the Australian Greens , was positive about
4554-466: The 2021 Chilean presidential election with the Apruebo Dignidad coalition. In November 2023, economist and television commentator Javier Milei was elected as the world's first self-identified anarcho-capitalist head of state after winning an upset landslide in that year's general election as the leader of the libertarian La Libertad Avanza coalition. The first recorded use of
4692-703: The Abbott Ministry . The 44th Parliament of Australia opened on 12 November 2013, with the members of the House of Representatives and territory senators sworn in. The state senators were sworn in by the next Governor-General Peter Cosgrove on 7 July 2014, with their six-year terms commencing on 1 July. The proclamation dissolving the House of Representatives and formally beginning the election period had been issued by Governor-General Bryce on 5 August 2013. The writs of election were subsequently issued by Bryce for
4830-558: The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). A special half-Senate election was conducted on 5 April 2014 in Western Australia as a result of 1,375 lost ballot papers. On 30 January 2013, the then Prime Minister Julia Gillard had announced the election would be held on 14 September. However, following a leadership ballot in June 2013 , she was replaced as leader and prime minister by Rudd, who then abandoned
4968-647: The Australian Vaccination Network , an anti-vaccination lobby group. Their policies on asylum seekers, the environment, health and education were unclear. Assange said he could be described as a libertarian, and that he would use parliamentary privilege to overcome court-imposed gag orders. He also said it was important to protect people and small businesses from large corporations and government, and that there were "strong arguments on all sides" of issues like euthanasia and same-sex marriage. Assange said he would protect private data by requiring
5106-774: The Bolsheviks in both the February and October 1917 revolutions. However, Bolsheviks in central Russia quickly began to imprison or drive underground the libertarian anarchists. Many fled to Ukraine. After the anarchist Makhnovshchina helped stave off the White movement during the Russian Civil War , the Bolsheviks turned on the Makkhnovists and contributed to the schism between the anarcho-syndicalists and
5244-773: The Cato Institute 's David Boaz includes passages from the Tao Te Ching in his 1997 book The Libertarian Reader and noted in an article for the Encyclopædia Britannica that Laozi advocated for rulers to "do nothing" because "without law or compulsion, men would dwell in harmony". Libertarianism was influenced by debates within Scholasticism regarding private property and slavery . Scholastic thinkers, including Thomas Aquinas , Francisco de Vitoria , and Bartolomé de Las Casas , argued for
5382-672: The DLP 's John Madigan ). Muir announced he would vote in line with Palmer United. The initial election saw Wayne Dropulich of the Australian Sports Party win a seat in Western Australia, but the subsequent voiding of the result and ensuing special election saw the Palmer United Party gain a third seat. The Coalition government required the support of at least six non-coalition senators to pass legislation. Most Senate votes cast in Western Australia were subject to
5520-592: The Family First Party and Xenophon. Of the 76 Senate seats, 40 are contested. This corresponds to half of each state's allocation as well as both senators from the two major territories . Newly elected state senators commenced their terms on 1 July 2014 and the senators of the territories began their terms immediately after their elections. On 30 January 2013, at a speech at the National Press Club , Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced
5658-455: The Internet , Misplaced Pages , workers' councils , Horizontalidad , and a free market economy . What some academics call right-libertarianism is more often simply called "libertarianism" by its adherents. Based on the works of European writers like John Locke , Frederic Bastiat , Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises , it developed in the United States in the mid-20th century, and
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5796-576: The Libertarian Party , of the United States, libertarianism is the advocacy of either anarchy, or government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion and violence. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), "What it means to be a 'libertarian' in a political sense is a contentious issue, especially among libertarians themselves." Nevertheless, all libertarians begin with
5934-555: The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). Gruppo Comunista Anarchico di Firenze held that during the early twentieth century, the terms libertarian communism and anarchist communism became synonymous within the international anarchist movement as a result of the close connection they had in Spain ( anarchism in Spain ), with libertarian communism becoming the prevalent term. Libertarian socialism reached its apex of popularity with
6072-528: The Spanish Revolution of 1936 , during which libertarian socialists led "the largest and most successful revolution against capitalism to ever take place in any industrial economy". During the revolution, the means of production were brought under workers' control and worker cooperatives formed the basis for the new economy. According to Gaston Leval , the CNT established an agrarian federation in
6210-614: The Steiner–Vallentyne school . Some variants of libertarianism, such as anarcho-capitalism, have been labeled as far-right or radical right by some scholars. Those sometimes called "right-libertarians", usually by leftists or by other libertarians with more left-leaning ideologies, often reject the label due to its association with conservatism and right-wing politics and simply describe themselves as libertarians . However, some, particularly those who describe themselves as paleo-libertarians , agree with their placement on
6348-517: The balance of power . After gaining the support of the Greens and three independents on confidence and supply votes, Labor was able to form a minority government with 76 seats, the smallest possible margin in the 150-seat House. On 24 November 2011, Harry Jenkins resigned as Speaker of the House of Representatives and returned to the Labor backbench. Later, that day, Deputy Speaker Peter Slipper
6486-612: The means of production , or else to restrict their purview or effects to usufruct property norms, in favor of common or cooperative ownership and management , viewing private property in the means of production as a barrier to freedom and liberty. In the mid-20th century, American proponents of anarcho-capitalism and minarchism began using the term libertarian . Minarchists advocate for night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy, while anarcho-capitalists advocate for
6624-644: The " sectarian " libertarian socialists for the defeat of the Republic in the Spanish Civil War . These charges have been disputed by contemporary libertarian socialists, such as Robin Hahnel and Noam Chomsky, who have accused such claims of lacking substantial evidence. 2013 Australian federal election Kevin Rudd Labor Tony Abbott Liberal/National coalition The 2013 Australian federal election to elect
6762-576: The 18th century and Age of Enlightenment , liberal ideas flourished in Europe and North America. Libertarians of various schools were influenced by liberal ideas. For philosopher Roderick T. Long, libertarians "share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry. [Libertarians] [...] claim the seventeenth century English Levellers and the eighteenth century French Encyclopedists among their ideological forebears; and [...] usually share an admiration for Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine ." John Locke greatly influenced both libertarianism and
6900-405: The 19th century and to a liberal version that developed in the United States that is avowedly pro- capitalist . According to polls, approximately one in four Americans self-identify as libertarian . While most members of this group are not necessarily ideologically driven, the term libertarian is commonly used to describe the form of libertarianism widely practiced in the United States and
7038-769: The AEC petitioned the High Court , acting as the Court of Disputed Returns , to seek an order from the court that the WA Senate election of all six senators (3 Liberal, 1 Labor, 1 Green, 1 Sport) be declared void. On 18 February 2014, it was announced that the Court of Disputed Returns had found that the result of the Western Australia Senate election should be voided, meaning a fresh election for all six senate vacancies would be required. The AEC notes that
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#17327767658307176-599: The ASIO to apply for a judicial warrant and table an annual report about oversea data sharing. CEO John Shipton stated that the party "stands for what Julian espouses — transparency and accountability in government and of course human rights". Assange himself has said the WikiLeaks Party would combine "a small, centralised leadership with maximum grassroots involvement" and that the party would advance WikiLeaks' objectives of promoting openness in government and politics and that it would combat intrusions on individual privacy. Assange
7314-474: The Coalition over Labor. Fairfax's newspapers, The Sydney Morning Herald and The Canberra Times both considered the need for political stability a primary reason for supporting the Coalition, as well as criticising Labor's continuing infighting and scandals. The Age backed Labor, praising Labor's stewardship of the economy during the global financial crisis and noting that, of the two parties, they were
7452-644: The Communists. With the rise of fascism in Europe between the 1920s and the 1930s, anarchists began to fight fascists in Italy, in France during the February 1934 riots and in Spain where the CNT (Confederación Nacional del Trabajo) boycott of elections led to a right-wing victory and its later participation in voting in 1936 helped bring the popular front back to power. This led to a ruling class attempted coup and
7590-610: The Court has advised in its written decision issued today that it finds that the only relief appropriate is for the 2013 Western Australian Senate election result to be declared void.......In accordance with the Australian Constitution and the requirements of the Western Australian Election of Senators Act 1903, an election of six senators for Western Australia would occur once a writ has been issued by His Excellency Mr Malcolm McCusker AC CVO QC,
7728-573: The Governor of Western Australia. On 28 February 2014 it was announced that the half-Senate election in Western Australia would take place on 5 April, which returned 3 Liberal, 1 Labor, 1 Green, 1 Palmer. Members listed in italics did not re-contest their House of Representatives seats at this election. The Labor Party recorded its lowest two-party preferred vote since 1996 and lowest primary vote since 1931 . Kevin Rudd announced his resignation as party leader and confirmed he would not run again in
7866-555: The House of Representatives who did not renominate ended at the dissolution of the parliament (5 August 2013). The terms of senators who did not renominate ended on 30 June 2014, unless they represented the Australian Capital Territory or the Northern Territory, in which case their term ended on the day before polling day (6 September 2013). That date also applies to territory senators who contest
8004-587: The Levante that encompassed 78% of Spain's most arable land . The regional federation was populated by 1,650,000 people, 40% of whom lived on the region's 900 agrarian collectives, which were self-organised by peasant unions. Although industrial and agricultural production was at its highest in the anarchist-controlled areas of the Spanish Republic, and the anarchist militias displayed the strongest military discipline, liberals and communists alike blamed
8142-591: The Levellers, who held similar views. Also influential were the English Cato's Letters during the early 1700s, reprinted eagerly by American colonists who already were free of European aristocracy and feudal land monopolies. In January 1776, only two years after coming to America from England, Thomas Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense calling for independence for the colonies. Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed
8280-420: The National Council that he step down for Assange to take the lead Senate position for Western Australia and hopefully get elected. In February, the National Council learned that Assange would be ineligible to contest. Georgatos rejected continuing on as the endorsed candidate and asked that the membership be surveyed as to their preferred candidate. More than 500 WikiLeaks members completed the survey and Georgatos
8418-534: The Senate result in Western Australia was declared void after the loss of over 1,300 ballot papers, necessitating a fresh election for the Senate in that state. Rudd suffered a large swing against him in his seat of Griffith , which was large enough for the LNP candidate, Bill Glasson , to have a higher first-preference vote than Rudd, although Rudd eventually won the seat on preferences. The Coalition had campaigned on
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#17327767658308556-606: The Senate, and that if he won the seat the US would end the grand jury investigation against him and the British government would follow suit "the political costs of the current standoff will be higher still". The intent to form a WikiLeaks Party was announced by Assange in late 2012 and Assange stated that the party was to be a vehicle for his candidacy for a seat in the Australian Senate in the 2013 election. On 23 April 2013,
8694-665: The Speaker of the Syrian People's Assembly Jihad al-Laham and Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi . The meeting with Assad was criticised by the Australian Prime Minister, Foreign Minister, Syrian activists and WikiLeaks supporters. The visit was also criticised by the Federal Opposition , including independent experts, the Greens and senior members of Labor. Prime Minister Tony Abbott said
8832-403: The United States , and increasingly worldwide, libertarian is a typology used to describe a political position that advocates small government and is culturally liberal and fiscally conservative in a two-dimensional political spectrum such as the libertarian-inspired Nolan Chart , where the other major typologies are conservative , liberal and populist . Libertarians support
8970-516: The United States, the term libertarian was popularized by the individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker around the late 1870s and early 1880s. Libertarianism as a synonym for liberalism was popularized in May 1955 by writer Dean Russell, a colleague of Leonard Read and a classical liberal himself. Russell justified the choice of the term as follows: Many of us call ourselves "liberals." And it
9108-410: The WikiLeaks Party submitted its registrations to the Australian Electoral Commission. The party had over 1,300 fee-paying members. The application was accepted and the party was registered as a political party on 2 July 2013 and the party launched later that month. Assange said he planned to launch the WikiLeaks Party outside of Australia, and suggested it could expand to US, India or Britain. The party
9246-411: The WikiLeaks Party was criticised after it began republishing articles from al-Manar , the anti-Semitic propaganda unit of Hezbollah . One article republished by the WikiLeaks Party alleged that Israel was trying to "strengthen and deepen their relations with the terrorist groups" fighting Assad by treating more than 700 "terrorists" at a hospital. Daoud defended the information and said he didn't "have
9384-446: The absence of policies and detailed economic information, voter decisiveness will depend on one issue: trust." During this period, various News Corp's papers published numerous front-page articles supporting The Coalition and denigrating Labor. During the campaign, The Daily Telegraph ran front pages depicting Labor as Nazis, displaying a picture of Rudd above a headline telling readers to "Kick this mob out, and, on election day, ran
9522-458: The appropriation of land must leave " enough and as good " for others or be taxed by society to compensate for the exclusionary effects of private property. Socialist libertarians such as social and individualist anarchists , libertarian Marxists , council communists , Luxemburgists and De Leonists promote usufruct and socialist economic theories, including communism , collectivism , syndicalism and mutualism . They criticize
9660-479: The associations they joined as this would facilitate happiness. Anarchist communist philosopher Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian in an 1857 letter. Unlike mutualist anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon , he argued that "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature". According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau ,
9798-419: The book Thinking, Fast and Slow , Daniel Kahneman provides the brief summary: "Thaler and Sunstein advocate a position of libertarian paternalism, in which the state and other institutions are allowed to nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long-term interests. The designation of joining a pension plan as the default option is an example of a nudge. It is difficult to argue that anyone's freedom
9936-507: The broadcasting of election matter to all political parties contesting the election, being parties which were represented in either House of the Parliament for which the election is to be held at the time of its last meeting before the election period. This is interpreted as "equal time, over time" rather than equal time in the same broadcast, and that this requirement began with the announcement on 30 January 2013. The terms of members of
10074-407: The communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over". In the 1970s, Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States, especially with the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a response to social liberal John Rawls 's A Theory of Justice (1971). In the book, Nozick proposed
10212-578: The concept of "self-mastery" as the foundation of a system supporting individual rights. Early Christian sects such as the Waldensians displayed libertarian attitudes. In 17th-century England, libertarian ideas began to take modern form in the writings of the Levellers and John Locke . In the middle of that century, opponents of royal power began to be called Whigs , or sometimes simply Opposition or Country, as opposed to Court writers. During
10350-712: The concerns over the Iraqi weapons of mass destruction program prior to the Iraq War . The meeting with President al-Assad was attended by National Council members John Shipton and Gail Malone and by academic Tim Anderson . Former National Council member Jamal Daoud (who had resigned from the Greens over differences) was their translator. Daoud was a well-known opponent of the anti-Assad insurgency and expressed support for Assad on Twitter and on his blog. The delegation also met with Prime Minister Wael al-Halqi , Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Miqdad , Higher Education Minister Malek Ali,
10488-470: The decision a week before it became public. When National Council members complained, CEO John Shipton attempted to go around them and create a new power base. Leslie Cannold resigned along with four other members of the National Council and several key volunteers. Cannold said she could not remain Assange's running mate in Victoria because doing so would implicitly make a statement that the WikiLeaks Party
10626-582: The decision. Dr. Daniel Mathews, who helped Assange co-found the WikiLeaks website, said "the initial view was that the party had submitted a mistake," but "subsequent evidence has come to light that it may not have been entirely a mistake." Ludlam said "There's no administrative error. One of our guys was told last week well before this decision got locked away that that was what they were going to do." Greens staffer Max Phillips said The WikiLeaks Party's NSW deputy registered officer Cassie Findlay told him about
10764-1001: The early 20th century after the Great Depression and with the New Deal . Since the 1970s, this classical liberal form of libertarianism has spread beyond the United States, with libertarian or right-libertarian parties being established in the United Kingdom , Israel , South Africa , Argentina , and many other countries. After the fall of the Soviet Union , which caused many people to give up on Marxism or state socialism , libertarian socialism also grew in popularity and influence, alongside left-wing anti-war , anti-capitalist and anti- and alter-globalisation movements. In 2022, former student activist and self-described libertarian socialist Gabriel Boric became head of state of Chile after winning
10902-488: The economy. According to Sheldon Richman of the Independent Institute , other left-libertarians "prefer that corporate privileges be repealed before the regulatory restrictions on how those privileges may be exercised". Libertarian paternalism is a position advocated in the international bestseller Nudge by two American scholars, namely the economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein . In
11040-421: The election but are defeated. Members and senators who chose not to renominate are as follows: The incumbent Labor-led government argued for a need for a "safe pair of hands" to manage an economic shift from mining-oriented growth to something else; while the opposition said that it would prevent a recession that could be caused by a budget deficit. The Sydney Morning Herald suggested both arguments hedged on
11178-600: The election of members of the House of Representatives and territory senators, and by the state governors for the senators for each state. Voting in Australia's federal elections has been compulsory since 1925 . For the House of Representatives, a preferential ballot system has been in use since 1919 , in single-member seats . For the Senate —the proportionally representative upper house—a single transferable vote system has been in use since 1949 , with optional group voting tickets since 1984 . Elections are conducted by
11316-544: The election would be held on Saturday 14 September 2013, although the Governor-General was not formally advised and no writ of election was issued. Kevin Rudd succeeded Julia Gillard as prime minister on 27 June 2013. The Broadcasting Services Act 1992 was checked by various commercial broadcasting media outlets and media councils as a result of Gillard's announcement. The Act says, in part, "Election period" means: (a) in relation to any other election to
11454-657: The elimination of the state in favor of privately funded security services while minarchists defend night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership or autonomy. Left-libertarianism encompasses those libertarian beliefs that claim the Earth's natural resources belong to everyone in an egalitarian manner, either unowned or owned collectively. Contemporary left-libertarians such as Hillel Steiner , Peter Vallentyne , Philippe Van Parijs , Michael Otsuka and David Ellerman believe
11592-551: The emergence of the WikiLeaks Party as part of a move away from Australia's two-party system. However, the Greens said they had no intention of stepping aside for Assange in the Victoria Senate election. Similarly, the Socialist Equality Party reaffirmed its intention to defend Assange against persecution, but refused to endorse the WikiLeaks Party, stating that its position represented the "interests of
11730-480: The entire Senate was dissolved at the double-dissolution 2016 election . The Senate saw the Coalition government on 33 seats with the Labor opposition on 25 seats, the Greens on 10 seats and a crossbench of eight— Palmer United on three seats, with other minor parties and independents on five seats (the LDP 's David Leyonhjelm , Family First 's Bob Day , Motoring 's Ricky Muir and incumbents Nick Xenophon and
11868-534: The first use of the term libertarian communism was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it to identify its doctrines more clearly. The French anarchist journalist Sébastien Faure started the weekly paper Le Libertaire ( The Libertarian ) in 1895. The revolutionary wave of 1917–1923 saw the active participation of anarchists in Russia and Europe. Russian anarchists participated alongside
12006-647: The focus was shifted to Kyiv. Shipton added he and other members of the WikiLeaks Party would return to Syria to deliver medical supplies bought in Iran to the Red Crescent in Damascus, but said they would not meet Assad again. After meeting with Syrian officials in December 2013, WikiLeaks Party national councillor Jamal Daoud said he would use information from the regime to publish stories of alleged atrocities by
12144-569: The general public to understand the debates among the political elites. Common Sense was immensely popular in disseminating these ideas, selling hundreds of thousands of copies. Paine would later write the Rights of Man and The Age of Reason and participate in the French Revolution . Paine's theory of property showed a "libertarian concern" with the unequal distribution of resources under statism. In 1793, William Godwin wrote
12282-481: The government. In April 2012, Labor's Craig Thomson moved to the crossbenches as an independent MP, and in May, WA National Tony Crook moved from the crossbenches to the Nationals, but did not join the Coalition. Changes brought the government to 71 seats, the Coalition 72 seats and seven crossbenchers. On 9 October 2012, after an unsuccessful vote of no confidence in the speakership, Slipper resigned as Speaker and
12420-408: The headline "After 33 days campaigning, 18 babies kissed, 104,275 km flown and six years of an incompetent Labor government, now it's... your turn." The Sunday Telegraph , meanwhile, printed a front-page editorial with the headline "Australia needs Tony". Additionally, The Courier-Mail used a front page to depict Labor as clowns, and ran a headline of "Does This Guy Ever Shut Up" alongside
12558-619: The higher-law concepts of the Greeks and the Israelites , and Christian theologians who argued for the moral worth of the individual and the division of the world into two realms, one of which is the province of God and thus beyond the power of states to control it. The right-libertarian economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Chinese Taoist philosopher Laozi was the first libertarian, likening Laozi's ideas on government to Friedrich Hayek 's theory of spontaneous order . Similarly,
12696-635: The left or right, other American libertarians such as Kevin Carson , Karl Hess , and Roderick T. Long have written about libertarianism's left-wing opposition to authoritarian rule and argued that libertarianism is fundamentally a left-wing position. Rothbard himself previously made the same point. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines libertarianism as the moral view that agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things. Libertarian historian George Woodcock defines libertarianism as
12834-480: The legalization of victimless crimes such as the use of marijuana while opposing high levels of taxation and government spending on health, welfare, and education. Libertarians also support a foreign policy of non-interventionism . Libertarian was adopted in the United States, where liberal had become associated with a version that supports extensive government spending on social policies. Libertarian may also refer to an anarchist ideology that developed in
12972-513: The liberal challenges to an "absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older, restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions" as well as the mercantilism of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants. The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial aggrandizement. He cites Locke's contemporaries,
13110-399: The libertarian magazine Reason , libertarian populists oppose "big government" while also opposing "other large, centralized institutions" and advocate "tak[ing] an axe to the thicket of corporate subsidies, favors, and bailouts, clearing our way to an economy where businesses that can't make money serving customers don't have the option of wringing profits from the taxpayers instead". In
13248-484: The meeting was an "extraordinary error of judgment" and Lowy Institute for International Policy executive director Michael Fullilove called it "extremely unwise, ill-considered and really unforgivable". Foreign Affairs Minister Julie Bishop said it was "excessively reckless" for the WikiLeaks Party "to try and insert itself in the appalling conflict in Syria for their own political ends". Bishop said "it risks undermining
13386-464: The members of the 44th Parliament of Australia took place on Saturday 7 September 2013. The centre-right Liberal/National Coalition opposition led by Opposition leader Tony Abbott of the Liberal Party of Australia and Coalition partner the National Party of Australia , led by Warren Truss , defeated the incumbent centre-left Labor Party government of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in
13524-493: The mid-19th century, libertarianism originated as a form of anti-authoritarian and anti-state politics usually seen as being on the left (like socialists and anarchists especially social anarchists , but more generally libertarian communists / Marxists and libertarian socialists ). Along with seeking to abolish or reduce the power of the State, these libertarians sought to abolish capitalism and private ownership of
13662-429: The mining boom going bust. Rudd officially began the campaign season on 1 September in his hometown of Brisbane. At the rally, he promised tax breaks for small businesses and more work for local contractors on infrastructure projects. He said: "In this election, we are now engaged in the fight of our lives. It is a fight about the values that underpin Australia's future, a fight about our vision for Australia's future. It's
13800-573: The moderate left such as social democracy or authoritarian and statist socialism, its meaning has evolved during the past half century, with broader adoption by ideologically disparate groups, including some viewed as right-wing by older users of the term. As a term, libertarian can include both the New Left Marxists (who do not associate with a vanguard party ) and extreme liberals (primarily concerned with civil liberties ) or civil libertarians . Additionally, some libertarians use
13938-469: The modern world in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688 , especially A Letter Concerning Toleration (1667), Two Treatises of Government (1689) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e. that people's rights existed before government; that the purpose of government
14076-399: The nature of property and capital . In the United States, proponents of free-market anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left. Libertarianism is a "[t]heory upholding...[individual] rights...above all else" and seeks to "reduce" the power of a state or states, especially ones a libertarian lives in or
14214-537: The nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines. While all libertarians support some level of individual rights , left-libertarians differ by supporting an egalitarian redistribution of natural resources. Left-libertarian ideologies include anarchist schools of thought , alongside many other anti- paternalist and New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism as well as geolibertarianism , green politics , market-oriented left-libertarianism and
14352-567: The near future." Libertarianism Libertarianism (from French : libertaire , itself from the Latin : libertas , lit. 'freedom') is a political philosophy that holds freedom as its primary value. Many libertarians conceive of freedom in accord with the Non-Aggression Principle , according to which each individual has the right to live as they choose, so long as it does not involve violating
14490-589: The need for equality between generations; and support of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander self-determination . The WikiLeaks Party criticised the Telstra Group's relationship with the FBI and US Department of Justice. The party fielded candidates for the Australian Senate in the states of New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. Two polling experts rated the WikiLeaks Party's electoral chances as highly unlikely. The WikiLeaks Party candidates for
14628-532: The older libertarian ideal of a night watchman state or minarchism. Sterba held that it is "obviously impossible for everyone in society to be guaranteed complete liberty as defined by this ideal: after all, people's actual wants as well as their conceivable wants can come into serious conflict. [...] [I]t is also impossible for everyone in society to be completely free from the interference of other persons." In 2013, Sterba wrote, "I shall show that moral commitment to an ideal of 'negative' liberty, which does not lead to
14766-453: The one with a vision for Australia. The Sunday Age , however, supported the Coalition, rejecting their daily counterpart's editorial that Labor had vision and that the election amounted to choosing a lesser evil, noting that during the election campaign a "genuine contest of ideas [had] not materialised", that "the campaign [had] contained no vision or policy clarion call commanding our attention and demanding our vote" and subsequently that "in
14904-586: The originally planned date. A referendum on amending the constitution to allow the federal government to directly fund local councils, which was initially planned to be held on the same day as the federal election, could not go ahead on the date announced by Rudd. This is because Section 128 of the Constitution of Australia requires that a referendum be submitted to electors between two and six months after its passage through Parliament. As early voting started on 20 August it could not be submitted then. At
15042-438: The party's delegation to Syria for $ 5 million in damages but never sued. WikiLeaks said it "did not know or approve" of the visit. In December 2013, Shipton said he wanted to open an office for the WikiLeaks Party in Syria. According to Shipton, he asked Syrian journalists to become their Damascus "transparency office" and send back "proper information" about the conflict. In April 2014, Shipton said those plans were scrapped and
15180-588: The party's understanding of the country's civil war. The trip was heavily criticised by both sides of Australian politics and considered a "propaganda coup" for the Syrian regime. In a statement issued shortly before the visit, the WikiLeaks Party stated that it opposed outside intervention in the war, supported a negotiated peace process and described reports of the Ghouta chemical attack by forces loyal to al-Assad in August 2013 as being "unsubstantiated" and comparable to
15318-547: The party, and that Bank of America blocked donations he tried to make. The WikiLeaks Party raised almost $ 5000 in Bitcoin , and said they "don't know where the donations are coming from". This caused questions about compliance with Australian law, which requires disclosures about large donations and the number of people who made donations. In March 2014, Jamal Daoud said that the WikiLeaks National Council
15456-433: The philosophy that fundamentally doubts authority and advocates transforming society by reform or revolution. Libertarian philosopher Roderick T. Long defines libertarianism as "any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals", whether "voluntary association" takes the form of the free market or of communal co-operatives. According to
15594-400: The political right. Meanwhile, some proponents of free-market anti-capitalism in the United States consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as part of a broad libertarian left. While the term libertarian had been substantially synonymous with anarchism and seen by many as part of the left, continuing today as part of the libertarian left in opposition to
15732-587: The protection of an individual's freedom from powers of government and private ownership. In contrast, while condemning governmental encroachment on personal liberties, modern American libertarians support freedoms based on their agreement with private property rights. The abolition or privatization of amenities or entitlements controlled by the government is a common theme in modern American libertarian writings. According to modern American libertarian Walter Block , left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but "where [they] differ
15870-511: The rebels, despite not having seen any evidence to support some of the claims and not following up on it. Sheik Fedaa al-Majzoub, a respected cleric in Sydney, said that the WikiLeaks Party may have been used by senior ministers of the country's regime after Daoud repeated claims made by Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi about al-Majzoub. Daoud said he was still waiting for evidence to support his claims and did not follow it up. In February 2014,
16008-516: The replacement of all state institutions with private alternatives. During this time period, the term "libertarian" became used by growing numbers of people to advocate laissez-faire capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources. This libertarianism, a revival of classical liberalism in the United States , occurred due to other American liberals abandoning classical liberalism and embracing progressivism and economic interventionism in
16146-518: The revised national totals after that election. The Senate has 76 seats. Forty seats were up for election; six in each of the six states, two for the ACT and two for the Northern Territory. The terms of the four senators from the territories commenced on election day. The terms of the six longest-serving state senators ended on 30 June 2014; the terms of the new state senators commenced on 1 July 2014, and were originally supposed to end on 30 June 2020—however,
16284-537: The rights of others by initiating force or fraud against them. Libertarians advocate for the expansion of individual autonomy and political self-determination , emphasizing the principles of equality before the law and the protection of civil rights , including the rights to freedom of association , freedom of speech , freedom of thought and freedom of choice . They generally support individual liberty and oppose authority , state power, warfare , militarism and nationalism , but some libertarians diverge on
16422-453: The sanctions regime we have in place, and it risks aligning Australia with one side of the conflict in Syria, which is something we would not do". Shipton stated that the meeting with al-Assad was "just a matter of good manners" and that the delegation had also met with members of the Syrian opposition. However, these meetings with the opposition have not been verified. Shipton said he was going to sue Tony Abbott and Julie Bishop for criticising
16560-548: The scope of their opposition to existing economic and political systems . Schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and non-state power . Different categorizations have been used to distinguish these various forms of libertarianism. Scholars have identified distinct libertarian perspectives on the nature of property and capital , typically delineating them along left–right or socialist – capitalist axes. Libertarianism has been broadly shaped by liberal ideas. In
16698-404: The state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails wage slavery and another form of coercion and domination related to that of the state. There are a number of different left-libertarian positions on the state, which can range from advocating for its complete abolition to advocating for a more decentralized and limited government with social ownership of
16836-769: The subsequent leadership election. With Nova Peris 's victory in the Senate election in the Northern Territory , she became the first Aboriginal woman to be elected to parliament. Julian Assange failed to be elected to the Senate after running in Victoria , with his WikiLeaks Party garnering 0.62% of the popular vote. Former Queensland Premier Peter Beattie , standing in the Liberal-held seat of Forde , also failed to enter parliament. In an unprecedented outcome in Australian electoral history,
16974-475: The term libertarian socialist to avoid anarchism's negative connotations and emphasize its connections with socialism. The revival of free-market ideologies during the mid-to-late 20th century came with disagreement over what to call the movement. While many believers in economic freedom prefer the term libertarian , some free-market conservatives reject the term's association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of libertine hedonism. The movement
17112-597: The term libertarian was in 1789, when William Belsham wrote about libertarianism in the context of metaphysics. As early as 1796, libertarian came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, when the London Packet printed on 12 February the following: "Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians". It was again used in
17250-638: The term for his anarchist publication Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social ( Libertarian: Journal of Social Movement ) which was printed from 9 June 1858 to 4 February 1861 in New York City. Sébastien Faure , another French libertarian communist, began publishing a new Le Libertaire in the mid-1890s while France's Third Republic enacted the so-called villainous laws ( lois scélérates ) which banned anarchist publications in France. Libertarianism has frequently been used to refer to anarchism and libertarian socialism since this time. In
17388-403: The uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word "libertarian." Subsequently, many Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians . One person who popularized the term libertarian in this sense
17526-402: The working class". Professor Anne Twomey , an expert on Australian constitutional law at the University of Sydney , suggested that if Assange were elected, this could be found invalid in the event of a legal challenge if a court ruled that his relationship with Ecuador breached the prohibition against the election of people "under any [acknowledgement] of allegiance, obedience or adherence to
17664-404: Was Murray Rothbard , who began publishing libertarian works in the 1960s. Rothbard described this modern use of the words overtly as a "capture" from his enemies, writing that "for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of
17802-430: Was "a democratically run party that both believes in transparency and accountability, and operates in this way". Julian Assange responded said "I'm not sure I'd call it chaos, although of course it [the resignations] is a significant event". Alison Broinowski said she talked to John Shipton and decided the decisions were a mistake and that "no skulduggery was in evidence". The party published a short, inconclusive review by
17940-428: Was denied access to the party's books and copies of financial statements. He also said John Shipton told him the group was $ 70,000 in debt despite having no employees and no advertising. Daoud said it was "like a family convenience store." Shipton refused requests for interviews and comments. The WikiLeaks Party was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 23 July 2015 for lack of members under s.137(4) of
18078-488: Was elected Speaker and quit the Liberal National Party to become an independent . This changed nominal confidence and supply numbers on the floor of the house from 75–74 to 76–73. In January 2012, Andrew Wilkie withdrew his guarantee of confidence to the incumbent government, changing numbers to 75–73 in the event of his abstention, or 75–74 in the event of his support for a vote of no confidence in
18216-499: Was endorsed as the lead candidate with West TV producer Tibor Meszaros at number 2 and journalist Lucy Nicol at number 3. One hour before the close of nominations, Georgatos withdrew for "unforeseen personal reasons" and Tibor Meszaros was consequently elevated to lead candidate. On 14 April, the AEC draw for the ballot of 33 parties (77 candidates) drew the WikiLeaks Party first. The WikiLeaks Party tried to raise $ 700,000 for election funds. Assange said American banks blocked donations to
18354-643: Was heavily criticised for meeting with President Bashar al-Assad during a trip to Syria and experienced internal dissent over its governance and electoral tactics and was deregistered due to low membership numbers in 2015. Assange's decision to run for the Australian Senate was announced via the WikiLeaks Twitter account in March 2012. Assange said that Prime Minister Julia Gillard's attacks on WikiLeaks contributed to his decision to run for
18492-480: Was involved in Glenn Druery 's Minor Party Alliance around the 2013 federal election , but left after deciding not to preference as per Druery's advice. The WikiLeaks Party subscribed to a libertarian ideology. Specific policies for the 2013 election included "promoting free information and protection for whistle-blowers". The WikiLeaks Party said they were against compulsory vaccination and tried to appeal to
18630-414: Was replaced by Labor Deputy Speaker Anna Burke . Slipper remained an independent MP. Before the election, the 76-seat Senate was made up of senators from the Coalition (34), Australian Labor Party (31), Australian Greens (9), Democratic Labour Party (1) and one independent senator, Nick Xenophon . The Greens held the sole balance of power . Previously the Greens had held a shared balance of power with
18768-520: Was reported as saying that he envisioned the WikiLeaks Party as bound together by unswerving commitment to the core principles of civic courage nourished by understanding and truthfulness and the free flow of information and one that will practise in politics what WikiLeaks has done in the field of information. The Constitution of the WikiLeaks Party lists objectives, including the protection of human rights and freedoms; transparency of governmental and corporate action , policy and information; recognition of
18906-399: Was unable to verify what he was told. The independent review rejected the claim that the decision was an "administrative error". The claim that it was an administrative error was also contradicted by leaks from within the party and several outlets. According to leaked emails, Assange was behind the preference deal, and attempted to give himself veto rights and to turn the National Council into
19044-419: Was understood that WikiLeaks had "gone into a complex preference deal with micro parties, mainly right-wing, in a bid to get a candidate into the senate". The WikiLeaks Party blamed an unspecified "administrative errors" and announced an independent review would be held, and Gerry Georgatos defended the decision to place the Nationals ahead of the Greens. Leslie Cannold , Assange's running mate in Victoria, said
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