Will Maslow (September 27, 1907 – February 23, 2007) was an American lawyer and civil rights leader who fought for "full equality in a free society" for Jews, blacks, and other minorities at positions he held in government and as an executive of the American Jewish Congress .
94-584: Born in Kyiv , Russian Empire , Maslow came to the United States with his parents Raeesa and Saul Maslow (family name Masliankin) in 1911. He graduated from Boys High School (Brooklyn) , where his best friend was his cousin Abraham Maslow , who later became a pioneer in humanistic psychology . A Boys High physics teacher introduced the cousins to Upton Sinclair 's books, which promoted concern for
188-697: A historically black college in Pennsylvania. He excelled at his studies. He wrote the song for his graduating class at Lincoln, but was not able to join his fellows on stage, as he was unable to pay overdue tuition. Mitchell also attended the University of Minnesota , after which he became the executive secretary for the National Urban League in St. Paul in 1937. While in Minnesota, he led
282-590: A Small Reward," was published in the Afro-American . Mitchell continued to serve as an NAACP lobbyist to Congress through the 1960s, as the civil rights movement reached new peaks in demonstrations and increasing national awareness through campaigns in the South. Mitchell helped secure passage of the era's critical civil rights legislation: the Civil Rights Act of 1960 , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ,
376-520: A coalition of civil rights, civic, labor, religious, and fraternal organizations to manage political operations in Washington for civil rights. Roy Wilkins , NAACP executive director, served as chairman of the LCCR, and Mitchell was appointed as legislative chairman. "He directed the strategy that resulted in the fulfillment of the goals of the modern civil rights movement." The Civil Rights Act of 1957
470-584: A department store in Jamaica, Queens , to hire blacks for the first time. [REDACTED] Media related to Will Maslow at Wikimedia Commons Kiev Kyiv (also Kiev ) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine . It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River . As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Kyiv
564-552: A former active Socialist who had turned "independent progressive," to work in Mayor La Guardia's Republican-Fusion administration (see below). Maslow won a New York State Regents Scholarship for academic excellence to Cornell University . At Cornell, he helped revive and became president of the Cornell Liberal Club. According to Cornell historian Morris Bishop: "The Cornell Liberal Club was organized by
658-524: A founding in the sixth or seventh centuries, with some researchers dating the founding as late as the late 9th century. There are several legendary accounts of the origin of the city. One tells of members of a Slavic tribe ( Eastern Polans ), brothers Kyi (the eldest, after whom the city was named), Shchek, Khoryv, and their sister Lybid, who founded the city (See the Primary Chronicle ). Another legend states that Saint Andrew passed through
752-522: A group of students and faculty in 1929. It opposed the condemnation of Sacco and Vanzetti , the brutal treatment of striking miners, the ban on working foreign students, and compulsory military training at Cornell." In 1928, Maslow competed for an editorial position at The Cornell Daily Sun and was named a senior associate editor responsible for editorials. He elected to take his senior year in Cornell Law School, where he completed
846-466: A noted U.S. Senator from New York ) and defending the State of Israel . On June 9, 1980, he was presented with the " Presidential Medal of Freedom " by 39th President Jimmy Carter . After his retirement, Mitchell wrote a Sunday editorial column for The Baltimore Sun every Sunday until his death in 1984. The Sun called it "an extraordinary commentary on the civil rights movement." On March 23, 1984,
940-548: A reporter for The New York Times . After graduation he was employed by Arthur Garfield Hays on special assignment to work on the highly contested will case of the last known heir of the Wendel real estate fortune, Ella Wendel. The settlement on behalf of Hays's claimants earned the firm $ 1.3 million. In 1934 Maslow joined the New York City Department of Investigation and Accounts in the administration of
1034-516: A reputation as the Jewish community's most aggressive advocate of liberal causes." He was executive director of AJCongress from 1960 until 1972. He continued to serve as general counsel of the agency until he retired in 1984. In retirement, he continued writing briefs and papers as a volunteer through the late 1990s.Under his counsel and leadership, AJCongress was often in the courts challenging discrimination and advocating civil rights. Maslow created
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#17327906959021128-521: A secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saint Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free Slavic peoples with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the Russian authorities quickly suppressed the society. Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kyiv experienced growing Russification in
1222-596: A successful campaign to end employment discrimination practices against African Americans who worked for the city. As a young man, Mitchell worked for the Baltimore Afro-American newspaper. He wrote articles about the infamous Scottsboro case in 1931. He also covered the lynching of Matthew Williams on December 4, 1931, in Salisbury on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The young black man
1316-528: Is Vitali Klitschko , who was sworn in on 5 June 2014, after he had won the 25 May 2014 Kyiv mayoral elections with almost 57% of the votes. Since 25 June 2014, Klitschko is also Head of Kyiv City Administration . Klitschko was last reelected in the 2020 Kyiv local election with 50.52% of the votes, in the first round of the election. Most key buildings of the national government are along Hrushevskoho Street ( vulytsia Mykhaila Hrushevskoho ) and Institute Street ( vulytsia Instytutska ). Hrushevskoho Street
1410-548: Is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in Eastern Europe . It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kyiv Metro . The city's name is said to derive from the name of Kyi , one of its four legendary founders. During its history , Kyiv, one of
1504-405: Is in the oblast council building on ploshcha Lesi Ukrainky ("Lesya Ukrainka Square"). The growing political and economic role of the city, combined with its international relations, as well as extensive internet and social network penetration , have made Kyiv the most pro-Western and pro-democracy region of Ukraine; (so called) National Democratic parties advocating tighter integration with
1598-582: Is named after the Ukrainian academician, politician, historian, and statesman Mykhailo Hrushevsky , who wrote an academic book titled: "Bar Starostvo: Historical Notes: XV–XVIII" about the history of Bar, Ukraine . That portion of the city is also unofficially known as the government quarter ( урядовий квартал ). The city state administration and council is in the Kyiv City council building on Khreshchatyk Street. The oblast state administration and council
1692-548: The Primary Chronicle , is that the name is a derivation of Kyi (Ukrainian: Кий , Russian: Кий , rom. : Ky or Kiy ), the legendary eponymous founder of the city. According to Oleg Trubachyov 's etymological dictionary from the Old East Slavic name *Kyjevŭ gordŭ (literally, "Kyi's castle", "Kyi's gord "), from Proto-Slavic *kyjevъ , This etymology has been questioned, for instance by Mykhailo Hrushevsky who called it an "etymological myth", and meant that
1786-672: The Battle on the Irpen' River and conquered the city. The Tatars , who also claimed Kyiv, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kyiv was ruled by a Lithuanian prince, it had to pay tribute to the Golden Horde . Finally, as a result of the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Algirdas , Grand Duke of Lithuania, incorporated Kyiv and surrounding areas into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1482, Crimean Tatars sacked and burned much of Kyiv. At
1880-701: The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ). In 1969, he was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP for these efforts. Later he faced some criticism in the black community for supporting Daniel Patrick Moynihan (see then U.S. Assistant Secretary of Labor; controversy over the War on Poverty , later
1974-760: The Hudud al-'Alam . The texts of those authors were discovered by Russian orientalist Alexander Tumansky . The etymology of Sambat has been argued by many historians, including Grigoriy Ilyinsky , Nikolay Karamzin , Jan Potocki , Nikolay Lambin , Joachim Lelewel , and Guðbrandur Vigfússon . The Primary Chronicle states that at some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Askold and Dir, who may have been of Viking or Varangian descent, ruled in Kyiv. They were murdered by Oleg of Novgorod in 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman , dispute that, arguing that Khazar rule continued as late as
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#17327906959022068-720: The Polesia woodland ecological zone, a part of the European mixed woods area, and the East European forest steppe biome . However, the city's unique landscape distinguishes it from the surrounding region. Kyiv is completely surrounded by Kyiv Oblast . Originally on the west bank, today Kyiv is on both sides of the Dnieper , which flows southwards through the city towards the Black Sea . The older and higher western part of
2162-576: The Scythians and ancient states of the northern Black Sea coast. Findings of Roman coins of the 2nd to the 4th centuries suggest trade relations with the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire . Notable archaeologists of the area around Kyiv include Vikentiy Khvoyka . Scholars continue to debate when the city was founded: The traditional founding date is 482 CE, so the city celebrated its 1,500th anniversary in 1982. Archaeological data indicates
2256-725: The Sharp Street Memorial United Methodist Church overflowed with 2,500 mourners who gathered from around the country to pay their respects. Included among them was Harry Hughes ( Governor of Maryland ), William Donald Schaefer ( Mayor of Baltimore and later Governor ), Benjamin Hooks , director of the NAACP; and Dorothy Height , president of the National Council of Negro Women . The main city courthouse in Baltimore City
2350-506: The UN 2011 evaluation, there were no risks of natural disasters in Kyiv and its metropolitan area . Kyiv has a warm-summer humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ). The warmest months are June, July, and August, with mean temperatures of 13.8 to 24.8 °C (56.8 to 76.6 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with mean temperatures of −4.6 to −1.1 °C (23.7 to 30.0 °F). The highest ever temperature recorded in
2444-412: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Fair Housing Act ( Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ). He was nicknamed " the 101st U.S. Senator ." President Lyndon B. Johnson also led his administration's War on Poverty . He appointed Daniel Patrick Moynihan as Assistant Secretary of Labor. Mitchell was criticized by some in the black community for his support of Moynihan during this period, as
2538-487: The destruction of Kyiv . These events had a profound effect on the future of the city and on the East Slavic civilization . Before Bogolyubsky's pillaging, Kyiv had had a reputation as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding 100,000 at the beginning of the 12th century. In the early 1320s, a Lithuanian army led by Grand Duke Gediminas defeated a Slavic army led by Stanislav of Kyiv at
2632-436: The "Wagner Act," to enforce the right of workers to create their own unions and collectively bargain with employers. In 1941, Maslow was promoted to administrative law judge, an NLRB staff position responsible for docketing, presiding over, and deciding unfair labor practice cases. The Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) was established by executive order as a wartime measure in 1941 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt at
2726-538: The 1920s Ukrainization as well as the migration of the rural Ukrainophone population made the Russophone city Ukrainian-speaking and bolstered the development of Ukrainian cultural life in the city; the Soviet industrialization that started in the late 1920s turned the city, a former centre of commerce and religion, into a major industrial, technological and scientific centre; the 1932–1933 Great Famine devastated
2820-491: The 19th century, by means of Russian migration, administrative actions, and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century the Russian-speaking part of the population dominated the city centre, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent. However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian aristocrats, soldiers, and merchants made attempts to preserve
2914-533: The 920s, leaving historical documents such as the Kievan Letter and Schechter Letter . Other historians suggest that Magyar tribes ruled the city between 840 and 878, before migrating with some Khazar tribes to the Carpathian Basin . The Primary Chronicle mentions Hungarians passing near Kyiv. Askold's Grave was previously known as " Uhorske urochyshche " (Hungarian place). According to
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3008-635: The AJCongress' Commission on Law and Social Action and with it, filed a discrimination suit against Columbia University, demanding that it change its discriminatory admissions quotas. He also filed a suite against Stuyvesant Town Housing Co. because of its racial policies against black tenants. In 1947, he fought for strict adherence to the Ives-Quinn Act which forbade discrimination in employment, charging that job agencies were disregarding this law en masse, 88% in fact. He negotiated with Gertz ,
3102-737: The Dnieper River forms a branching system of tributaries , isles, and harbors within the city limits. The city is close to the mouth of the Desna River and the Kyiv Reservoir in the north, and the Kaniv Reservoir in the south. Both the Dnieper and Desna rivers are navigable at Kyiv, although regulated by the reservoir shipping locks and limited by winter freeze-over. In total, there are 448 bodies of open water within
3196-607: The Empire and the major centre of commerce in its southwest. In the turbulent period following the 1917 Russian Revolution , Kyiv became the capital of several successive Ukrainian states and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: World War I , during which German soldiers occupied it from 2 March 1918 to November 1918, the Russian Civil War of 1917 to 1922, and the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. During
3290-674: The European Union receive most votes during elections in Kyiv. In a poll conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in the first half of February 2014, 5.3% of those polled in Kyiv believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state", nationwide this percentage was 12.5. The Dnieper River naturally divides Kyiv into the Right Bank and the Left Bank areas. Historically on
3384-582: The FEPC and increase its funding. Ross submitted the draft to Attorney General Francis Biddle, which became EO 9346, signed by President Roosevelt on May 27, 1943. Maslow joined the staff of FEPC in July 1943 as Director of Field Operations. Maslow and deputy director of Field Operations Clarence Mitchell, Jr. established and managed twelve regional offices. Half of the field offices were headed by blacks, and offices were ethnically and racially mixed. Commenting on
3478-447: The FEPC's staffing, Merl E. Reed, a leading historian of the FEPC, observed that "the FEPC became the first federal agency in history not only to have blacks in policy-making positions but to have black staff appointees in Washington, D.C., and in the field often directing whites and other blacks." Reed described Maslow as "bright, intense, and aggressive, [who] ran a tight operation, laying down strict and unambiguous field instructions for
3572-574: The Khazars". In De Administrando Imperio , Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentions a caravan of small cargo boats which assembled annually, and writes, "They come down the river Dnieper and assemble at the strong-point of Kyiv (Kioava), also called Sambatas". At least three Arabic-speaking 10th century geographers who traveled the area mention the city of Zānbat as the chief city of the Russes. Among them are ibn Rustah, Abu Sa'id Gardezi , and an author of
3666-577: The Kyiv Chronicle in the 12th century, and they were identified as old-Russian mythological heroes. The city of Kyiv stood on the trade route between the Varangians and the Greeks . In 968 the nomadic Pechenegs attacked and then besieged the city . By 1000 CE the city had a population of 45,000. In March 1169, Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky of Vladimir-Suzdal sacked Kyiv , leaving
3760-529: The Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science and technology, but new sectors of the economy such as services and finance facilitated Kyiv's growth in salaries and investment, as well as providing continuous funding for the development of housing and urban infrastructure. Kyiv emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine; parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections . The traditional etymology, stemming from
3854-655: The Soviet period, became the Bogomolets National Medical University in 1995. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Imperial Russian Army and ecclesiastical authorities dominated city life; the Russian Orthodox Church had involvement in a significant part of Kyiv's infrastructure and commercial activity. In the late 1840s the historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Russian: Nikolai Kostomarov ), founded
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3948-512: The US Senate by a single person. Mitchell was present in the Senate chamber gallery during the speech along with several hundred other people when it started at 8:54 p.m. EST and had the stamina to stay there during the early morning while the filibuster was still ongoing. By which time, almost everyone in the gallery had left except for Mitchell himself and Thurmond's wife Jean. 1959
4042-562: The Washington, D.C., area. Based on that experience, after the end of the war Mitchell began working for the NAACP in 1946, as NAACP Labor Secretary and Director of the NAACP Washington Bureau, serving from 1946 to 1950. In 1951 he was promoted to Director of the NAACP Washington Bureau, serving 1951–1954. In 1952 Walter White , president of the NAACP, set up the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights ,
4136-517: The aforementioned scholars the building of the fortress of Kyiv was finished in 840 under the leadership of Keő (Keve), Csák, and Geréb, three brothers, possibly members of the Tarján tribe . The three names appear in the Kyiv Chronicle as Kyi, Shchek, and Khoryv and may be not of Slavic origin, as Russian historians have always struggled to account for their meanings and origins. According to Hungarian historian Viktor Padányi, their names were inserted into
4230-484: The area in the 1st century. Where the city is now he erected a cross, where a church later was built. Since the Middle Ages an image of Saint Michael has represented the city as well as the duchy . There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the city was founded. Scattered Slavic settlements existed in the area from the 6th century, but it is unclear whether any of them later developed into
4324-449: The boundaries of Kyiv, which include the Dnieper itself, its reservoirs, and several small rivers, dozens of lakes and artificially created ponds. They occupy 7949 hectares. Additionally, the city has 16 developed beaches (totalling 140 hectares) and 35 near-water recreational areas (covering more than 1,000 hectares). Many are used for pleasure and recreation, although some of the bodies of water are not suitable for swimming. According to
4418-582: The buildings on the Khreshchatyk , the main street of the city, where German military and civil authorities had occupied most of the buildings; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless. Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local Jews they could find, nearly 34,000, and massacred them at Babi Yar in Kyiv on 29 and 30 September 1941. In
4512-680: The capital of the Amadoci people living in an area between the marshes of Amadoca in the west and the Amadoca mountains in the east. Another name for Kyiv mentioned in history, the origin of which is not completely clear, is Sambat, which apparently has something to do with the Khazar Empire . The Primary Chronicle says the residents of Kyiv told Askold "there were three brothers Kyi, Shchek, and Khoriv. They founded this town and died, and now we are staying and paying taxes to their relatives
4606-399: The city again suffered significant damage, and Nazi Germany occupied it from 19 September 1941 to 6 November 1943 . Axis forces killed or captured more than 600,000 Soviet soldiers in the great encircling Battle of Kyiv in 1941. Most of those captured never returned alive. Shortly after the Wehrmacht occupied the city, a team of NKVD officers who had remained hidden dynamited most of
4700-428: The city became a capital of Kievan Rus' , the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasions in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. Coming under Lithuania , then Poland and then Russia , the city would grow from a frontier market into an important centre of Orthodox learning in the sixteenth century, and later of industry, commerce, and administration by
4794-406: The city border the Polesian Lowland . Kyiv expanded into the Dnieper Lowland on the left bank ( to the east ) as late as the 20th century. The whole portion of Kyiv on the left bank of the Dnieper is generally referred to as the Left Bank ( Лівий берег , Livyi bereh ). Significant areas of the left bank Dnieper valley were artificially sand-deposited, and are protected by dams. Within the city
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#17327906959024888-420: The city sits on numerous wooded hills ( Kyiv Hills ), with ravines and small rivers. Kyiv's geographical relief contributed to its toponyms , such as Podil ("lower"), Pechersk ("caves"), and uzviz (a steep street, "descent"). Kyiv is a part of the larger Dnieper Upland adjoining the western bank of the Dnieper in its mid-flow, and which contributes to the city's elevation change. The northern outskirts of
4982-422: The city was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) on 30 July 1936. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city was −32.9 °C (−27.2 °F) on 11 January 1951. Snow cover usually lies from mid-November to the end of March, with the frost-free period lasting 180 days on average, but surpassing 200 days in some years. The municipality of the city of Kyiv has a special legal status within Ukraine compared to
5076-465: The city was subdivided into 4 parts: Pechersk , Starokyiv, and the first and the second parts of Podil . In 1833–1834 according to Tsar Nicholas I 's decree, Kyiv was subdivided into 6 police raions ( districts ); later being increased to 10. In 1917, there were 8 Raion Councils ( Duma ), which were reorganised by bolsheviks into 6 Party-Territory Raions. Clarence Mitchell Jr. Clarence Maurice Mitchell Jr. (March 8, 1911 – March 18, 1984)
5170-414: The city's name. The first known humans in the region of Kyiv lived there in the late paleolithic period ( Stone Age ). The population around Kyiv during the Bronze Age formed part of the so-called Trypillian culture , as evidenced by artifacts from that culture found in the area. During the early Iron Age certain tribes settled around Kyiv that practiced land cultivation, husbandry and trading with
5264-412: The city, and it is used for legislative and official acts. Kiev is the traditional English name for the city, but because of its historical derivation from the Russian name, Kiev lost favor with many Western media outlets after the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014 in conjunction with the KyivNotKiev campaign launched by Ukraine to change the way that international media were spelling
5358-464: The city. However, the prevailing south wind blew most of the radioactive debris away from Kyiv. In the course of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Ukrainian parliament proclaimed the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in the city on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations up to that time, in support of the Orange Revolution . From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kyiv became
5452-435: The city. On the Ptolemy world map there are several settlements indicated along the mid-stream of Borysthenes , among which is Azagarium, which some historians believe to be the predecessor to Kyiv. However, according to the 1773 Dictionary of Ancient Geography of Alexander Macbean , that settlement corresponds to the modern city of Chernobyl . Just south of Azagarium, there is another settlement, Amadoca, believed to be
5546-410: The disadvantaged and a belief that managing the labor/capital relationship equitably would be critical to the success of American democracy. The teenaged cousins embraced democratic socialist ideals, such as those espoused by Eugene Debs , Norman Thomas , and the Nation magazine . Will Maslow remained a supporter of Norman Thomas's Socialist Party until early in 1934 when he joined Paul Blanshard ,
5640-807: The elimination of unfair employment discrimination affecting blacks, Mexican-Americans, Jews, and other minorities, by state and federal law. In August 1945, Maslow returned to New York to become general counsel of the American Jewish Congress ("AJCongress"), and director of AJCongress's newly established Commission on Law and Social Action ("CLSA"). CLSA's mission was to use law, legislation, friend-of-the court briefs, and community political pressure to address, prohibit, and eliminate discrimination not only of Jews but of all American minorities. Maslow developed, launched, and directed CLSA based on an innovative model for managing intergroup relations developed by consulting attorney Alexander H. Pekelis (1902-1946). Maslow and his staff of CLSA lawyers, were "committed to
5734-513: The empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century, the city's commercial importance remained marginal. In 1834, the Russian government established Saint Vladimir University, now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko (1814–1861). (Shevchenko worked as a field researcher and editor for the geography department). The medical faculty of Saint Vladimir University, separated into an independent institution in 1919–1921 during
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#17327906959025828-568: The events, his brother Parren vowed to one day take up the fight for racial justice. In the 1940s, Mitchell began working as staff to the Fair Employment Practices Committee , established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt by Executive Order 8802 in 1941, to oversee ending discrimination in defense industries with contracts with the federal government, and provide fair employment opportunities to all Americans. From 1942 to 1946, he acted as "principal fair practice examiner, associate director of field operations, and director of field operations" in
5922-469: The first-year curriculum. Maslow graduated Cornell with an A.B. degree in 1929. Following Cornell graduation, Maslow enrolled in Columbia University Law School , where he completed his law degree in 1931. During Maslow's two years at Columbia, " Legal Realism ," which would influence Maslow's later writings, had become an established approach to law taught by many Columbia law professors. No longer on scholarship, during law school Maslow worked part-time as
6016-407: The historic Rennert Hotel on the northeastern corner of West Saratoga and North Liberty Streets. Mitchell's mother and the children attended church at St. Katherine's Episcopal Church, where Mitchell and his brother Parren served in the services on Sunday mornings. The family celebrated Christmas, his mother decorating the home. His parents kept things in good condition, with an orderly yard. Mitchell
6110-408: The last three months of 1919, Kyiv was intermittently controlled by the White Army . Kyiv changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to August 1920. From 1921 to 1991, the city formed part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic , which became a founding republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. The major events that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the interwar period all affected Kyiv:
6204-426: The latter had written a controversial book analyzing issues of the black family in the United States and poverty. Moynihan later became known as a noted U.S. Senator from New York . In addition, Mitchell defended the State of Israel during its war of 1967 against Arab states and was criticized by some. Mitchell was among the African-American leaders with whom President Johnson met after Rev. Martin Luther King Jr.,
6298-477: The months that followed, thousands more were taken to Babi Yar where they were shot. It is estimated that the Germans murdered more than 100,000 people of various ethnic groups, mostly civilians, at Babi Yar during World War II. Kyiv recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third-most important city of the Soviet Union. The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of
6392-419: The names of the legendary founders are in turn based on place names. According to the Canadian Ukrainian linguist Jaroslav Rudnyckyj , the name can be connected to the Proto-Slavic root *kyjь , but should be interpreted as meaning 'stick, pole' as in its modern Ukrainian equivalent Кий . The name should in that case be interpreted as 'palisaded settlement'. Kyiv is the romanized official Ukrainian name for
6486-452: The native culture in Kyiv, by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies, etc. During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kyiv became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river . By 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, with a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include
6580-514: The nineteenth. The city prospered again during the Russian Empire's Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century. In 1918, when the Ukrainian People's Republic declared independence from the Russian Republic after the October Revolution there, Kyiv became its capital. From the end of the Ukrainian-Soviet and Polish-Soviet wars in 1921, Kyiv was a city of the Ukrainian SSR , and made its capital in 1934. The city suffered significant destruction during World War II but quickly recovered in
6674-451: The old town and the prince's hall in ruins. He took many pieces of religious artwork - including the Theotokos of Vladimir icon - from Vyshhorod. In 1203, Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his Kipchak allies captured and burned Kyiv. In the 1230s, the city was besieged and ravaged several times by different Rus princes. The city had not recovered from these attacks when, in 1240, the Mongol invasion of Rus' , led by Batu Khan , completed
6768-576: The oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of prominence and obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial center as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople , Kyiv was a tributary of the Khazars , until its capture by the Varangians ( Vikings ) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule,
6862-552: The other administrative subdivisions of the country . The most significant difference is that the city is considered as a region of Ukraine (see Regions of Ukraine ). It is the only city that has double jurisdiction. The Head of City State Administration – the city's governor – is appointed by the president of Ukraine , while the Head of the City Council – the mayor of Kyiv – is elected by local popular vote. The mayor of Kyiv
6956-410: The part of the migrant population not registered for ration cards; and Joseph Stalin 's Great Purge of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the city's intelligentsia In 1934, Kyiv became the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city boomed again during the years of Soviet industrialization as its population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were established, some of which exist today. In World War II ,
7050-611: The postwar years, remaining the Soviet Union 's third-largest city. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and Ukrainian independence in 1991, Kyiv remained Ukraine's capital and experienced a steady influx of ethnic Ukrainian migrants from other regions of the country . During the country's transformation to a market economy and electoral democracy , Kyiv has continued to be Ukraine's largest and wealthiest city. Its armament-dependent industrial output fell after
7144-573: The primary location of Euromaidan . During the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Russian forces attempted to seize Kyiv but were repelled by Ukrainian forces on the outskirts of the city; Kyiv itself escaped major damage. Following the Russian retreat from the region in April 2022, Kyiv has been subject to frequent air strikes . Geographically, Kyiv is on the border of
7238-470: The railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities, and notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). In 1892, the first electric tram line of the Russian Empire started running in Kyiv (the third in the world). Kyiv prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of
7332-488: The recently elected mayor, Fiorello La Guardia . The agency was headed by commissioner Paul Blanshard , who had been a key figure in the City Affairs Committee, formed by concerned citizens to rid New York City of municipal corruption. Blanshard's new municipal agency was tasked by La Guardia to continue the work of rooting out corruption. Hired as an examiner and soon promoted to associate counsel, Maslow
7426-559: The regional directors and investigators to follow." Maslow resigned his position when a coalition of southern Democrats and northern pro-business Republicans, opposed to anti-discrimination legislation and government regulation of business, declined to fund the FEPC and filibustered against passage of a legislated permanent FEPC. After Maslow left the FEPC and was named director of the American Jewish Congress's Commission on Law and Social Action, he continued to champion
7520-703: The time of the Lithuanian rule, the core of the city was located in Podil and there was a Lithuanian Kyiv Castle [ uk ] with 18 towers on the Zamkova Hora which served as a residence of Vladimir Olgerdovich , Grand Prince of Kyiv , and subsequently of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania (e.g. Vytautas ). With the 1569 Union of Lublin , when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
7614-647: The treaty never went into operation. Occupied by Russian troops since the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav , Kyiv became a part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 on the Truce of Andrusovo and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of the Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kyiv have ever been ratified. In the Russian Empire , Kyiv was a primary Christian centre , attracting pilgrims , and the cradle of many of
7708-517: The urgent request of labor leader and civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979) that the federal government ban employment discrimination by defense contractors. Challenged from the outset by many who strenuously opposed its mission, and by internal disagreements over responsibilities and staffing, FEPC was reorganized in May 1943. The new chairman, Malcolm H. Ross, asked Will Maslow, still at NLRB, to draft an executive order that would strengthen
7802-448: The use of law as a means for progressive social change." Under Maslow's direction (1945-1957), CLSA quickly became one of the nation's top three private agencies fighting for civil rights and liberties. They "served as the legal architects and political strategists of a federated campaign to pass legislation prohibiting discrimination--not only in employment but also in higher education, housing, and public accommodations." CLSA "earned
7896-556: The western right bank of the river, the city expanded into the left bank only in the 20th century. Most of Kyiv's attractions as well as the majority of business and governmental institutions are on the right bank. The eastern "Left Bank" is predominantly residential. There are large industrial and green areas in both the Right Bank and the Left Bank. Kyiv is further informally divided into historical or territorial neighbourhoods, each housing from about 5,000 to 100,000 inhabitants. The first known formal subdivision of Kyiv dates to 1810 when
7990-423: Was a step toward securing the constitutional rights of all citizens. Of note was the fact that during the passing of the act, segregationist senator Strom Thurmond took it upon himself to stage an obstructively long speech known as a " filibuster " to prevent it from passing. This was despite previously agreeing not to do so. Thurmond's filibuster , lasting 24 hours and 18 minutes, was the longest ever given in
8084-506: Was a year of serious losses for Mitchell: his father died of cancer in June and his brother Lorenzo in a car accident. Although confined to bed at the time of Lorenzo's death, his mother Elsie Davis Mitchell had her other sons carry her into the church for his funeral service, so that she did not have to use a wheelchair. Mitchell's mother died in November 1959; his poem in her honor, "A Star is
8178-449: Was accused of killing his white employer. Mitchell had not seen the lynching but arrived as the white mob set Williams' body on fire and dragged it through the black neighborhood of the city. White journalist H.L. Mencken also covered these events for The Baltimore Sun , attacking newspapers on the Eastern Shore for contributing to a racist atmosphere and being too cowardly to cover the lynching. After Mitchell returned home and recounted
8272-455: Was an American civil rights activist and was the chief lobbyist for the NAACP for nearly 30 years. He also served as a regional director for the organization. Mitchell, nicknamed " the 101st U.S. Senator ", waged a tireless campaign on Capitol Hill , helping to secure passage of civil rights legislation in the 1950s and 1960s: the Civil Rights Act of 1957 , the Civil Rights Act of 1960 ,
8366-637: Was assigned a large and diverse set of high-profile cases ranging from defiant "tin box" racketeers, electric and gas utility corruption, consumer fraud protection, and stalemated labor-management conflicts. Maslow joined NLRB as a trial attorney in New York City soon after the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to affirm the NLRB's constitutionality. The NLRB had been created by the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , also known as
8460-745: Was established, the Lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kyiv region ( Podolia , Volhynia , and Podlachia ) were transferred from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , and Kyiv became the capital of Kyiv Voivodeship . The 1658 Treaty of Hadiach envisaged Kyiv becoming the capital of the Grand Duchy of Rus' within the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth , but this provision of
8554-579: Was in elementary school, one of his teachers was the mother of Thurgood Marshall , future attorney and United States Supreme Court Justice. Mitchell worked many odd jobs throughout his childhood; from hauling ice and coal in a wagon for money, which he subsequently gave to his parents to support the household; to working with Thurgood Marshall and his father as a busboy at the Gibson Island Club. Mitchell attended Old Douglass High School , and after graduating, he enrolled at Lincoln University ,
8648-697: Was renamed as the Clarence M. Mitchell Jr. Courthouse in 1985 in his honor. Other facilities were also named for him. Mitchell was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Clarence M. Mitchell, a waiter and Elsie (Davis) Mitchell, a homemaker. Mitchell's brother, Parren Mitchell , became a U.S. Congressman representing Maryland's 7th congressional district . Clarence Mitchell was raised in a large household consisting of 11 family members (him, along with his parents, his maternal grandparents, and six siblings.) One sibling died prior to Clarence's birth, and two died when he
8742-540: Was taught by his parents not to "take anything from anyone" when it came to racial issues; the older children taught the younger children, too. Clarence spent time at the YMCA (Colored – Young Men's Christian Association) learning how to box, and earned the nickname "the Shamrock Kid." Mitchell excelled in his early childhood education and worked hard to learn lessons taught to him by his illiterate mother. When Mitchell
8836-481: Was young. According to the U.S. Census records in 1910; His maternal grandparents lived with the family until their deaths in 1912 and 1913. The family moved frequently when Mitchell was young, living in rented homes in the same area of Baltimore City . In 1929 his parents purchased their own home at 712 Carrollton Avenue in Baltimore's Harlem Park neighborhood. Mitchell saw their hardships; his mother took in meal boarders to supplement his father's income from working at
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