Misplaced Pages

#946053

72-696: Bradley Palmer began purchasing what would eventually be 10,000 acres of land across the North Shore . In 1898, he purchased a 747-acre farm owned by the Lamson family, one of the oldest families in Ipswich, Massachusetts . The family's patriarch, William Lampson, came to the New World in 1634, and his descendants spread to many of the towns in the North Shore region. Palmer purchased the hereditary home of

144-467: A Tudor Revival home, however, this is a misnomer. The relation between the Arts and Crafts movement and the various subsets of 19th-century architectural medievalism causes confusion the classification of Willow Dale's medieval elements. The lack of half-timbering , mullions , and jettying , for example, excludes Willow Dale from being considered Tudor Revival. Nevertheless, it could be considered as having

216-642: A Jacobean influence shown in the blend of classical and medieval elements. In design work, this manifested in a natural interpretation of scrolls , lozenges , and straps found both in Jacobean Revival architecture and Willow Dale. The context of Jacobean architecture as Scottish inspired movement matches the Scottish emphasis placed on Willow Dale. While Willow Dale can by no means be considered an exclusively Jacobean structure, it certainly contains Jacobean elements. After Bradley Palmer's death in 1946,

288-579: A cigar with the end stuck in a pipe bowl. During WWI, Palmer's career took a brief break from his legal career. In December 1917, Palmer went to Washington D. C. and joined the office of Alien Property Custodian , which was charged with the investigation of attempts by German nationals to conceal their extensive property of all sorts in the United States, and with the confiscation and disposition of this property. Where he did both investigations and dispositions, mainly by sale, for which legal expertise

360-800: A date or deadline. During a campaign of urban renewal by the Yaoundé Urban Council in Cameroon, the cross was popularly referred to as "Tsimi's Cross" after the Government Delegate to the council, Gilbert Tsimi Evouna. In traditional timber framing a pair of crossing braces is sometimes called a saltire or a St. Andrew's Cross. Half-timbering, particularly in France and Germany, has patterns of framing members forming many different symbols known as ornamental bracing. The saltire cross, X-cross , X-frame, or Saint Andrew's cross

432-599: A decree to the effect that every Scottish and French soldier (fighting against the English under Richard II ) "shall have a sign before and behind, namely a white St. Andrew's Cross". The cross continues to be used in modern times by religious groups. The arms of the Episcopal Church in the United States features a saltire in its canton. The logo of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) features

504-399: A diagonal cross. The shield may also be divided per saltire , i.e. diagonally. A warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. The saltire is important both in heraldry , being found in many coats of arms, and in vexillology , being found as the dominant feature of multiple flags. The saltire

576-575: A lighter blue), the same design forms part of the arms and flag of Nova Scotia (whose name means "New Scotland"). The Cross of Burgundy , a form of the Saint Andrew's Cross, is used in numerous flags across Europe and the Americas . It was first used in the 15th century as an emblem by the Valois Dukes of Burgundy . The Duchy of Burgundy , forming a large part of eastern France and

648-685: A monopoly and was using its financial interests in the competition (in this case the Bluefields Steamship Company) to suppress their business, Palmer, as secretary, was named along with Preston and Keith, the president and vice president. Palmer was a lawyer and partner with multiple Boston -based corporations, including the United Fruit Company (which controlled large land holdings and agriculture in Central America), Gillette , and ITT Corporation . He

720-488: A monopoly on the Costa Rican banana import business and controlled 80% of the entire business in the United States. These moves under Palmer's tutelage brought instant wealth to everyone concerned. The profits in 1899 were 1.6 million, and were up to 6.2 million by 1907. For all business purposes, Palmer was United Fruit. When the first anti-trust suit was brought against United Fruit in 1909, charging that it had created

792-401: A number of years to complete, however, though it was functionally done by 1904, as shown by the pictures Cummings provides in his article. The Willow Dale property expanded throughout Bradley Palmer's lifetime. At the peak of its operation, more than thirty buildings, primarily relating to agriculture or husbandry, but also a garage, a pump house, reservoir, and homes for staff. Records kept by

SECTION 10

#1732790857947

864-434: A red chalice with a Saint Andrew's cross, representing the Scottish heritage of the denomination. The diagonal cross (decussate cross) or X mark is called "saltire" in heraldic and vexillological contexts. A black diagonal cross was used in an old European Union standard as the hazard symbol for irritants (Xi) or harmful chemicals (Xn). It indicated a hazard less severe than skull and crossbones , used for poisons , or

936-693: A result, the Cross of Burgundy has appeared in a wide variety of flags connected with territories formerly part of the Burgundian or Habsburg inheritance. Examples of such diversity include the Spanish naval ensign (1506-1701), the flag of Carlism (a nineteenth century Spanish conservative movement), the flag of the Dutch capital of Amsterdam and municipality of Eijsden , the flag of Chuquisaca in Bolivia and

1008-609: Is a blue field with a white saltire. According to tradition, it represents Saint Andrew , who is supposed to have been crucified on a cross of that form (called a crux decussata ) at Patras , Greece . The Saint Andrew's Cross was worn as a badge on hats in Scotland, on the day of the feast of Saint Andrew. In the politics of Scotland , both the Scottish National Party and Scottish Conservative Party use stylised saltires as their party logos, deriving from

1080-544: Is displayed in UK railway signalling as a "cancelling indicator" for the Automatic Warning System (AWS), informing the driver that the received warning can be disregarded. In Cameroon , a red "X" placed on illegally constructed buildings scheduled for demolition is occasionally referred to as a "St Andrew's Cross". It is usually accompanied by the letters "A.D." ("à détruire"—French for "to be demolished") and

1152-613: Is now incorporated as part of the Bradley Palmer State Park . The mansion became a civil defense training academy, before it fell into disrepair and was eventually leased for renovation by the Department of Conservation and Recreation . Today it is operated as a premier events venue under the name Willowdale Estate. Palmer died on November 9, 1946, due to an unspecified pulmonary illness. His body lay in state at Willow Dale before processing to Wilkes-Barre, PA. He

1224-550: Is one of the so-called ordinaries , geometric charges that span throughout (from edge to edge of) the shield. As suggested by the name saltire ("stirrup"; in French: sautoir , in German: Schragen ), the ordinary in its early use was not intended as representing a Christian cross symbol. The association with Saint Andrew is a development of the 15th to 16th centuries. The Cross of Burgundy emblem originates in

1296-585: The AM in 1889. He was a proctor that year. Returning to Wilkes-Barre he went to work in his father's law office there in 1889 at the age of 23 and passed the bar in Pennsylvania in 1890. He returned to Boston in 1891 and passed the bar in Massachusetts the following year. Until 1899 Palmer's chief work in the firm of Storey, Thorndike and Palmer had been to check the legality of bonds and then to handle

1368-596: The Burgundians , allied to the English (red cross and red Saint Andrew's cross), the flag of the victorious English ends up gathering, in 1422, under Henri VI , on its field the white and red crosses of France and England, the white and red Saint Andrew's crosses of Guyenne and Burgundy . That saltire is also represented in the pattern of some talenquères in many bullrings in Gascony. The naval ensign of

1440-511: The Cenomani . The same design is found on coins of Christian Roman emperors of the 4th to 5th centuries ( Constantius II , Valentinian , Jovian , Gratianus , Valens , Arcadius , Constantine III , Jovinus , Theodosius I , Eugenius and Theodosius II ). The letter Χ (Chi) was from an early time used as a symbol for Christ (unrelated to the Christian cross symbol, which at the time

1512-529: The Imperial Russian (1696–1917) and Russian navies (1991–present) is a blue saltire on a white field. The international maritime signal flag for M is a white saltire on a blue background, and indicates a stopped vessel. A red saltire on a white background denotes the letter V and the message "I require assistance". The flags of the Colombian archipelago of San Andrés and Providencia and

SECTION 20

#1732790857947

1584-477: The Ipswich River . Bradley Palmer chose Charles K. Cummings , a Boston architect with the firm Andrews, Jaques & Rantoul , to design his summer retreat. Cummings also designed the nearby Cummings Estate for his sister Margaret Cummings. The company hired for the stonework was Connolly Brothers of nearby Beverly, a company still in existence today. For the interior woodwork, Herbert W. Porter of Wenham

1656-640: The Low Countries , was inherited by the House of Habsburg on the extinction of the Valois ducal line. The emblem was therefore assumed by the monarchs of Spain as a consequence of the Habsburgs bringing together, in the early 16th century, their Burgundian inheritance with the other extensive possessions they inherited throughout Europe and the Americas , including the crowns of Castile and Aragon . As

1728-499: The corrosive sign. The Maria Theresa thaler has a Roman numeral ten to symbolize the 1750 debasement of the coinage, from 9 to 10 thalers to the Vienna mark (a weight of silver). A diagonal cross known as " crossbuck " is used as the conventional road sign used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing . A white diagonal cross on a blue background (or black on yellow for temporary signs)

1800-466: The 15th century, as a field sign, and as the Saint Andrew's Cross of Scotland was used in flags or banners (but not in coats of arms) from the 16th century, and used as naval ensign during the Age of Sail . When two or more saltires appear, they are usually blazoned as couped (cut off). For example, contrast the single saltire in the arms granted to G. M. W. Anderson —with the three saltires couped in

1872-827: The Alien Property Custodian. In Palmer's own words: "At the end of the War, President Wilson required someone familiar with the operations of the Alien Property Custodian to attend the peace conferences in Paris. He selected me. I had no official title, but was assigned as the representative of the United States to several sub-committees whose duty was to prepare the provisions of the treatise of economic character. Our sphere covered restoration of business relations, adjustment of private contracts, property rights and interests, and similar considerations." The elements negotiated by Palmer and his fellow economic delegates made it into

1944-542: The Ipswich River. The southern wing held the carriage house and stable. The exterior of the mansion is made from fieldstone from the surrounding farms with a red-slate roof. For the interior, Cummings used primarily cherry and oak, finished with wax so that the interior maintained a natural look. Construction of the mansion concluded in December 1902, having begun earlier that year. The interior decoration would take

2016-412: The Lamson family from William Lampson's descendant Arthur Lamson. On the property is an 18th-century farm house, also a DCR property. The now heavily forested area would have originally been empty fields and pastures, ideal for Palmer's equestrian hobbies, especially with its close proximity to the famous Myopia Hunt Club . The mansion would have had a sweeping view of the surrounding landscape, including

2088-448: The Spanish island of Tenerife also use a white saltire on a blue field. The Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro and Fortaleza also use a blue saltire on a white field, with their coats-of-arms at the hub. Saltires are also seen in several other flags, including the flags of Grenada , Jamaica , Alabama , Florida , Jersey , Logroño , Vitoria , Amsterdam , Breda , Katwijk , Potchefstroom , The Bierzo and Valdivia , as well as

2160-622: The Topsfield Historical Society from the first two decade of the Twentieth Century document his extensive communication with Ben Reid & Company, Ltd. of Aberdeen, Scotland, now known as Ben Reid Nursery & Garden Centre. Palmer believed that, owing to the shared harsh climate of Scotland and New England, Scottish plants were well suited for his idyllic retreat. When Palmer visited the Ben Reid nurseries,

2232-424: The Topsfield Historical Society state that the addition of these buildings took place intermittently between 1902 and 1915. By 1915, Palmer had come to view his "modest summer home" as a bit too modest. His rapid financial success, shown by tax records stating the amount he paid increased from $ 15,645 in 1908 to $ 128,574 in 1923, meant a need for a home that could entertain guests beyond just a few intimate friends. For

Willowdale Estate - Misplaced Pages Continue

2304-414: The coat of Kemble Greenwood. Diminutive forms include the fillet saltire , usually considered half or less the width of the saltire, and the saltorel , a narrow or couped saltire. A field (party) per saltire is divided into four areas by a saltire-shaped "cut". If two tinctures are specified, the first refers to the areas above (in chief) and below (in base) the crossing, and the second refers to

2376-622: The company arranged a meeting between the local Aberdeen gardener William Keith and Palmer. The story goes that Palmer was impressed by Keith, but, despite being a bachelor himself, Palmer had a policy that his employees be married. Palmer suggested that if Keith found a wife in the three days before Palmer sailed, he was welcome to take the job in Massachusetts. Keith apparently took this to heart, and three days later he and his new wife embarked with Palmer back to Topsfield. After twenty years of happy marriage, Mrs. Keith passed away at Willow Dale. Soon after, Bill Keith, evidently worried that this violated

2448-487: The company to their daughter Briar Rose Forsythe. In 1999 they began restoring the property, a process that would last nearly a decade. Besides of having to get the building up to code as an events venue, including installing modern plumbing, electricity, and heating, the building was in terrible disarray. The roof was in danger of collapse, thus a new red slate roof had to be installed. Finally, in 2007, Briar Forsythe opened her own events, catering and planning company calling

2520-523: The era, such as the Breakers or even the neighboring Crane Estate , Willow Dale is simple. For example, Willow Dale uses comparable materials to these mansions, such as Italian marble and oak, there is minimal design work. The marble is unpolished and the wood uses a wax finish, so that natural forms of the elements are apparent. The use of fieldstone from the former Lamson farm in the exterior contributes to mansion's subliminal weight, while also respecting

2592-717: The flag of Scotland. Furthermore, the Scottish Government uses the flag as its official symbol on Scottish Government publications, including letters, documents and press releases. Prior to the Union , the Royal Scots Navy used a red ensign incorporating the St Andrew's Cross; this ensign is now sometimes flown as part of an unofficial civil ensign in Scottish waters . With its colours exchanged (and

2664-591: The flags of Florida and Alabama in the United States. Gascony has not had any institutional unity since the 11th century, hence several flags are currently used in the territory. Legend says that this flag appeared in the time of Pope Clement III to gather the Gascons during the Third Crusade (12th century). That flag, sometimes called "Union Gascona" (Gascon Union), contains the St Andrew 's cross,

2736-524: The former Confederacy. Anne Roes (1937) identifies a design consisting of two crossing diagonal lines in a rectangle, sometimes with four dots or balls in the four quarters, as an emblem or vexillum (standard) of Persepolis during the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC. Roes also finds the design in Argive vase painting , and still earlier in button seals of the Iranian Chalcolithic. Roes also notes

2808-728: The former Indian princely states of Khairpur , Rajkot and Jaora . The design is also part of the Confederate Battle Flag and Naval Jack used during the American Civil War (see Flags of the Confederate States of America ). Arthur L. Rogers, designer of the final version of the Confederate National flag, claimed that it was based on the saltire of Scotland. The saltire is used on modern-day Southern U.S. state flags to honour

2880-402: The history of the area surrounding the mansion. Even after the 1915 renovation, when Palmer's wealth had substantially increased, the interior design maintains the unified commitment to simplicity found in the original work. The design work added at this time refined many rougher elements of the original mansion, such as changing the materials used for the fireplaces and adding natural ornaments to

2952-534: The interior woodwork, while keeping its rustic charm. Also added during the 1915 renovation were a number of stained glass windows , particularly in the dining room, which feature mythical figures, quotes from Virgil and Shakespeare, and the Palmer family crest. One of the more surprising features of the dining room is a large Madonna of Light mosaic taken from a Mexican church during one of Palmer's business trips for United Fruit Company . Many describe Willow Dale as

Willowdale Estate - Misplaced Pages Continue

3024-406: The job, Palmer again hired Cummings, who added a significant addition to the house's southern wing. The entrance changed from the north wing, directly under Palmer's bedroom, to the western face of the house where it still is today. In the south wing, the stable became a formal dining room, while the coach house became a ballroom, complete with an orchestra balcony, though the exterior of both remained

3096-544: The land around Willow Dale became what is now Bradley Palmer State Park , while the State of Massachusetts began using the mansion as a civil defense training academy in 1949. The formal dining room became a recreation room with a ping-pong table, while the once grand ballroom was used for drills and the occasional conference. Due to lack of funds, the building fell into disrepair over the next fifty years, eventually being deemed unfit for use for anything besides storage. The mansion

3168-492: The late medieval period. The tradition according to which this saint was crucified on a decussate cross is not found in early hagiography. Depictions of Saint Andrew being crucified in this manner first appear in the 10th century, but do not become standard before the 17th century. Reference to the saltire as "St Andrew's Cross" is made by the Parliament of Scotland (where Andrew had been adopted as patron saint ) in 1385, in

3240-609: The legal business of the Boston Fruit Company, the company of Andrew W. Preston , a Boston banana importer. In that year, however, he created the United Fruit Company by a merger of Preston's firm and the banana import business of Minor Cooper Keith . He became a director and a permanent member of the executive committee, while his law partners were listed as executives. Their first move was to buy outright or buy an interest in 14 competitors. They now had

3312-506: The mansion, moving the stables and coach house to separate buildings and replacing them with a dining room and ballroom respectively. He also added an addition for a screened patio, guest rooms, and servants quarters. This ultimately gave Willowdale the form it has today. By 1944, Palmer had donated all of his land holdings in Massachusetts to the Commonwealth, leasing back the 107 acres (0.43 km ) surrounding his mansion. The estate

3384-532: The mansion. Palmer and Cummings designed Willow Dale in the Arts and Crafts style. Arts and Crafts architecture built on the philosophical momentum of the Gothic Revival begun in England under the works of authors such as John Ruskin , Augustus Pugin , and William Morris . Ruskin's The Seven Lamps of Architecture served as a philosophical manifesto for the movement while Morris was the embodiment of

3456-451: The means. At one point, he owned over 10,000 acres (40 km ) on the North Shore of Massachusetts in towns such as Boxford , Georgetown , Hamilton , Ipswich , Rowley , and Topsfield. In 1898 Palmer purchased the hereditary farm holdings of the Lamson family, some 747 acres (3.02 km ). This would become the estate in which he resided, known as Willow Dale . The mansion was built in 1902 by Charles K. Cummings, who described

3528-407: The movement's ideals. These three major ideals, simplicity, unified expression, and use of regional traditions, derived from both medievalism and anti-industrial sentiments. Willow Dale incorporates these ideals. Palmer intentionally desired his home to be "a modest country retreat." To modern visitors, the mansion may seem to have failed in this regard. However, when compared with other mansions of

3600-578: The occurrence of a very similar if not identical vexillum which repeatedly occurs in Gaulish coins of c. the 2nd to 1st century BC, in a recurring design where it is held by a charioteer in front of his human-headed horse. A large number of coins of this type (118 out of 152 items) forms part of the Les Sablons hoard of the 1st century BC, discovered in Le Mans between 1991 and 1997, associated with

3672-588: The ones on either side (in the flanks). Otherwise, each of the four divisions may be blazoned separately. The phrase in saltire or saltirewise is used in two ways: Division of the field per saltire was notably used by the Aragonese kings of Sicily beginning in the 14th century ( Frederick the Simple ), showing the pales of Aragon and the "Hohenstaufen" eagle (argent an eagle sable ). The Flag of Scotland , called The Saltire or Saint Andrew's Cross ,

SECTION 50

#1732790857947

3744-444: The original structure as having, a rather unusual arrangement, the master’s house, the quarters for a farmer or caretaker, and the stable, all being joined together under one roof. This was done with a view to economy of construction and management; and especially during the winter months this grouping together of quarters, which more often appear as separate buildings, has been found convenient and agreeable In 1915, Palmer renovated

3816-588: The patron saint of Bordeaux and the red color of English kingdom , which reigned over Gascony from 12th to mid-15th century. In Tome 14 of the Grande Encyclopédie , published in France between 1886 and 1902 by Henri Lamirault , it says during the hard times of the Hundred Years' War and the terrible struggles between the Armagnacs , representing the national party (white cross) and

3888-482: The property "Willowdale Estate". Willowdale Estate hosted its first event, a wedding, on 7-7-2007. Today, the estate offers full service events planning for both corporate and private events. A full-time catering staff is present along with events coordinators. Willowdale Estate has been awarded numerous awards including the 2016 A-list "Best Wedding Venue" award for the greater Boston area. Bradley Palmer Bradley Webster Palmer (June 28, 1866 – November 9, 1946)

3960-687: The public on at least a biannual basis. In doing so the "DCR secures the long-term preservation of threatened historic sites and Curators exchange their hard work and unique skills for the opportunity to live or work in a one-of-a-kind location." In 1999, the Forsythe-Fandetti family signed a fifty-year lease with the DCR with the intent of turning the property into an events venue. The Forsythe-Fandettis had already restored multiple historic properties in Cambridge, Massachusetts and gave management of

4032-519: The saltire came to be used in a number of flags, in the 16th century for Scotland and Burgundy , in the 18th century also as the ensign of the Russian Navy , and for Ireland . Notable 19th-century usage includes some of the flags of the Confederate States of America . It is also used in the flag of Jamaica and on seals , and as a heraldic charge in coats of arms . The term saltirewise or in saltire refers to heraldic charges arranged as

4104-421: The same. The dining room became an eclectic mix of classical, medieval, and even Central American artwork, while the ballroom resembles a medieval great hall. The interior of the mansion became more elegant with the addition of a number of stained glass windows and the replacement of small, tile fireplaces with ornate, Italian marble ones. Italian artisans were hired to do the design work on the fireplaces as well as

4176-493: The separate U.S.–German Peace Treaty in 1921. For his work during the Paris Peace Conference, Palmer was decorated by France, Belgium, and Romania, as well as receiving a letter of commendation from the United States government. He then returned home and began practicing law again. Beginning in 1891 Palmer began to acquire land. An equestrian and nature-lover, he continued to purchase land as he accumulated

4248-644: The state of Massachusetts. These lands today make up the 721-acre (292 ha) Bradley Palmer State Park in Topsfield, Massachusetts . The American Palmers in Palmer's ancestral line came from William Palmer, Nottinghamshire , who was possibly one of the original Scrooby congregation of puritan separatists. He sailed on the vessel Fortune in 1621 from Plymouth, England , to Plymouth, Massachusetts , settling finally in Duxbury . His grandfather on his father's side, Gideon, moved to Pennsylvania in 1836. Palmer

4320-421: The terms of his employment, quickly wrote his wife's sister back in Scotland, asking for her hand in marriage. She accepted, moved to Willow Dale, and the two remained married the remainder of Keith's life. The Scottish connection carries throughout Palmer's home, not just in the landscaping. The prominent Cross of St. Andrew on the library mantelpiece demonstrates this, as well as the numerous Jacobean elements of

4392-608: The woodwork in the ballroom and new entrance. Palmer meticulously oversaw the landscaping of his new summer home. He imported plants to the estate from across the America, but especially his native Pennsylvania and New Hampshire.He consulted widely with botanists and gardeners in the Boston area, who recommended nurseries both domestic and foreign. One of his most remarkable influences was Scotland, where he not only got plants for his garden, but also his gardener. A series of letters held by

SECTION 60

#1732790857947

4464-532: The work done by the boys. Until the 1990s a statue of Ellen Palmer stood on the city commons in Wilkes-Barre. Palmer's parents sent him to Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire , where he was admitted at the age of 16 in 1882. At Exeter, Palmer was involved in The Exonian , debate club, the Christian Fraternity, and the G. L. Soule Literary Society, as well as playing tennis, baseball, and lacrosse, and being his class secretary. From there he went immediately to Harvard University , receiving an AB in 1888. He

4536-424: Was a prominent U.S. attorney and businessman. He was involved with the creation and development of multiple corporations, including the United Fruit Company , Gillette Safety Razor Corp., and International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation . He was also part of the American delegation at the Paris Peace Conference following the First World War. From 1937 to 1944, Palmer donated his extensive land holdings to

4608-406: Was a treasurer of the Harvard Lampoon and a member of the Hasty Pudding Club . He played football and baseball for his class teams, and he was a member of the Institute of 1770 (later merged with the Hasty Pudding Club), Delta Kappa Epsilon , the Historical Club, the Finance Club, the St. Paul's Society, and the Varsity Club. He stayed on an extra year in Harvard University School of Law , earning

4680-406: Was added to the Department of Conservation and Recreation's list of threatened historic properties. In 1994, the DCR began its Historic Curatorship Program designed to restore properties threatened by neglect and vandalism. In the program, a curator leases a property rent free from the DCR for a duration of twenty or more years, agreeing to front the money for the restoration and open the property to

4752-436: Was born on June 28, 1866, in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. His father was Henry W. Palmer , who served as Attorney General of the State of Pennsylvania, 1879–1883, and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives , 1901–1907 and 1909. His mother, Ellen W. Palmer , was an essential figure in fighting for the rights of breaker boys in Pennsylvania. She promoted child literacy and appropriate wages, equal to those of adults for

4824-420: Was chosen. Cummings conceived Willow Dale (as it was originally called) as a single U-shaped building that included domestic, equestrian, and agricultural functions. In an article for Architectural Review in 1904, Cummings describes the layout of the building as a rather unusual arrangement, the master’s house, the quarters for a farmer or caretaker, and the stable, all being joined together under one roof. This

4896-405: Was done with a view to economy of construction and management; and especially during the winter months this grouping together of quarters, which more often appear as separate buildings, has been found convenient and agreeable The north wing of the house was used for domestic functions, with a dining room, guest rooms, a study, and Palmer's master suite above the entrance so that he could look out at

4968-512: Was given a T-shape ). The vexillum on imperial coins from the 4th century was sometimes shown as the Labarum , surmounted by or displaying the Chi-Rho monogram rather than just the crux decussata . The emblem of the crux decussata in a rectangle, sometimes with four dots or balls, re-appears in coins the Byzantine Empire , in the 9th to 10th centuries. Roes suggested that early Christians endorsed its solar symbolism as appropriate to Christ . The association with Saint Andrew develops in

5040-469: Was interred in Hollenback Cemetery with his mother and father. Their tombstone also contains a memorial to Palmer's brother, Henry Palmer, who had died at sea six days before Palmer. Saltire A saltire , also called Saint Andrew's Cross or the crux decussata , is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross . The word comes from the Middle French sautoir , Medieval Latin saltatoria (" stirrup "). From its use as field sign ,

5112-444: Was possibly an attorney for Sinclair Oil during the Teapot Dome scandal . Palmer never married, but was involved in the social life of the North Shore of Massachusetts, which is relatively densely populated with horse farms. He belonged to Myopia Hunt Club in Hamilton, Massachusetts , known for its equestrianism. Palmer hosted club events on his estate. Palmer died in 1946. Palmer enjoyed numerous individualisms, such as smoking

5184-744: Was required. All of members of the APC served without pay. He also was appointed as counsel to the Capital Issues Committee. In 1918 he was also appointed to an advisory committee supporting the Federal Reserve Board , also serving without pay. He was the board's lawyer. After the War, Palmer continued serving his country after being appointed by President Wilson to the delegation to the Paris Peace Conference . Wilson chose Palmer because of his experience with

#946053