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53-398: From 2001, two winners have been chosen each year, one by students in grades 3 to 5 and one by students in grades 6 to 8 , from separate lists of books. The award website includes an archive of annual Master Lists that is complete back to the list of 18 books for school year 1952–53. Curriculum Guides "designed to be used in teaching or preparing instructional units" are prepared for books on

106-589: A middle school or junior high school. A middle school is for students sixth grade , seventh grade and eighth grade and a junior high school is only for students in seventh and eighth grade. The second is the ISCED upper secondary phase, a high school or senior high school for students ninth grade through twelfth grade. There is some debate over the optimum age of transfer, and variation in some states; also, middle school often includes grades that are almost always considered primary school . Today " Academy "

159-479: A middle school . In 2016, there were 88,665 elementary schools (66,758 public and 21,907 private) in the United States. Some private schools, and public schools, are offering pre-kindergarten (also known as pre-K) as part of elementary school. Twelve states ( Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Iowa , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , Oklahoma , West Virginia , Wisconsin , and Vermont ) as well as

212-448: A 4-year, 5-year, 6-year or 7-year public or private elementary school. Upon successful completion of their elementary education students then proceed to middle school , also known as junior high school. Depending on the school district, some students attend separate middle schools, beginning at 6th grade and then completing at 8th grade before they transition to high school , also known as senior high school. Additionally, students may have

265-445: A better grade. If a student does not have the total required credits needed to graduate at the end of their senior year of high school , the student will stay for another year or until they meet the required amount of credits. On the contrary, if a student earns enough credits required to graduate before the end of their senior year (usually at the end of 11th grade or the middle of 12th grade ) they can graduate early. Depending on

318-435: A few years before marriage. High school enrollment increased when schools at this level became free tuition, and when compulsory education laws required teenagers to attend until a certain age. It was believed that every American student had the opportunity to participate regardless of their ability. In 1892, in response to many competing academic philosophies being promoted at the time, a working group of educators, known as

371-438: A few years but others were created and by 1860 6,415 were in operation nationwide. The first public secondary schools started around the 1830s and 40s within the wealthier areas of similar income levels and greatly expanded after 1865 into the 1890s. Many high schools in the 19th century contained a "normal school" which trained students as teachers in common schools. Most of those enrolled were young women planning to teach

424-711: A foreign language or advanced math and science classes in middle school. Typically schools will offer Spanish and French ; and, often German ; and, sometimes Latin ; Chinese , Japanese , and/or Greek . In addition to Pre-Algebra and other high school mathematics prep courses, Algebra I and Geometry are both commonly taught. Schools also offer Earth Science, Life Science, or Physical Science classes. Physical education classes (also called "PE", "phys ed", Kinesiology, or "gym") are usually mandatory for various periods. For social studies, some schools offer U.S. History , Geography , and World History classes. Many also have honors classes for motivated and gifted students, where

477-414: A free education to any student who chose to stay in school for 12 years to get a diploma with a minimal grade point average. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court case, Brown v. Board of Education , made desegregation of elementary and high schools mandatory, although private Christian schools expanded rapidly following this ruling to accommodate white families attempting to avoid desegregation. By 1955,

530-582: A half-day instruction/approved work program in senior year as the purpose of the program is to prepare students for gainful employment without a college degree. The level of specialization allowed varies depending on both the state and district the school is located in. Many states require courses in the "core" areas of English (or Language Arts), Science , Social Studies (or History), and Mathematics every year although others allow more choice after 10th grade. Three science courses, biology , chemistry , and physics are usually offered. Many schools follow

583-427: A modified diploma. Usually, to graduate, students need to take and pass four years of English (or Language Arts) classes, four years of Social Studies (or History) classes, three years of Math classes, (but four are recommended), Three years of Science classes, (but four are recommended), two years of Foreign language classes, one year of a Health education class, one year of a Physical education class, and

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636-682: A new requirement in 2006. This requirement has been an object of controversy when states have started to withhold diplomas, and the right to attend commencement exercises, if a student does not meet the standards set by the state. Pressure to allow people and organizations to create new Charter schools developed during the 1980s and were embraced by the American Federation of Teachers in 1988. These would be legally and financially autonomous public school free from many state laws and district regulations, and accountable more for student outcomes rather than for processes or inputs. Minnesota

689-481: A part of President Lyndon B. Johnson 's War on Poverty , provided funds for primary and secondary education known as Title I funding while explicitly forbidding the establishment of a national curriculum . It emphasized equal access to education and established high standards and accountability. The bill also aimed to shorten the achievement gaps between students by providing every child with fair and equal opportunities to achieve an exceptional education. After 1980,

742-541: A policy of easy and open enrollment. The shift from theoretical to a more practical approach in curriculum also resulted in an increase of skilled blue-collar workers. The open enrollment nature and relatively relaxed standards, such as ease of repeating a grade, also contributed to the boom in secondary schooling. There was an increase in educational attainment, primarily from the grass-roots movement of building and staffing public high schools. By mid-century, comprehensive high schools became common, which were designed to give

795-427: A secondary school, Amherst Academy; it opened December 1814. The academy incorporated in 1816, and eventually counted among its students Emily Dickinson , Sylvester Graham , and Mary Lyon (founder of Mount Holyoke College ). By 1821 it added a higher education with Amherst College . Besides religion, the academy movement arose from a public sense that education in the classic disciplines needed to be extended into

848-447: A test given later in the school year, they are given college credit at participating universities . Public high schools offer a wide variety of elective courses, which are classes that don't fall under any of the 'core' categories. Students usually choose to take elective classes tailored to their personality, interests, and after school activities. The availability of such courses depends upon each particular school, varying based on what

901-460: A varying number of elective classes. Grades in American schools range from A (90% to 100%) to F (59% and below), excluding E. To pass a class and receive a credit for it, students usually need to receive a grade between A to D, or 100% to 60%. F, or 59% and below would be failing and students wouldn't receive credit for the class. An A grade is for greatly exceeding the expected standard, a B grade

954-832: A writer declined because of a conflict on the celebration date and was replaced as the White Award winner. There were 49 winners of the single William Allen White Book Children's Book Award in its 48 years through 2000, with two winners in 1974. Primary education in the United States Primary education in the United States (also called elementary education ) refers to the first seven to nine years of formal education in most jurisdictions, often in elementary schools , including middle schools. Preschool programs, which are less formal and usually not mandated by law, are generally not considered part of primary education. The first year of primary education

1007-509: A year-long course. Additional study options can include classes in Sociology , and Psychology . Many states require a health or wellness course in order to graduate. The class typically covers basic anatomy , nutrition , first aid , sexual education , and how to make responsible decisions regarding illegal drugs , tobacco , and alcohol . In some places, contraception is not allowed to be taught for religious reasons. In some places,

1060-399: Is a general term referring to post-secondary education, especially the most elite or liberal arts part of it. However, in the 18th and 19th century, an "academy" was what later became known as a high school. In most towns there were no public schools above the primary level. The typical college at first included a preparatory unit, which it dropped by 1900. In the nineteenth century an academy

1113-520: Is a sharp transition from the primary or elementary school model in which students remain with a single teacher in a single classroom.) The classes are usually a set of four or five (if foreign language is included in the curriculum) core academic classes ( English or " language arts ," science , mathematics , history or " social studies ," and in some schools, foreign language ) with two to four other classes, either electives, supplementary, or remedial academic classes. Some students also start taking

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1166-401: Is commonly referred to as kindergarten and begins at or around age 5 or 6. Subsequent years are usually numbered being referred to as first grade , second grade , and so forth. Elementary schools normally continue through sixth grade, which the students normally complete when they are age 11 or 12. Some elementary schools graduate after the 4th or 5th grade and transition students into

1219-412: Is expected to carefully supervise their students at all times (apart from lunch and recess). Well-financed schools can hire specialists to provide instruction in specific subject matter like art, music, and science; at such schools, a teacher will hand off their entire class to specialists for such units and then resume supervision of the class afterwards. This is distinct from the course model followed at

1272-982: Is for exceeding the expected standard, a C is the expected standard, a D is falling behind the expected standard, and an F (or fail) is greatly behind the expected standard. Sometimes a letter grade can have a + or a - next to it, related to what percentage was given. Instructors may choose to have the lowest possible grade be a 50%, and only grade 0% to assignments that have not been turned in. Middle schools and junior high schools are schools that which straddle elementary and high school education. "Middle" schools commonly serve sixth grade , seventh grade , and eighth grade , while "junior high" schools usually exclude sixth grade and can sometimes include ninth grade instead. Rarely, middle and junior high schools can also include fifth grade . Upon arrival in middle school or junior high school, students begin to enroll in class schedules in which they will take classes with several teachers in different classrooms on any given day. (This

1325-435: Is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds. The U.S. government may also propose, but cannot enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. Many high schools in the United States offer a choice of vocational or college prep curriculum. Schools that offer vocational programs include a very high level of technical specialization, e.g., auto mechanics or carpentry, with

1378-438: Is taught at all in a secondary school should be taught in the same way and to the same extent to every pupil so long as he pursues it, no matter what the probable destination of the pupil may be, or at what point his education is to cease." Between 1910 and 1940, the high school movement resulted in rapidly increasing founding of public high schools in many cities and towns and later with further expansions in each locality with

1431-467: Is the largest U.S. association dedicated to promoting this type of education. High schools in the United States base if students are able to graduate based off how many credits they have earned. How many credits are required to graduate and how many credits students earn from classes vary state by state. As an example, in Oregon , students are required to obtain a total of 24 credits before they graduate. At

1484-665: The District of Columbia offer some form of universal pre-kindergarten according to the Education Commission of the States (ECS). The first three to five years of an individual’s life can be the most critical period of their education (preschool). During this time period young minds work on several physical, intellectual, and emotional developments, including curiosity , formation of character, personality , cognition, language skills, and social skills. Since 1965,

1537-530: The " Committee of Ten " was established by the National Education Association . It recommended twelve years of instruction, consisting of eight years of elementary education followed by four years of high school. Rejecting suggestions that high schools should divide students into college-bound and working-trades groups from the start, and in some cases also by race or ethnic background, they unanimously recommended that "every subject which

1590-490: The 50 states and the national capital of Washington, D.C. , and 59% of these had waiting lists. Authority to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states, with direct authority of the U.S. Congress and the federal U.S. Department of Education being limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights. Great indirect authority is, however, exercised through federal funding of national programs and block grants although there

1643-497: The United States . It culminates with twelfth grade (age 17–18) . Whether it begins with sixth grade (age 11–12) or seventh grade (age 12–13) varies by state and sometimes by school district. Secondary education in the United States occurs in two phases. The first. as classified by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), is the lower secondary phase, either called

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1696-515: The arts. Some schools have been set up for students who do not succeed with normal academic standards; while others, like Harvey Milk High School , have even been created for special social groups such as LGBT students. Most states operate special residential schools for the blind and deaf , although a substantial number of such students are mainstreamed into standard schools. Several operate residential high schools for highly gifted students in specialized areas such as science, mathematics, or

1749-465: The building can support and if the school can afford to hold them. Electives may be taken over the course of a full year or over the course of an academic term . Students are usually required to take several elective classes over the course of high school to graduate. This can include physical education and foreign language classes, but sometimes these are separate. Common types of electives include: The Association for Career and Technical Education

1802-533: The circumstances, students may receive a diploma different from the standard. Students that take a certain number of honors classes or college credit classes can receive an advanced diploma. The highest-performing student in the grade usually receives the valedictorian title, along with a special diploma. On the contrary, students with extenuating circumstances (for example, the COVID-19 pandemic ) that negatively impacted or interrupted their learning may receive

1855-647: The control given to students varies from state to state and school to school. The schools are managed by local school districts rather than by the central government. Some states and cities offer special high schools with examinations to admit only the highest performing students, such as Boston Latin School , several schools in the New York City Specialized High School system or Alexandria, Virginia 's Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology . Other high schools cater to

1908-414: The country offer Advanced Placement (AP) or International Baccalaureate (IB) courses to be taken instead of the ones created by the school and/or school district . These classes have a standard curriculum, making them easy to study for, but are more rigorous as they are college level. Students may take these for classes they are more proficient in if they want a challenge. If students earn a good score on

1961-839: The curriculum set by Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). Other science courses offered at high schools include geology , ecology , astronomy , health , and forensic . High school math courses typically include Pre-algebra , Algebra I , Geometry , Algebra II with trigonometry classes. Advanced study options can include Precalculus , Calculus , and Statistics . English and language classes are usually required for four years of high school although many schools count journalism , public speaking/debate, foreign language , literature , drama , and writing (both technical and creative) classes as English/Language classes. Social studies classes include History , Political Science , Economics and Geography . Political science and Economics classes are sometimes combined as two semesters of

2014-447: The end of a semester (halfway through the school year), the student earns 0.5 credits for each class they have a passing grade in (usually above 50%). If the student does not earn a credit, they are able to earn the credit through retaking the class, taking a specific credit recovery class, taking the class at a summer school , or taking the same or an equivalent class online . These options are also available for students who wish to get

2067-440: The enrollment rates of secondary schools in the United States were around 80%, higher than enrollment rates in most or all European countries. The goal became to minimize the number who exited at the mandatory attendance age, which varies by state between 14 and 18 years of age, and become considered to be dropouts , at risk of economic failure. In 1965, the far-reaching Elementary and Secondary Education Act ('ESEA'), passed as

2120-434: The establishment of neighborhood, district, or community high schools in the larger cities which may have had one or two schools since the 19th century. High school enrollment and graduation numbers and rates increased markedly, mainly due to the building of new schools, and a practical curriculum based on gaining skills "for life" rather than "for college". There was a shift towards local decision making by school districts, and

2173-625: The federal government has promoted the growth of state-funded programs such as Head Start , a program under the United States Department of Health and Human Services . By 2020, it had served over 37 million preschool-aged children and their families; in fiscal year 2019 alone it served over 1 million children. Head Start also works to educate the whole child in addition to providing health and nutrition services to low-income families. Elementary schools are schools that span grades K or 1 through 4, 5, or 6. Students may attend either

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2226-413: The growth in educational attainment decreased, which caused the growth of the educated workforce to slow down. Under the education reform movement started in the early 1990s by many state legislatures and the federal government, about two-thirds of the nation's public high school students are required to pass a graduation exam , usually at the 10th and higher grade levels, though no new states had adopted

2279-458: The health and physical education class are combined into one class or are offered in alternate semesters. In some private schools, such as Catholic schools , theology is required before a student graduates. Two years of physical education (usually referred to as "gym," "PE" or "phys ed" by students) is commonly required, although some states and school districts require that all students take Physical Education every term . Most high schools in

2332-479: The middle school, high school, and college levels, in which students enroll in various courses each semester which are usually taught in different classrooms by different teachers, and therefore must move from one classroom to the next during the school day. Secondary education in the United States#High school Secondary education is the last six or seven years of statutory formal education in

2385-446: The option of attending elementary schools that include all eight primary grades. In this case, the student will directly proceed to high school, or senior high school. In most U.S. elementary schools , a class of students is assigned to a particular teacher and classroom for an entire school year. Those students will spend the vast majority of that school year together in that one classroom learning from that one teacher, and that teacher

2438-814: The pre-collegiate academy. Several colleges were indirectly influenced by the academy model, including Brown University in Rhode Island and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. It evolved into the University of Pennsylvania . By 1840 3,204 academies and similar secondary schools were in operation. Most lasted only

2491-636: The previous year's fifth graders. Schools that miss AYP for a second consecutive year are publicly labeled as in need of improvement, and students have the option to transfer to a better school within the school district, if such options exist. Standards-based education has been embraced in most states which changed the measurement of success to academic achievement, rather than the completion of 12 years of education. By 2006, two-thirds of students lived in states with effective standards requiring passing tests to ensure that all graduates had achieved these standards. By 2009, charter schools were operating in 41 of

2544-861: The quality of education is higher and much more is expected from the enrolled student. Intermediate school is an uncommon term, and can either be a synonym for middle school (notably as used by the New York City public schools) or for schools that encompass the latter years of elementary education prior to middle school/junior high school, serving grades 3 or 4 through 5 or 6. These can also be called 'upper elementary' schools. High schools , or senior high schools, are schools that span grades 8, 9, or 10 through 12. Most American high schools are comprehensive high schools and accept all students from their local area, regardless of ability or vocational/college track. Students have significant control of their education, and may choose even their core classes, although

2597-566: The western states. Thousands of academies were started using local funds and tuition; most closed after a few years and others were established. In 1860 there were 6,415 academies in operation. When the Civil War erupted in 1861 they generally closed down temporarily; most in the South never reopened. Like Amherst, a number of colleges began as (high school) academies, then became a college by adding post-secondary unit, and then finally dropped

2650-555: The year's Master List and some past Guides are available. Currently (as of October 2019), the annual celebration at Emporia early in October includes a Friday evening "Read-Ins and Sleepovers" with space for 100 people. After Saturday morning activities, student representatives present medals to the winning writers at the Awards Ceremony. Travel to Emporia is an incentive in some classroom reading programs. At least once (2011),

2703-522: Was renamed the college and Academy and Charitable School of Philadelphia. Today, it is known as the University of Pennsylvania . The United States Military Academy was formed in 1802 as a college. It never included a preparatory unit. The religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening stimulated Protestant denominations to open academies and colleges. In the small town of Amherst, Massachusetts in 1812, funds were raised for

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2756-479: Was the first state to pass a charter school law in 1991. In 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act required all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students. Schools that receive Title I funding must make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) in test scores; for instance, each year, fifth graders must do better on standardized tests than

2809-404: Was what later became known as a high school; in most places in the U.S. there were no public schools above the primary level. Some older high schools, such as Corning Free Academy , retained the term in their names (Corning Free Academy, demoted to a middle school , closed in 2014). In 1753, Benjamin Franklin established the academy and Charitable School of the Province of Pennsylvania. In 1755, it

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