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77-465: William Camden (2 May 1551 – 9 November 1623) was an English antiquarian , historian, topographer , and herald , best known as author of Britannia , the first chorographical survey of the islands of Great Britain and Ireland that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history, and the Annales , the first detailed historical account of the reign of Elizabeth I of England . William Camden

154-535: A Latin translation of the trial of the Gunpowder Plotters , aimed at an international readership; an unpublished essay on printing; and a number of Latin poems. In 1609 Camden moved to Chislehurst in Kent, now south-east London. Though often in ill health, he continued to work diligently. In 1622 he founded an endowed lectureship in history at Oxford – the first in the world – which continues to this day as

231-457: A collection of spaces and resources focused around the court as a center of power and distribution of favors. Lilti paints a picture of a reciprocal relationship between men of letters and salonnières. Salonnières attracted the finest men of letters through gift-giving or regular allowance in order to boost the reputation of the salons. For salon hosts and hostesses, they were not merely sources of information, but also important points of relay in

308-459: A community. The philosophes , by contrast, represented a new generation of men of letters who were consciously controversial and politically subversive. Moreover, they were urbane popularizers, whose style and lifestyle was much more in tune with the sensibilities of the aristocratic elite who set the tone for the reading public. Goodman's approach has found favor with the medical historian Thomas Broman . Building on Habermas, Broman argues that

385-523: A degree. In 1575, he became Usher of Westminster School , a position that gave him the freedom to travel and pursue his antiquarian researches during school vacations. In 1577, with the encouragement of Abraham Ortelius , Camden began his great work Britannia , a topographical and historical survey of all of Great Britain and Ireland. His stated intention was to "restore antiquity to Britaine, and Britain to his antiquity". The first edition, written in Latin ,

462-413: A fiction of equality that never dissolved differences in status but nonetheless made them bearable. The "grands" (high-ranking nobles) only played the game of mutual esteem as long as they kept the upper hand. Men of letters were well aware of this rule, never confusing the politeness of the salons with equality in conversation. As well, the advantages that writers gained from visiting salons extended to

539-475: A gradual movement towards an international Respublica with set channels of communication and particular points of focus (e.g. university towns and publishing houses), or simply the home of a respected figure. Many learned periodicals began as imitations or rivals of publications originating after the mid-17th century. It is generally acknowledged that the Journal des Sçavans , a French journal started in 1665,

616-540: A more popular companion to Britannia . This was the only book Camden wrote in English, and, contrary to his own misleading description of it in the first edition (1605) as being merely the "rude rubble and out-cast rubbish" of a greater and more serious work (i.e. Britannia ), manuscript evidence clearly indicates that he planned this book early on and as a quite separate project. Remaines subsequently ran into many editions. The standard modern edition, edited by R. D. Dunn,

693-584: A rhetoric. For her, it was essentially an open-minded discourse of discovery where like-minded intellectuals adopted a traditionally feminine mode of discussion to explore the great problems of life. Enlightenment discourse was purposeful gossip and indissolubly connected with the Parisian salons. In 2003, Susan Dalton published Engendering the Republic of Letters: Reconnecting Public and Private Spheres . Dalton supports Dena Goodman's view that women played

770-600: A role in the Enlightenment. In 1995, Anne Goldgar published Impolite Learning: Conduct and Community in the Republic of Letters, 1680–1750 . Goldgar sees the Republic as a cluster of learned scholars and scientists, whose correspondence and published works (usually in Latin) reveal a community of conservative scholars with preference for substance over style. Lacking any common institutional attachments and finding it difficult to attract aristocratic and courtly patrons,

847-539: A role in the collapse of the Ancien Régime . This attention to the mechanisms of dissemination and promotion has led historians to debate the importance of the Republic of Letters during the Enlightenment. In 1994, Dena Goodman published The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment . In this feminist work, she described the Enlightenment not as a set of ideas but as

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924-480: A strong influence on colonial American letters. During this period, the variety of institutions used for transmitting ideas did not exist in America. Aside from the largely arbitrarily assembled booksellers' stocks, an occasional overseas correspondence, and the publisher's or printer's advertisements to be found in the back of the books, the only way colonial intellectuals could keep alive their philosophical interests

1001-402: A true periodical press was slow, but once this principle was established it was only a matter of time before printers would perceive that the public was also interested in the world of scholarship. Formerly the domain of "les savants " and " érudits ," the Republic of Letters now became the province of "les curieux ." Historians have long understood that the English and French periodicals had

1078-493: A well-governed Republic of Letters. From 1765 until 1776, men of letters and those who wanted to be counted among the citizens of their Republic could meet in Parisian salons any day of the week. The salons were literary institutions that relied on a new ethic of polite sociability based on hospitality, distinction, and the entertainment of the elite. The salons were open to intellectuals, who used them to find protectors and sponsors and to fashion themselves as 'hommes du monde.' In

1155-452: Is based on the surviving manuscript material and the three editions published in Camden's lifetime (1605, 1614, and 1623). Editions published after 1623 are unreliable and contain unauthentic material, especially the bowdlerized edition of 1636 by John Philipot . Thomas Moule 's edition of 1870, of which many copies survive, is based on Philipot's 1674 edition. Camden's Remaines is often

1232-722: Is the father of all journals. The first of the Dutch-based ones, and also the first of the genuinely "critical" journals, the Nouvelles de la République des Lettres , edited by Pierre Bayle , appeared in March 1684, followed in 1686 by the Bibliothèque Universelle of Jean Le Clerc . While French and Latin predominated, there was also soon a demand for book news and reviews in German and Dutch. The evolution of

1309-523: The Camden Professor of Ancient History . That same year he was struck with paralysis . He died at Chislehurst on 9 November 1623, and was buried at Westminster Abbey , where his monument, incorporating a demi-figure of Camden holding a copy of the Britannia , can still be seen in the south transept (" Poets' Corner "). Camden left his books to his former pupil and friend Sir Robert Cotton ,

1386-655: The Reader , and more. At Harvard College in 1721 a weekly periodical entitled the Telltale was inaugurated by a group of students, including Ebenezer Pemberton , Charles Chauncy , and Isaac Greenwood . As the Telltale's subtitle – "Criticisms on the Conversation and Behaviours of Scholars to promote right reasoning and good manners" – made explicit, it was a direct imitation of the English genteel periodical. One of

1463-517: The Royal Society in 1662, with its open door, was particularly important in legitimizing the Republic of Letters in England and providing a European center of gravity for the movement. The Royal Society primarily promoted science, which was undertaken by gentlemen of means acting independently. The Royal Society created its charters and established a system of governance. Its most famous leader

1540-711: The Spanish Inquisition . An abridgement was published in Amsterdam in 1617 and reprinted in 1639; and versions of the text were also included in Joan Blaeu 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (published in Amsterdam in 1645) and in Jan Janssonius 's Novus Atlas (again published in Amsterdam, in 1646). In 1597, William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley suggested that Camden write a history of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The degree of Burghley's subsequent influence on

1617-609: The Americas. It fostered communication among the intellectuals of the Age of Enlightenment , or philosophes as they were called in France. These communities that transcended national boundaries formed the basis of a metaphysical Republic. Because of societal constraints on women, the Republic of Letters consisted mostly of men. The Republic of Letters relied heavily on handwritten letters for correspondence. The first known occurrence of

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1694-402: The Enlightenment was a movement of intellectual transparency and laicization. While members of the Republic of Letters lived hermetically sealed from the outside world, talking only to one another, their enlightened successors deliberately placed their ideas before the bar of a nascent public opinion. Broman essentially sees The Republic of Letters as located in the cabinet and the Enlightenment in

1771-464: The Great Britain of the present, and to show how the traces of the past could be discerned in the existing landscape. By this method, he produced the first coherent picture of Roman Britain . He continued to collect materials and to revise and expand Britannia throughout his life. He drew on the published and unpublished work of John Leland and William Lambarde , among others, and received

1848-511: The Literary Republic, literary women shared such sociability as society at large afforded. This varied widely in America from one locality to one another. Very soon after the introduction of printing with moveable type, the Republic of Letters became closely identified with the press. The printing press also played a prominent role in the establishment of a community of scientists who could easily communicate their discoveries through

1925-638: The Present Time . The Young Students Library , like the Universal Historical Bibliothèque of 1687, was made up almost entirely of translated pieces, in this case mostly from the Journal des Sçavans , Bayle's Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, and Le Clerc's and La Crose's Bibliothèque Universelle et Historique . The Young Students Library of 1692 was exemplary of the kind of material to be found in later forms of

2002-577: The Republic of Letters and thus become cosmopolitans. In Paris specialization was taken to new heights where, in addition to existing Académie Française and the Académie des Sciences founded in 1635 and 1666, there were three further royal foundations in the 18th century: the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (1701), the Académie de Chirurgie (1730), and the Société de Médecine (1776). By

2079-457: The Republic of Letters; the other, the trivial Enlightenment of the Parisian philosophes . The first is a product of a peculiarly English/British and Protestant liberal political and theological tradition and points to the future; the second lacks the anchor of socio-historical analysis and leads unintentionally to Revolutionary mayhem. In the 1930s, the French historian Paul Hazard homed in on

2156-502: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 946361223 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:47:49 GMT Republic of Letters Unless the copyright status of the text of this page or section is clarified and determined to be compatible with Misplaced Pages's content license ,

2233-403: The academies they supported. Mixed intellectual company was also found in 18th-century Philadelphia for those who sought it, sometimes in social gatherings modeled upon the salons of London and Paris. Where mixed social intercourse of a literary nature was concerned, Americans were virtuously and patriotically inclined to be wary of European examples. Conscious of the relative purity as well as

2310-455: The age of Pierre Bayle and argued that the cumulative effect of the many different and mordant strands of intellectual curiosity in the last quarter of the 17th century created a European cultural crisis, whose negative harvest the philosophes were to reap. The Republic of Letters and the Enlightenment were insolubly interconnected. Both were movements of criticism. According to Peter Gay , building on Ernst Cassirer 's much earlier study of

2387-421: The assistance of a large network of correspondents with similar interests. He also travelled throughout Great Britain to view documents, sites, and artefacts for himself: he is known to have visited East Anglia in 1578, Yorkshire and Lancashire in 1582, Devon in 1589, Wales in 1590, Salisbury, Wells and Oxford in 1596, and Carlisle and Hadrian's Wall in 1599. His fieldwork and firsthand research set new standards for

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2464-523: The best examples of a transatlantic Republic of Letters began about 1690, when John Dunton launched a series of journalistic ventures, nearly all of them under the aegis of a forward-looking "club" called the Athenian Society , an English predecessor of Harvard's Telltale Club, Franklin's Junto , and other such associations dedicated to mental and moral improvement. The Athenian society took it as one of their particular goals to spread learning in

2541-399: The capital, they began to meet together and make their collaboration on the project of Enlightenment direct, and thus suffered the consequences of giving up the mediation that the written word provided. Without this traditional kind of formal mediation, the philosophes needed a new kind of governance. The Parisian salon gave the Republic of Letters source of political order in the person of

2618-654: The charges in subsequent editions of the work. Britannia was recognised as an important work of Renaissance scholarship, not only in England, but across the European " Republic of Letters ". Camden considered having the 1586 Britannia printed in the Low Countries , and although that did not happen, the third edition of 1590, in addition to its London printing, was also published the same year in Frankfurt , and reprinted there in 1616. In 1612 parts were condemned by

2695-489: The circulation of praise. From one salon to the next, in conversation as in correspondence, men of letters gladly praised the social groups who welcomed them. In turn, the salon hostess had to be able to prove their capacity to mobilize as many high society contacts as possible in favor of their protégés. Consequently, correspondences openly display network of influence, and the woman of high society employed all their know-how to help benefit those men of letters whose elections to

2772-483: The community created the Republic of Letters to boost morale as much as for any intellectual reason. Goldgar argues that, in the transitional period between the 17th century and the Enlightenment, the most important common concern by members of the Republic was their own conduct. In the conception of its own members, ideology, religion, political philosophy, scientific strategy, or any other intellectual or philosophical framework were not as important as their own identity as

2849-602: The creator of the Cotton library . His circle of friends and acquaintances included Lord Burghley , Fulke Greville , Philip Sidney , Edmund Spenser , John Stow , John Dee , Jacques de Thou and Ben Jonson , who was Camden's student at Westminster and who dedicated an early edition of Every Man in His Humour to him. Camden's Britannia remained a standard and highly regarded authority for many years after his death. A lightly revised edition of Holland's 1610 translation

2926-501: The earliest or sole usage cited for a word in the Oxford English Dictionary ; and further significant early usages (including new words and antedatings) have since been identified. Remaines also contains the first-ever alphabetical list of English proverbs , since heavily exploited by the editors of the principal modern dictionaries of proverbs (including those of Burton Stevenson (1949), M. P. Tilley (1950) and

3003-429: The establishment of widely disseminated journals. Because of the printing press, authorship became more meaningful and profitable. The main reason was that it provided correspondence between the author and the person who owned the printing presses – the publisher. This correspondence allowed the author to have a greater control of its production and distribution. The channels opened up by the great publishing houses provided

3080-840: The events of each year in a separate entry. Sometimes criticised as being too favourably disposed towards Elizabeth and James I , the Annales are one of the great works of English historiography and had a great impact on the later image of the Elizabethan age . Hugh Trevor-Roper said about them: "It is thanks to Camden that we ascribe to Queen Elizabeth a consistent policy of via media rather than an inconsequent series of unresolved conflicts and paralysed indecisions." Camden heavily revised and self-censored his work to favour his patron. This included pages being overwritten, or passages covered by having pieces of paper stuck on. This made censored passages on hundreds of pages unreadable. In 2023 enhanced imaging technology using transmitted light made

3157-447: The ever fashionable French model of mistress of the salon, drawing upon feminine social adroitness in arranging meetings of minds, chiefly male, and the ever unfashionable English bluestocking model of no-nonsense, cultivated discourse, chiefly among women. Outside literary salons and clubs, society at large was mixed by nature, as were the families that constituted it. And whether or not men of letters chose to include femme savants in

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3234-414: The fine frontispiece). The first English-language edition, translated by Philemon Holland , appeared in 1610, again with some additional content supplied by Camden. Britannia is a county-by-county description of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a work of chorography : a study that relates landscape, geography, antiquarianism, and history. Rather than write a history, Camden wanted to describe in detail

3311-485: The hidden passages readable, revealing major insights, and confirming that the Annales were deliberately rewritten to depict Elizabeth's reign in a way favourable to her successor. Amongst new revelations, the Annals reported that Elizabeth, dying, had named James VI of Scotland as her successor. Analysis of the manuscript drafts shows the deathbed scene to be a fabricated addition to support James's succession. Pope Pius V

3388-616: The importance of the Republic of Letters in influencing the Enlightenment . Today, most British or American historians, whatever their point of entry to debate, occupy a common ground: the Republic of Letters and the Enlightenment were distinct. The mid-17th century had seen the community of the curious take its first tentative steps towards institutionalization with the establishment of permanent literary and scientific academies in Paris and London under royal patronage. The foundation of

3465-440: The intellectual progenitors of Kant , the Enlightenment was the creation of a small group of thinkers, his family of philosophes or ‘party of humanity’, whose coherent anti-Christian, ameliorist, and individualistic programme of reform developed from very specific cultural roots. The Enlightenment was not the offspring of the Republic of Letters, let alone the culmination of three centuries of anti- Augustinian critique, but rather

3542-421: The labour of teaching and to facilitate his research. The College of Arms at that time was not only a centre of genealogical and heraldic study, but also a centre of antiquarian study. The appointment, however, roused the jealousy of Ralph Brooke , York Herald , who, in retaliation, published an attack on Britannia , charging Camden with inaccuracy and plagiarism. Camden successfully defended himself against

3619-538: The learned periodical in England. Expressly lamenting the absence in England of periodicals, the Young Students Library was designed to fill the need in America for periodical literature. For Americans it served, according to David D Hall, as: An expansive vision of learnedness, articulated especially during the Revolutionary period, as a means of advancing 'liberty' and thereby fulfilling

3696-590: The market-place. For most Anglo-American historians, the classic Enlightenment is a forward-looking movement. To these historians, the Republic of Letters are an outdated construction of the 17th century. But in John Pocock 's eyes there are two Enlightenments: one, associated with Edward Gibbon , the author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , which is erudite, serious, and scholarly grounded in

3773-501: The most fundamental level. The salonnière played a prominent role in establishing order within the Republic of Letters during the Enlightenment period. Beginning in the 17th century, salons served to bring together nobles and intellectuals in an atmosphere of civility and fair play in order to educate one, refine the other, and create a common medium of cultural exchange based on the shared notion of honnêteté that combined learning, good manners, and conversational skill. But government

3850-490: The problematic text and revisions or the entire page may be deleted one week after the time of its listing (i.e. after 23:42, 17 October 2024 (UTC)). Until then, this page will be hidden from search engine results until the copyright issue is resolved. The Republic of Letters ( Res Publica Litterarum or Res Publica Literaria ) was the long-distance intellectual community in the late 17th and 18th centuries in Europe and

3927-530: The promise of a republican America. It drew together political radicals and religious dissenters on both sides of the Atlantic, who drew from their shared struggles against a corrupted Parliament and the Church of England a common agenda of constitutional reform. Anglo-American historians have turned their attention to the Enlightenment's dissemination and promotion, inquiring into the mechanisms by which it played

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4004-415: The protection by their hosts. The salons provided crucial support in the career of an author, not because they were literary institutions, but, on the contrary, because they allowed men of letters to emerge from the circles of the Republic of Letters and access the resources of aristocratic and royal patronage. As a result, instead of an opposition between the court and the Republic of Letters they are instead

4081-499: The provinciality of their society, Americans did not seek to replicate what they perceived as the decadent societies of London and Paris. Nevertheless, to facilitate social intercourse of a literary nature where women were involved, Americans, led by certain strong-minded women, did draw upon and domesticate two models of such mixed intellectual company, one French and the other English. In America intellectually motivated women consciously emulated these two European models of sociability:

4158-415: The result of the singular marriage of Lucretius and Newton . When a handful of French freethinkers in the second quarter of the 18th century encountered the methodology and achievements of Newtonian science, experimental philosophy and unbelief were mixed together in an explosive cocktail, which gave its imbibers the means to develop a new science of man. Since Gay's work was published, his interpretation of

4235-416: The roles, duties, and activities of scholarship. Communication, for example, did not have to be from individual to individual; it could take place between academies, and pass thence to scholars, or be encapsulated in literary journals, to be diffused among the whole scholarly community. Literary agents, working for libraries but sharing the values of the learned community, demonstrate this professionalization on

4312-504: The salonnière, for she gave order both to social relations among salon guests and to the discourse in which they engaged. When Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin launched her weekly dinners in 1749, the Enlightenment Republic of Letters found its ‘center of unity’. As a regular and regulated formal gathering hosted by a woman in her own home, the Parisian salon could serve as an independent forum and locus of intellectual activity for

4389-440: The salons after 1770 there emerged a radical critique of worldliness, inspired by Rousseau. These radicals denounced the mechanisms of polite sociability and called for a new model of the independent writer, who would address the public and the nation. Antoine Lilti argues that the salon never provided an egalitarian space. Rather, salons only provided a form of sociability where politeness and congeniality of aristocrats maintained

4466-559: The second half of the 18th century universities abandoned Aristotelian natural philosophy and Galenist medicine in favor of the mechanist and vitalist ideas of the moderns, so they placed a greater emphasis on learning by seeing. Everywhere in teaching science and medicine the monotonous diet of dictated lectures was supplemented and sometimes totally replaced by practical courses in experimental physics, astronomy, chemistry, anatomy, botany, materia medica , even geology and natural history . The new emphasis on practical learning meant that

4543-561: The study of Gothic architecture . In 1845 it moved to London, where it became known as the Ecclesiological Society, and was highly influential in the development of the 19th-century Gothic revival . After Camden's death, his former home at Chislehurst became known as Camden Place. In the 18th century, it was acquired by Sir Charles Pratt , Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and later Lord Chancellor , who in 1765

4620-441: The term in its Latin form ( Respublica literaria ) is in a letter by Francesco Barbaro to Poggio Bracciolini dated July 6, 1417. Currently, the consensus is that Pierre Bayle first translated the term in his journal Nouvelles de la République des Lettres in 1684. But there are some historians who disagree and some have gone so far as to say that its origin dates back to Plato's Republic . Historians are presently debating

4697-486: The third edition of the Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs , edited by F. P. Wilson (1970)). Scattered through the book are a number of additional proverbs not recorded elsewhere. In 1600 Camden published, anonymously, Reges, reginae, nobiles et alii in ecclesia collegiata B. Petri Westmonasterii sepulti , a guidebook to the many tomb monuments and epitaphs of Westminster Abbey . Although slight, this

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4774-480: The time. He even learned Welsh and Old English for the task: his tutor in Old English was Laurence Nowell . In 1593 Camden became headmaster of Westminster School . He held the post for four years, but left when he was appointed Clarenceux King of Arms . By this time, largely because of the Britannia ' s reputation, he was a well-known and revered figure, and the appointment was meant to free him from

4851-430: The university now offered a much more welcoming environment to the Republic of Letters. Although most professors and teachers were still uninterested in membership, the ideological and pedagogical changes across the century created the conditions in which the pursuit of curiosity in the university world became much more possible and even attractive. Institutions – academies, journals, literary societies – took over some of

4928-686: The vernacular. One of the plans of this group in 1691 was the publication of translations from the Acta Eruditorum , the Journal des Sçavans , the Bibliothèque Universelle , and the Giornale de' Letterati . The outcome was the formation of The Young Students Library, containing Extracts and Abridgements of the Most Valuable Books Printed in England and in the Foreign Journals from the year Sixty-Five to

5005-517: The work "still fundamentally colours the way in which we, as antiquaries, look at our country". Hitherto hidden censored passages in the Annales which became readable in 2023 may significantly change modern interpretations of Queen Elizabeth's reign. The lectureship in history at Oxford endowed by Camden survives as the Camden Professor of Ancient History . Since 1877 it has been attached to Brasenose College , and since 1910 has been limited to Roman history. The Camden Society , named after Camden,

5082-521: The work is unclear: Camden only specifically mentions John Fortescue of Salden , Elizabeth's last Chancellor of the Exchequer , and Henry Cuffe , Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex 's secretary, as sources. Camden began his work in 1607. The first part (books 1–3) of the Annales rerum Anglicarum et Hibernicarum regnante Elizabetha, ad annum salutis M.D. LXXXIX , covering the reign up to 1588, appeared in 1615. The second part (book 4, covering 1589–1603)

5159-637: Was Isaac Newton , president from 1703 until his death in 1727. Other notable members include diarist John Evelyn , writer Thomas Sprat , and scientist Robert Hooke , the Society's first curator of experiments. It played an international role to adjudicate scientific findings, and published the journal "Philosophical Transactions" edited by Henry Oldenburg . The seventeenth century saw new academies open in France, Germany, and elsewhere. By 1700 they were found in most major cultural centers. They helped local members contact like-minded intellectuals elsewhere in

5236-542: Was a text publication society founded in 1838 to publish early historical and literary materials. In 1897 it was absorbed into the Royal Historical Society , which continues to publish texts in what are now known as the Camden Series. The Cambridge Camden Society , which also took its name from Camden, was a learned society founded in 1839 by undergraduates at Cambridge University to promote

5313-679: Was a highly innovative work, predating John Weever 's Ancient Funerall Monuments by over thirty years. It proved popular with the public, and two expanded editions appeared in 1603 and in 1606. Among Camden's other works were the Institutio Graecae grammatices compendiaria in usum regiae scholae Westmonasteriensis (1595), a Greek grammar which remained a standard school textbook for over a century; Actio in Henricum Garnetum, Societatis Jesuiticae in Anglia superiorem (1607),

5390-461: Was born in London. His father Sampson Camden was a member of The Worshipful Company of Painter-Stainers . He attended Christ's Hospital and St Paul's School , and in 1566 entered Oxford ( Magdalen College , Broadgates Hall , and finally Christ Church ). At Christ Church, he became acquainted with Philip Sidney , who encouraged Camden's antiquarian interests. He returned to London in 1571 without

5467-424: Was completed in 1617, but was not published until 1625 (Leiden edition), and 1627 (London edition), following Camden's death. The first translation into English of books 1–3 appeared in 1625, done by Abraham Darcie or Darcy (active 1625). Book 4 was translated into English by Thomas Browne, canon of Windsor , in 1629. The Annales were not written in a continuous narrative, but in the style of earlier annals, giving

5544-480: Was elevated to the peerage with the title Baron Camden, of Camden Place. In 1786 he was created Earl Camden, and in 1812 his son became Marquess Camden . The family owned and developed land to the north of London, and so, by this circuitous route, William Camden's name survives in the names of Camden Town and the London Borough of Camden . Antiquarian Too Many Requests If you report this error to

5621-531: Was needed because, while the Republic of Letters was structured in theory by egalitarian principles of reciprocity and exchange, the reality of intellectual practice fell far short of this ideal. French men of letters in particular found themselves increasingly engaged in divisive quarrels rather than in constructive debate. With the establishment of Paris as the capital of the Republic, French men of letters had enriched traditional epistolary relations with direct verbal ones. That is, finding themselves drawn together by

5698-423: Was published in 1586. It proved very popular, and ran through five further Latin editions, of 1587, 1590, 1594, 1600 and 1607, each greatly enlarged from its predecessor in both textual content and illustrations. The 1607 edition included for the first time a full set of English county maps, based on the surveys of Christopher Saxton and John Norden , and engraved by William Kip and William Hole (who also engraved

5775-412: Was published in 1637. A new and greatly expanded translation, edited by Edmund Gibson , was published in 1695, and was reissued in revised editions in 1722, 1753 and 1772. Yet another new and further expanded translation by Richard Gough was published in 1789, followed by a second edition in 1806. In an address given in 1986, marking the original publication's 400th anniversary, George Boon commented that

5852-443: Was reported to have excommunicated Elizabeth due to "secret plots"; this originally had been the more inflammatory "spiritual warfare", and had been toned down. As of July 2023 the new material was being studied, with the expectation that modern interpretations of Elizabeth and her reign would potentially change. Camden's Remaines of a Greater Worke, Concerning Britaine was a collection of themed historical essays, conceived as

5929-679: Was through the reporting in periodical literature . Examples include Benjamin Franklin , who cultivated his perspicuous style in imitation of the Spectator . Jonathan Edwards 's manuscript Catalogue of reading reveals that he not only knew the Spectator before 1720 but was so enamored of Richard Steele that he tried to get his hands on everything: the Guardian , the Englishman ,

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