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55-549: William Selby (1738–1798) was an English organist, harpsichordist, choirmaster and composer who emigrated to America. Born in England and baptised in London on 1 January 1739, Selby was the third known son of Joseph and Mary Selby. Beginning at the age of 17, he held several positions in London as organist including at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate (1760-1770) and also at the now demolished All Hallows, Bread Street (1756-73). He

110-469: A contraction of 不 (bù) + 唯/隹 (wéi/zhuī). The contractions are not generally graphically evident, and there is no general rule for how a character representing a contraction might be formed. As a result, the identification of a character as a contraction, as well as the word(s) that are proposed to have been contracted, is sometimes disputed. As vernacular Chinese dialects use sets of function words that differ considerably from Classical Chinese , almost all of

165-411: A definite direct object, and the definite article prefix -ה (/ha-/) are often contracted to 'ת (/ta-/) when the former immediately precedes the latter; thus, ראיתי את הכלב (/ʁaˈʔiti ʔet haˈkelev/, "I saw the dog") may become ראיתי ת'כלב (/ʁaˈʔiti taˈkelev/). In Italian , prepositions merge with direct articles in predictable ways. The prepositions a , da , di , in , su , con and per combine with

220-784: A glass case in the nave . Between the 17th and 19th centuries, the clerk was responsible for ringing it outside the condemned man's cell in Newgate Prison the night before his execution, and announcing the following "wholesome advice": All you that in the condemned hold do lie, Prepare you, for to-morrow you shall die; Watch all, and pray, the hour is drawing near That you before the Almighty must appear; Examine well yourselves, in time repent, That you may not to eternal flames be sent. And when St Sepulchre's bell to-morrow tolls, The Lord above have mercy on your souls. Past twelve o'clock! Given proximity to Newgate Prison and

275-403: A grocery and liquor shop. This article about a British composer is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a United States composer is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . St Sepulchre-without-Newgate Holy Sepulchre London , formerly and in some official uses Saint Sepulchre-without-Newgate , is the largest Anglican parish church in

330-672: A lesson in C for the harpsichord , and an anthem for Thanksgiving Day. His Boston compositions included a Jubilate and three anthems, including Behold, he is my salvation , composed for the rededication of Old South Church , Boston. The patriotic choral ode To Columbia’s Favourite Son , was performed at the Stone Chapel in 1786, in the presence of President Washington . Over his career he published nine psalms and hymns for solo voice, eight choral works (both religious and secular), six songs, nine solo pieces for guitar and three for keyboard. In addition to his musical endeavors, he managed

385-531: A playable condition. A Makin digital organ is used when required for services. The choir has now composed of eight professional singers. 51°31′0.07″N 0°6′8.47″W  /  51.5166861°N 0.1023528°W  / 51.5166861; -0.1023528 Contraction (linguistics) In linguistic analysis , contractions should not be confused with crasis , abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms ), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by

440-473: A portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes. English has a number of contractions, mostly involving the elision of a vowel, which is replaced by an apostrophe in writing, as in I'm for "I am", and sometimes other changes as well. Contractions are common in speech and in informal writing but tend to be avoided in more formal writing (with limited exceptions, such as

495-668: A special form is used when combining con with mí, ti, or sí, which is written as conmigo for * con mí (with me), contigo for * con ti (with you sing.), consigo for * con sí (with himself/herself/itself/themselves (themself).) Finally, one can hear pa' for para , deriving as pa'l for para el , but these forms are only considered appropriate in informal speech. In Portuguese , contractions are common and much more numerous than those in Spanish. Several prepositions regularly contract with certain articles and pronouns. For instance, de (of) and por (by; formerly per ) combine with

550-483: A verb), te → t'- (informal singular "you" before a verb), le or la → l'- ("the"; or "he", "she", "it" before a verb or after an imperative verb and before the word y or en ), and de → d'- ("of"). Unlike with English contractions, however, thoose contractions are mandatory: one would never say (or write) *ce est or *que elle . Moi ("me") and toi (informal "you") mandatorily contract to m'- and t'- , respectively, after an imperative verb and before

605-407: A vowel, h or y (as h is silent and absorbed by the sound of the succeeding vowel; y sounds like i ). In addition to ce → c'- (demonstrative pronoun "that"), these words are que → qu'- (conjunction, relative pronoun, or interrogative pronoun "that"), ne → n'- ("not"), se → s'- ("himself", "herself", "itself", "oneself" before a verb), je → j'- ("I"), me → m'- ("me" before

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660-639: A él , meaning to him , and de él , meaning his or, more literally, of him ). Other contractions were common in writing until the 17th century , the most usual being de + personal and demonstrative pronouns: destas for de estas (of these, fem.), daquel for de aquel (of that, masc.), dél for de él (of him) etc.; and the feminine article before words beginning with a- : l'alma for la alma , now el alma (the soul). Several sets of demonstrative pronouns originated as contractions of aquí (here) + pronoun, or pronoun + otro/a (other): aqueste , aqueso , estotro etc. The modern aquel (that, masc.)

715-419: Is "Det ordner seg av seg selv" in standard written Bokmål , meaning "It will sort itself out" could become "dånesæsæsjæl" (note the letters Å and Æ , and the word "sjæl", as an eye dialect spelling of selv ). R-dropping , being present in the example, is especially common in speech in many areas of Norway , but plays out in different ways, as does elision of word-final phonemes like /ə/ . Because of

770-487: Is a wide, roomy space with a coffered ceiling installed in 1834 with plasterwork of three years later. The church underwent considerable re-facing and alterations in 1878. During the Second World War the 18th-century watch-house, built in the churchyard to deter grave-robbers, was bomb-struck but later rebuilt. The vicarage was fully renovated in the early 2000s. During Mary I 's persecutions , in 1555,

825-489: Is apparent graphically. Similarly, in Northeastern Mandarin 甭 (béng) 'needn't' is a phonological and graphical contraction of 不用 (bùyòng). Finally, Cantonese contracts 乜嘢 (mat1 ye5) 'what?' to 咩 (me1). Note: The particles 爰, 焉, 云, and 然 ending in [-j[a/ə]n] behave as the grammatical equivalents of a verb (or coverb) followed by 之 'him; her; it (third-person object)' or a similar demonstrative pronoun in

880-655: Is appointed by St John's College, Oxford , which has held the church's patronage since 1622. The church is within the Newgate Street Conservation Area . The original ( probably pre-Norman ) church on the site was dedicated to St Edmund the King and Martyr . In 1137 it was given to the Priory of St Bartholomew . During the Crusades of that century the church was re-dedicated to Saint Edmund and

935-458: Is dat?" - what is that?. Some of these contractions: French has a variety of contractions like in English except that they are mandatory, as in C'est la vie ("That's life") in which c'est stands for ce + est ("that is"). The formation of such contractions is called elision . In general, any monosyllabic word ending in e caduc (schwa) contracts if the following word begins with

990-824: Is left to a great extent to authors and their publishers. Outside quotations, at least, they usually pay little attention to print more than the most commonly spoken contractions, so as not to degrade their readability. The use of apostrophes to indicate omissions is a varying and considerably less frequent process than in English-language publications. In standard Indonesian, there are no contractions applied, although Indonesian contractions exist in Indonesian slang . Many of these contractions are terima kasih to makasih ("thank you"), kenapa to napa ("why"), nggak to gak ("not"), sebentar to tar ("a moment"), and sudah to dah ("done"). The use of contractions

1045-500: Is not allowed in any form of standard Norwegian spelling; however, it is fairly common to shorten or contract words in spoken language. Yet, the commonness varies from dialect to dialect and from sociolect to sociolect—it depends on the formality etc. of the setting. Some common, and quite drastic, contractions found in Norwegian speech are "jakke" for "jeg har ikke", meaning "I do not have" and "dække" for "det er ikke", meaning "there

1100-484: Is not". The most frequently used of these contractions—usually consisting of two or three words contracted into one word, contain short, common and often monosyllabic words like jeg , du , deg , det , har or ikke . The use of the apostrophe (') is much less common than in English, but is sometimes used in contractions to show where letters have been dropped. In extreme cases, long, entire sentences may be written as one word. An example of this

1155-416: Is often true of other words of similar form, e.g. quale . The direct object pronouns "lo" and "la" may also contract to form "l'" with a form of "avere", such as "L'ho comprato" - "I have bought it", or "L'abbiamo vista" - "We have seen her". Spanish has two mandatory phonetic contractions between prepositions and articles: al (to the) for a el , and del (of the) for de el (not to be confused with

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1210-454: Is preserved in the verb nolo (I am unwilling/do not want), which was formed by a contraction of non volo ( volo meaning "I want"). Similarly this is observed in the first person plural and third person plural forms (nolumus and nolunt respectively). Some contractions in rapid speech include ～っす ( -ssu ) for です ( desu ) and すいません ( suimasen ) for すみません ( sumimasen ). では ( dewa ) is often contracted to じゃ ( ja ). In certain grammatical contexts

1265-406: Is similar to English ones is the combination of the pronoun da with words starting in a , resulting in changing the first letter a for an apostrophe and joining both words. Examples: Estrela d'alva (A popular phrase to refer to Venus that means "Alb star", as a reference to its brightness); Caixa d'água (water tank). In informal, spoken German prepositional phrases , one can often merge

1320-557: Is spoken as Samma, Meesta, kamma hier ma rin? Several West Central German dialects along the Rhine River have built contraction patterns involving long phrases and entire sentences. In speech, words are often concatenated, and frequently the process of "liaison" is used. So, [Dat] kriegst Du nicht may become Kressenit , or Lass mich gehen, habe ich gesagt may become Lomejon haschjesaat . Mostly, there are no binding orthographies for local dialects of German, hence writing

1375-412: Is the only survivor of the first pattern; the personal pronouns nosotros (we) and vosotros (pl. you) are remnants of the second. In medieval texts, unstressed words very often appear contracted: todol for todo el (all the, masc.), ques for que es (which is); etc. including with common words, like d'ome (d'home/d'homme) instead de ome (home/homme), and so on. Though not strictly a contraction,

1430-467: Is today the largest parish church in the city. It was completely rebuilt in the 15th century but was gutted by the Great Fire of London in 1666, which left the outer walls, the tower and the porch standing. It was rebuilt 1667–1679 by Joshua Marshall , the King's Master Mason, and appears to be remodelled to Marshall's own design. Lightly modified in the 18th century, the interior of the church

1485-519: Is used as a possessive pronoun) and jemu , respectively. The clitic -ń , which stands for niego (him), as in dlań ( dla niego ), is more common in literature. The non-contracted forms are generally used as a means to accentuate. Uyghur , a Turkic language spoken in Central Asia , includes some verbal suffixes that are actually contracted forms of compound verbs ( serial verbs ). For instance, sëtip alidu (sell-manage, "manage to sell")

1540-527: Is used to indicate obligation. It is often used without an auxiliary, e.g., 行かなきゃ（いけない） ( ikanakya (ikenai) ) "I have to go." Other times, contractions are made to create new words or to give added or altered meaning: Various dialects of Japanese also use their own specific contractions that are often unintelligible to speakers of other dialects. In Polish , pronouns have contracted forms that are more prevalent in their colloquial usage. Examples are go and mu . The non-contracted forms are jego (unless it

1595-417: The [s] of sais . It is also common in informal contexts to contract tu to t'- before a vowel: t'as mangé for tu as mangé . In Modern Hebrew , the prepositional prefixes -בְּ /bə-/ 'in' and -לְ /lə-/ 'to' contract with the definite article prefix -ה (/ha-/) to form the prefixes -ב /ba/ 'in the' and -ל /la/ 'to the'. In Colloquial Israeli Hebrew]], the preposition את (/ʔet/), which indicates

1650-613: The BBC Singers . Its four windows commemorate Sir Henry Wood, John Ireland , Dame Nellie Melba and Walter Carroll The chapel's appearance and the Musicians' Book of Remembrance are maintained by the Friends of the Musicians' Chapel. A Service of Thanksgiving for all those in the book is held at the church each year as well as a requiem close to All Souls' Day . Many concerts and memorial events for musicians have been held in

1705-733: The City of London . It stands on the north side of Holborn Viaduct across a crossroads from the Old Bailey , and its parish takes in Smithfield Market . During medieval times, the site lay outside ("without") the city wall , west of the Newgate . It has London's musicians' chapel in which a book of remembrance sits and an October/November requiem takes place – unusual for a church associated with Low Church Evangelicalism . The church has two local army regiment memorials. The vicar

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1760-504: The English Reformation and during the reign of Mary I of England . The ashes of conductor Sir Henry Wood , founder of The Proms , who learnt to play the organ at the church as a boy, were interred here in the 1940s. It was rededicated to musicians by Dr. W.R. Matthews, Dean of St Paul's , on 2 January 1955 in the presence of many distinguished musicians including an orchestra conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent and

1815-423: The Old Bailey , built on the site of the prison, certain of the bells in its tower, aside from marking time, celebrating weddings and communion, were rung to announce executions. In the first years of the court this was as the condemned felon was led to Tyburn . By the north aisle is the Musicians' Chapel. As St Stephen's chapel it hosted votive masses to the 12th-century monastic saint Stephen Harding prior to

1870-473: The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers ), to whom its gardens are a memorial. The west end of the north aisle has memorials for the City of London Rifles (the 6th Battalion London Regiment ). The church has been designated a Grade I listed building (the highest grade) since 1950. The north aisle is dominated by a splendid organ built by Renatus Harris in 1670; the organ case is its sole mention in

1925-669: The Holy Sepulchre, venerating the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem . Knights passed by on the way to the Holy Lands. This name became contracted , and in the 21st century reference to the saint-king has been overwhelmingly dropped. The very early lessening of the first dedication helped to reserve that name for the small church to the east of St Paul's Cathedral dedicated to St Edmund, King and Martyr . The church

1980-506: The [-n] ending is derived from a Sino-Tibetan aspect marker that later took on anaphoric character. Here are some of the contractions in Standard Dutch : Informal Belgian Dutch uses a wide range of non-standard contractions such as "hoe's't" (from "hoe is het?" - how are you?), "hij's d'r" (from "hij is daar" - he's there), "w'ebbe' goe' g'ete'" (from "we hebben goed gegeten" - we had eaten well) and "wa's da'?" (from "wat

2035-509: The age of 35. (He was following in the footsteps of his brother John, also an organist, who emigrated in 1771). In 1774, Selby became the organist at Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island . Three years later, Selby became organist at King's Chapel in Boston where he organized the first colonial music festival. Selby's surviving works include two voluntaries and one Fugue for the organ,

2090-942: The apostrophe) in certain contexts. For example, the greeting Wie geht es? is usually encountered in the contracted form Wie geht's? . Regional dialects of German, and various local languages that usually were already used long before today's Standard German was created, do use contractions usually more frequently than German, but varying widely between different local languages. The informally spoken German contractions are observed almost everywhere, most often accompanied by additional ones, such as in den becoming in'n (sometimes im ) or haben wir becoming hamwer , hammor , hemmer , or hamma depending on local intonation preferences. Bavarian German features several more contractions such as gesund sind wir becoming xund samma , which are schematically applied to all word or combinations of similar sound. (One must remember, however, that German wir exists alongside Bavarian mir , or mia , with

2145-532: The architectural listing, adding a date, 1677. The swell was added by John Byfield in c.  1730 . The organ was enlarged in 1817 by James Hancock and by John Gray in 1828 and 1835, and Gray and Davison in 1849, 1852 and 1855. It was rebuilt in 1932 by Harrison and Harrison . A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register. It is not currently playable, though efforts are being made to restore it to

2200-482: The church. In 2017 the vicar ceased parish funds financing the requiem and allowing of most free rehearsing time. A protest was held and many prominent musicians including John Rutter sought continued benevolence from the wider congregation and church patron. Attempts to mediate failed. The south aisle of the church holds the regimental chapel of the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) (merged to form

2255-535: The classical contractions that are listed below are now archaic and have disappeared from everyday use. However, modern contractions have evolved from the new vernacular function words. Modern contractions appear in all major modern dialect groups. For example, 别 (bié) 'don't' in Standard Mandarin is a contraction of 不要 (bùyào), and 覅 (fiào) 'don't' in Shanghainese is a contraction of 勿要 (wù yào), as

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2310-421: The contraction of cela (demonstrative pronoun "that") to ça is optional and informal. In informal speech, a personal pronoun may sometimes be contracted onto a following verb . For example, je ne sais pas ( IPA: [ʒənəsɛpa] , "I don't know") may be pronounced roughly chais pas ( IPA: [ʃɛpa] ), with the ne being completely elided and the [ʒ] of je being mixed with

2365-525: The definite articles o and a (masculine and feminine forms of "the" respectively), producing do , da (of the), pelo , pela (by the). The preposition de contracts with the pronouns ele and ela (he, she), producing dele , dela (his, her). In addition, some verb forms contract with enclitic object pronouns: e.g., the verb amar (to love) combines with the pronoun a (her), giving amá-la (to love her). Another contraction in Portuguese that

2420-413: The incumbent vicar John Rogers was burned at the stake as a heretic . The bells are referred to in the nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons as the "bells of Old Bailey ". In 1605, London merchant tailor John Dowe paid the parish £ 50 (equivalent to £14,000 in 2023) to buy a handbell and to mark the execution of prisoners at the nearby gallows at Newgate . This execution bell is displayed in

2475-617: The many dialects of Norwegian and their widespread use it is often difficult to distinguish between non-standard writing of standard Norwegian and eye dialect spelling. It is almost universally true that these spellings try to convey the way each word is pronounced, but it is rare to see language written that does not adhere to at least some of the rules of the official orthography . Reasons for this include words spelled unphonemically, ignorance of conventional spelling rules, or adaptation for better transcription of that dialect's phonemes. Latin contains several examples of contractions. One such case

2530-614: The now-standard form "o'clock"). The main contractions are listed in the following table. Although can't , wouldn't and other forms ending ‑n't clearly started as contractions, ‑n't is now neither a contraction (a cliticized form) nor part of one but instead a negative inflectional suffix. Evidence for this is (i) ‑n't occurs only with auxiliary verbs , and clitics are not limited to particular categories or subcategories; (ii) again unlike contractions, their forms are not rule-governed but idiosyncratic (e.g., will → won't, can → can't ); and (iii) as shown in

2585-543: The object position. In fact, 于/於 '(is) in; at', 曰 'say', and 如 'resemble' are never followed by 之 '(third-person object)' or 此 '(near demonstrative)' in pre- Qin texts. Instead, the respective 'contractions' 爰/焉, 云, and 然 are always used in their place. Nevertheless, no known object pronoun is phonologically appropriate to serve as the hypothetical pronoun that underwent contraction. Hence, many authorities do not consider them to be true contractions. As an alternative explanation for their origin, Edwin G. Pulleyblank proposed that

2640-442: The particle の ( no ) is contracted to simply ん ( n ). When used after verbs ending in the conjunctive form ～て ( -te ), certain auxiliary verbs and their derivations are often abbreviated. Examples: * this abbreviation is never used in the polite conjugation, to avoid the resultant ambiguity between an abbreviated ikimasu (go) and the verb kimasu (come). The ending ～なければ ( -nakereba ) can be contracted to ～なきゃ ( -nakya ) when it

2695-460: The preposition and the article ; for example, von dem becomes vom , zu dem becomes zum , or an das becomes ans . Some of these are so common that they are mandatory. In informal speech, aufm for auf dem , unterm for unter dem , etc. are also used, but would be considered to be incorrect if written, except maybe in quoted direct speech, in appropriate context and style. The pronoun es often contracts to ' s (usually written with

2750-405: The same meaning.) The Munich-born footballer Franz Beckenbauer has as his catchphrase "Schau mer mal" ("Schauen wir einmal" - in English "We shall see."). A book about his career had as its title the slightly longer version of the phrase, "Schau'n Mer Mal". Such features are found in all central and southern language regions. A sample from Berlin: Sag einmal, Meister, kann man hier einmal hinein?

2805-725: The table, the inflected and "uncontracted" versions may require different positions in a sentence. The Old Chinese writing system ( oracle bone script and bronzeware script ) is well suited for the (almost) one-to-one correspondence between morpheme and glyph . Contractions in which one glyph represents two or more morphemes are a notable exception to that rule. About 20 or so are noted to exist by traditional philologists and are known as jiāncí (兼詞, lit. 'concurrent words'), and more words have been proposed to be contractions by recent scholars , based on recent reconstructions of Old Chinese phonology, epigraphic evidence, and syntactic considerations. For example, 非 [fēi] has been proposed to be

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2860-438: The term "abbreviation" in layman’s terms. Contraction is also distinguished from morphological clipping , where beginnings and endings are omitted. The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic blend ), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not , whereas

2915-477: The various forms of the definite article , namely il , lo , la , l', i , gli , gl', and le . The words ci and è (form of essere , to be) and the words vi and è are contracted into c'è and v'è (both meaning "there is"). The words dove and come are contracted with any word that begins with e , deleting the -e of the principal word, as in "Com'era bello!" – "How handsome he / it was!", "Dov'è il tuo amico?" – "Where's your friend?" The same

2970-460: The word y or en . It is also mandatory to avoid the repetition of a sound when the conjunction si ("if") is followed by il ("he", "it") or ils ("they"), which begin with the same vowel sound i : *si il → s'il ("if it", if he"); *si ils → s'ils ("if they"). Certain prepositions are also mandatorily merged with masculine and plural direct articles: au for à le , aux for à les , du for de le , and des for de les . However,

3025-671: Was also organist to the Magdalen Hospital (1766–9). Selby published both sacred and secular music between 1665 and 1670, most notably the nine psalm and hymn settings included in A Second Collection of Psalms and Hymns Used at the Magdalen Chapel (c 1770), which also included works by Thomas Arne . His hunting song The Chace of the Hare was often reprinted. Selby emigrated to Boston , Massachusetts in October 1773 at

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