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53-516: The Winchester Troper refers to two eleventh-century manuscripts of liturgical plainchant and two-voice polyphony copied and used in the Old Minster at Winchester Cathedral in Hampshire , England. The manuscripts are now held at Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 473 (Corpus 473) and Oxford, Bodleian Library Bodley 775 (Bodley 775) . The term "Winchester Troper" is best understood as

106-640: A (quadrennial) Panathenaic year ." Groups of rich citizens were assigned to subsidise civic amenities and even warships. Eventually, under the Roman Empire , such obligations, known to Romans as munera , devolved into a competitive and ruinously expensive burden that was avoided when possible. Munera included a wide range of expenses having to do with civic infrastructure and amenities; festivals and games ( ludi ) and imperial obligations such as highway, bridge and aqueduct repair, supply of various raw materials, and feeding troops in transit. Buddhist liturgy

159-539: A form of taxation. The holder of a Hellenic leitourgia was not taxed a specific sum, but was assigned to subsidise a particular ritual, which could be performed with greater or lesser generosity or magnificence. The chief sphere remained that of civic religion, embodied in the festivals: M.I. Finley notes "in Demosthenes ' day there were at least 97 liturgical appointments in Athens for the festivals, rising to 118 in

212-420: A late tenth-century gradual and a troper of a possibly later date. This hypothesis considers both the retrospective characteristics of Bodley 775 and its status as a later manuscript than Corpus 473. Bodley 775 was not modeled after Corpus 473. Each manuscript contains additional chants copied by scribes throughout the eleventh century. Although the core of each manuscript reflects a connection to Northern France,

265-432: A later stage of compilation than Corpus 473. This corroborates the claim that Bodley 775 is based on an earlier gradual but a more recent troper, possible one that dates after Corpus 473. Between the two manuscripts, 37 tropes are almost certainly English in origin, while another 48 are of probable English origin. Some of these tropes are also found in other English or North French sources, but many are unique to Winchester. It

318-457: A practice known as rubrication , which was a separate stage in the production of a manuscript . Rubric can also mean the red ink or paint used to make rubrics, or the pigment used to make it. Although red was most often used, other colours came into use from the late Middle Ages onwards, and the word rubric was used for these also. Medievalists can use patterns of rubrication to help identify textual traditions. Various figurative senses of

371-521: A priest explaining what he must do during a liturgy were also rubricated in missals and the other liturgical books, and the texts to be spoken aloud were in black. From this, "rubric" has a secondary denotation of an instruction in a text, regardless of how it is actually inscribed. This is the oldest recorded definition in English, found in 1375. Less formally, "rubrics" may refer to any liturgical action customarily performed, whether or not pursuant to

424-453: A religious service, be it a sacramental service or a service of public prayer ; usually the former is the referent. In the ancient tradition, sacramental liturgy especially is the participation of the people in the work of God, which is primarily the saving work of Jesus Christ; in this liturgy, Christ continues the work of redemption. The term "liturgy" in Greek literally means to "work for

477-452: A written instruction. The history, status, and authority of the content of rubrics are significant, and sometimes controversial, among liturgical scholars. In the past, some theologians distinguished between rubrics they considered of Divine origin and those merely of human origin. Rubrics were probably originally verbal, and then written in separate volumes. The earliest extant liturgical books do not contain them, but from references in texts of

530-630: Is a formalized service of veneration and worship performed within a Buddhist Sangha in nearly every traditional denomination and sect in the Buddhist world. It is often done one or more times a day and can vary among the Theravada , Mahayana , and Vajrayana sects. The liturgy mainly consists of chanting or reciting a sutra or passages from a sutras , a mantra (especially in Vajrayana), and several gathas . Depending on what practice

583-402: Is a previously composed chant; the vox organalis is a newly composed part in counterpoint with the chant. The organal voices seem to follow a general contour below the principal voices, beginning with parallel movement in fourths, then oblique movement (including the use of holding tones), then meeting in unison at points of ocursus . The gatherings of Corpus 473 dedicated to organa contain only

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636-465: Is a word or section of text that is traditionally written or printed in red ink for emphasis. The word derives from the Latin rubrica , meaning red ochre or red chalk , and originates in medieval illuminated manuscripts from the 13th century or earlier. In these, red letters were used to highlight initial capitals (particularly of psalms ), section headings and names of religious significance,

689-561: Is accounted for in the tables. For instance, in Corpus 473 two proses, copied in the late eleventh century, are located at the end of the early eleventh century Alleluia cycle and are not listed below. 10 Kyries (one is later) 17 Gloria tropes 6 Sanctus tropes 1 Sanctus 6 Agnus dei tropes 11 Kyries 13 Gloria tropes 6 Sanctus tropes 2 Sanctus 6 Agnus dei tropes 4 (late 11th c.) approx. 64 (core repertory, some erased) 14 (late 11th through early 12th c.) The Winchester Troper

742-566: Is also often used to distinguish words spoken by the celebrant and those by the congregation, or by other specific persons involved in the liturgy, e.g. those marrying. With the arrival of printing , other typographic effects such as italic type , bolded type, or different sizes of type were used to emphasize a section of text, and as printing in two colours is more expensive and time consuming, rubrication has tended to be reserved for sacred and liturgical books or luxury editions of other works. William Morris 's medievally inspired typography for

795-460: Is misbound, with the original sequence of leaves being 1-3, 5, 6, 4, 7. The remainder of the book is organized in quires of 8, with half sheets appearing in quires 3, 12, 14, 16, 20 and 23. It is written in black and brown ink with red rubrics and colored initials. Some proses were subsequently erased and cannot be recovered. Although Wulfstan the Cantor was once thought to have a direct role in

848-458: Is often difficult to determine the origin of a specific chant and is subject to interpretation. Corpus 473 contains 174 organal parts of two-part organum pieces, the largest surviving collection of eleventh century polyphony. The polyphony consists of two voices, a vox principalis (Latin plural, voces principales ; English, principal voice[s]) and a vox organalis (Latin plural, voces organales ; English, organal voice[s]). The vox principalis

901-664: Is partly a troper (i.e. a book of tropes ). It contains Gregorian chant and tropes, which are musical or textual (or both) expansions of Gregorian chant. Corpus 473 and Bodley 775 contain several introit tropes for feasts of St. Swithun, a ninth century Bishop of Winchester. Some of the introit tropes for St. Swithun are unique to this repertory. St. Swithun is also represented in Offertory and Communion tropes. Both manuscripts contain tropes for various Sanctorale and Temporale feasts, including Christmas , Advent , Epiphany , Pentecost , All Saints , St. Stephen , St. Gregory , and

954-669: Is the practice of physical and compulsory prayer in Islam as opposed to dua , which is the Arabic word for supplication . Its importance for Muslims is indicated by its status as one of the Five Pillars of Islam . Salat is preceded by ritual ablution and usually performed five times a day. It consists of the repetition of a unit called a rakʿah (pl. rakaʿāt ) consisting of prescribed actions and words. The number of obligatory ( fard ) rakaʿāt varies from two to four according to

1007-514: The siddur , the traditional Jewish prayer book. In general, Jewish men are obligated to pray three times a day within specific time ranges ( zmanim ) . while, according most modern Orthodox authorities, women are only required to pray once daily, as they are generally exempted from obligations that are time dependent. All communal prayer requires a minyan , a quorum of 10 adults, to be present. Traditionally, three prayer services are recited daily: Additional prayers: Rubric A rubric

1060-523: The Innocents . Other local saints, like St. Æthelwold and St. Justus (Iustus), are also represented. The two manuscripts contain nearly the same proper tropes with some significant exceptions. Bodley 775 contains fewer Communion and Offertory tropes than Corpus 473. Generally, trope repertories across Europe shrank during the eleventh century, meaning the lower number of tropes in Bodley 775 could reflect

1113-651: The Kelmscott Press at the end of the 19th century included chapter titles and other accents in red, or rarely blue, ink, and was influential on small press art typography associated with the Arts and Crafts movement in both England and the United States , particularly the work of the Ashendene , Doves , and Roycroft Presses. Around 1900, rubrication was incorporated into a Red letter edition of

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1166-510: The Mass and Divine Office , proses, and sequences. In Corpus 473, different genres are grouped into different gatherings. Within each genre, the chants are organized according to the liturgical calendar . The organization of Bodley 775 is not nearly as systematic. Although pieces of similar genres are generally grouped together, each genre is not placed in a distinct fascicle, and chants are sometimes mistakenly placed out of liturgical order or under

1219-440: The voces organales . Singers would have performed the principal voice from a different gathering, another manuscript, or, more likely, from memory. Among the genres that receive organal treatment are troped and untroped Mass Ordinary chants, tracts , sequences, Mass Proper tropes, Alleluias, and Office Responsories . Because the notation consists of adiestematic neumes , which indicate the melodic contour but not precise pitches,

1272-493: The Alleluia series. Thus, while the core of each manuscript dates to Anglo-Saxon England, they also contain some post-Conquest music. Corpus 473 contains 199 folios of parchment with dimensions of 140/145 x 90/93 mm. The final folio dates to the sixteenth century and is not original to the manuscript. The complete manuscript was rebound and conserved in 2004. It is written mostly in dark brown ink with colored capitals;

1325-600: The Battle Conference 1993 . Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. Hiley, David (1995). “The Repertory of Sequences at Winchester.” In Boone, Graeme M. (ed). Essays on Medieval Music on Honor of David G. Hughes. In Boone, Greame M. (ed.). Isham Library Papers 4. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Hiley, David (1998). “The English Benedictine Version of the Historia Sancti Gregorii and the Date of

1378-576: The King James Version of the Bible to distinguish the Dominical words, i.e., those spoken by Jesus Christ during His corporeal life on Earth, because that translation lacked quotation marks. Other versions of the Bible have since adopted the popular practice. A rubric is an explicit set of criteria used for assessing a particular type of work or performance and provides more details than

1431-690: The Latin "ministerium") is a duty for Christians as a priestly people by their baptism into Christ and participation in His high priestly ministry. It is also God's ministry or service to the worshippers. It is a reciprocal service. Historically, there was a Christian thought that stresses the idea of the entire liturgy being needed to transform the bread and wine into Eucharistic elements (see Eucharist ). This may have been prevalent especially in Egypt. Usually, many Christian churches designate one person who participates in

1484-590: The Medieval English Liturgy: Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Rankin, Susan (2007). The Winchester Troper: Facsimile Edition and Introduction . London: Stainer and Bell. ISBN   0-85249-894-2 . Rankin, Susan (2008). “Music for a Late Anglo-Saxon Benedictine Abbey: The Winchester Troper.” British Academy Review , no. 11. Rankin, Susan (2015). "Organa dulcisona docto modulamine compta: Rhetoric and Musical Composition in

1537-597: The Winchester Organa". In Zayaruznaya, Anna; Blackburn, Bonnie J.; Boorman, Stanley (eds.). Qui musicam in se habet: Studies in Honor of Alejandro Enrique Planchart . Middleton, Wisconsin: American Institute of Musicology . Liturgy Technically speaking, liturgy forms a subset of ritual . The word liturgy , sometimes equated in English as " service ", refers to a formal ritual enacted by those who understand themselves to be participating in an action with

1590-840: The Winchester Sequence Repertory of ca. 1000". In Dobszay, László; Halász, Péter; Mezei, János; Prószéky, Gábor (eds.). Cantus Planus: Papers Read at the Third Meeting, Tihany, Hungary 19-24 September 1988 . Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Musicology. Hiley, David (1994). "Changes in English Chant Repertories in the Eleventh Century as Reflected in the Winchester Sequences". In Chibnall, Marjorie (ed.). Anglo-Norman Studies XVI. Proceeding of

1643-694: The Xth and XIth centuries with other documents illustrating the history of tropes in England and France . London: Henry Bradshaw Society. Handschin, J. (January 1936; April 1936). "The Two Winchester Tropers". Journal of Theological Studies . 37 . nos. 145-146. Hiley, David; Rankin, Susan, eds. (1993). Music in the Medieval English Liturgy . Plainsong & Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN   0-19-316125-7 . Hiley, David (1990). "Editing

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1696-414: The copying of these manuscripts (and perhaps even composing the organa of Corpus 473), more recent dating makes this impossible because the manuscripts are now believed to have been copied after Wulfstan's death. The organa were possibly composed by several people at Winchester and represented the best attempts at improvised polyphony that were deemed worthy of memory. Corpus 473 and Bodley 775 share much of

1749-511: The divine. The word liturgy ( / l ɪ t ə r dʒ i / ), derived from the technical term in ancient Greek ( Greek : λειτουργία ), leitourgia , which means "work or service for the people" is a literal translation of the two affixes λήϊτος, "leitos", derived from the Attic form of λαός ("people, public"), and ἔργον, "ergon", meaning "work, service". In origin, it signified the often expensive offerings wealthy Greeks made in service to

1802-561: The first millennium it appears that written versions existed. Full rubrics regarding matters such as vesture , appearance of the altar , timing of specific liturgies, and similar matters still may be published separately. In modern liturgical books, e.g. the Catholic Roman Missal , lengthy general rubrics, probably printed in black, pertain to such matters and preface the actual order of liturgies, which contain shorter, specific rubrics that still are usually rubricated. Red

1855-489: The handwriting is Caroline minuscule . Corpus 473 may have been used by the succentor or cantor of the Old Minster and Bodley 775 by its cantor . Bodley 775 contains 191 folios of parchment of the size 273 x 167 mm. The manuscript retains its eleventh-century binding, consisting of two quarter-cut oak boards covered in whittawed skin. The first quire (ff. 1-7, col. 1 seven) is a later eleventh-century addition and

1908-490: The incorrect rubric. Unlike Corpus 473, Bodley 775 separates the tropes for feasts of the Temporale and Sactorale . Corpus 473 contains only half of an Alleluia cycle; it is possible that a gathering containing the second half of the cycle has been lost. The two tables below list the general contents of the two manuscripts. However, because later additions were often copied wherever there was available space, not every piece

1961-400: The name, the manuscripts are not identical, not part of a set (such as Volume 1 and Volume 2), and contain liturgical genres other than tropes . The term "Winchester Troper" can refer to either manuscript or to the repertory of the two as a collective. The dating of the two manuscripts has been subject of debate. The core repertory of Corpus 473 was likely copied in the 1020s-1030s. Bodley 775

2014-589: The organal voice was precisely bound to the rules of theory. Arlt, Wulf (1993). "Stylistic Layers in Eleventh-Century Polyphony: How Can Continental Sources Contribute to Our Understanding of the Winchester Organa?". In Rankin, Susan; Hiley, David (eds.). Music in the Medieval English Liturgy: Plainsong & Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Frere, Walter Howard (1894). The Winchester troper from MSS. of

2067-454: The organal voice. Significantly, the neume shapes and contour of the organal voice sometimes break from the theory. Because Corpus 473 contains multiple organal harmonies to the same melodic gesture, the monks at Winchester exercised a certain degree of compositional freedom when writing organa. Rankin suggests that the composer(s) of organa were engaged in a creative and aesthetic practice, a different conclusion from Holschneider's assessment that

2120-528: The organal voices were long considered to be indecipherable. However, Andreas Holschneider and, more recently, Susan Rankin have published reconstructions of some of the organa. To reconstruct the organa, Rankin matches the organal voice with a chant melody. To determine the best match, she examines the notation of the organal voice against various chant melodies that use the same text. Theoretical rules found in treatises, such as Musica enchiriadis and Guido of Arezzo 's Micrologus , are necessary to reconstruct

2173-473: The people", but a better translation is "public service" or "public work", as made clear from the origin of the term as described above. The early Christians adopted the word to describe their principal act of worship, the Sunday service (referred to by various terms, including Holy Eucharist, Holy Communion, Mass or Divine Liturgy), which they considered to be a sacrifice . This service, liturgy, or ministry (from

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2226-532: The people, and thus to the polis and the state. Through the leitourgia , the rich carried a financial burden and were correspondingly rewarded with honours and prestige. Specific leitourgia were assigned by the polis , the State, and during Rome's domination, the Roman Imperial authorities as "gifts" to the state and the people. Their performance became obligatory in the course of the 3rd century AD, as

2279-612: The practitioner wishes to undertake, it can be done at a temple or at home. The liturgy is almost always performed in front of an object or objects of veneration and accompanied by offerings of light, incense, water, and food. Frequently in Christianity , a distinction is made between "liturgical" and "non-liturgical" churches based on how elaborate or formal the worship; in this usage, churches whose services are unscripted or improvised are called "non-liturgical". Others object to this distinction, arguing that this terminology obscures

2332-467: The previous centuries. Corpus 473 contains the most significant and largest surviving collection of eleventh-century organum (i.e. polyphony ). This polyphonic repertoire is unique to that manuscript (Bodley 775 contains no polyphony). In the late nineteenth century, Walter Frere and the Solesmes monks were the first to refer to these manuscripts as the "Winchester Troper." Despite the implications of

2385-546: The repertory of music contained in the two manuscripts. Both manuscripts contain a variety of liturgical genres, including Proper and Ordinary chants for both the Mass and the Divine Office . Many of the chants can also be found in other English and Northern French tropers, graduals , and antiphoners . However, some chants are unique to Winchester, including those for local saints such as St. Æthelwold and St. Swithun , who were influential Bishops of Winchester in

2438-421: The same music for many of the same feasts, but there are some notable differences between the contents and organization of the two manuscripts. Corpus 473 contains the voces organales (Latin: organal voices) to 174 organa , making it the largest extant collection of liturgical polyphony in the eleventh century, while Bodley 775 contains no such organa. Both manuscripts contain both proper and ordinary tropes for

2491-532: The supplementary chants copied by scribes in the latter half of the eleventh century exhibit a very strong Norman influence. In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy , conquered England , strengthening the cultural connection between northern France and England. As a result, chant in England began to reflect this new political reality. This influence is especially strong in the later sequences of the Winchester Troper; increasing Norman influence did not impact

2544-404: The time of day or other circumstances (such as Friday congregational worship, which has two rakats). Prayer is obligatory for all Muslims except those who are prepubescent , menstruating , or in puerperium stage after childbirth. Jewish liturgy is the prayer recitations that form part of the observance of Rabbinic Judaism . These prayers, often with instructions and commentary, are found in

2597-546: The universality of public worship as a religious phenomenon. Thus, even the open or waiting worship of Quakers is liturgical, since the waiting itself until the Holy Spirit moves individuals to speak is a prescribed form of Quaker worship, sometimes referred to as "the liturgy of silence". Typically in Christianity, however, the term "the liturgy" normally refers to a standardised order of events observed during

2650-542: The word have been extended from its original meaning. Usually these senses are used within the set phrase "under [whatever] rubric", for example, "under this rubric, [X is true]", or "[X was done] under the rubric of Y". Such senses include: "an authoritative rule"; "the title of a statute"; "something under which a thing is classed" ; "an explanatory or introductory commentary" ; "an established rule, tradition, or custom"; or "a guide listing specific criteria for grading or scoring academic assignments" . Instructions for

2703-438: The worship service as the liturgist. The liturgist may read announcements, scriptures, and calls to worship, while the minister preaches the sermon, offers prayers, and blesses sacraments. The liturgist may be either an ordained minister or a lay person. The entire congregation participates in and offers the liturgy to God. Salāt ("prayer", Arabic : صلاة ṣalāh or gen : ṣalāt ; pl. صلوات ṣalawāt )

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2756-885: The ‘Winchester Troper’ (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, 473).” In Dobszay, László (ed.). Cantus Planus: Papers Read at the Seventh Meeting, Sopron, 1995 . Budapest: Hungarian Academy of Sciences Institute for Musicology. Huglo, Michel (1993). Rankin, Susan; Hiley, David (eds.). Music in the Medieval English Liturgy: Plainsong & Mediaeval Music Society Centennial Essays . Oxford: Clarendon Press. Holschneider, Andreas (1968). Die Organa von Winchester : Studien zum ältesten Repertoire polyphoner Musik . Hildesheim: G. Olms. Planchart, Alejandro Enrique (1977). The Repertory of Tropes at Winchester . 2 Vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rankin, Susan (1993). "Winchester Polyphony: The Early Theory and Practice of Organum". In Rankin, Susan; Hiley, David (eds.). Music in

2809-439: Was possibly copied in the 1050s. However, scholars disagree about the dating of the possible exemplars on which Bodley 775 was based. Perhaps Bodley 775 was copied directly from a now lost exemplar dating from the late 970s or 980s. Therefore, the manuscript is retrospective because it reflects practices different than those at the time it was copied. On the other hand, Bodley 775 may have been copied from two preexisting manuscripts:

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