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51-438: Winona is a city in and the county seat of Montgomery County, Mississippi , United States. The population was 4,505 at the 2020 census , down from 5,043 in 2010 . Winona is known in the local area as "The Crossroads"; the intersection of U.S. Interstate 55 and U.S. Highway 51 and 82 run through here. Middleton was a town that developed in the 19th century two miles west of Winona's present location. Some locals consider it

102-531: A Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court ), both located in a designated "shire town". Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester , and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington. In 2024, Connecticut , which had not defined their counties for anything but statistical, historical and weather warning purposes since 1960, along with ending

153-732: A city in Grenada County , Mississippi , United States. Founded in 1836, the population was 13,092 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Grenada County . Grenada was formed in 1836, after federal removal of the Choctaw people who had previously occupied this territory. It was the result of the union of the two adjacent towns (separated by the present-day Line Street) of Pittsburg and Tulahoma (or Tullahoma), founded, respectively, by Franklin Plummer and Hiram Runnels . Development included stores and businesses that supported

204-410: A county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County, Virginia and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in

255-470: A female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.5% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 20.5% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age

306-602: A literacy workshop in Charleston, South Carolina . On June 9, 1963, Hamer and the other activists stopped again in Winona on their return. The group was arrested on a false charge and jailed by white policemen. Once in jail, Hamer and her colleagues were, per orders of local law officers, beaten savagely by inmates of the Montgomery County jail, almost to the point of death. While touring the country in this period,

357-493: A result of the railroad line and station being built here rather than Middleton, Winona was founded and began to grow. The railroad attracted business, which developed around the station as Moore sold off some property. Winona was incorporated as a town on May 2, 1861. Settlers were attracted because of the railroad access, and Winona became a busy trading town. Captain William Witty, an early settler from North Carolina ,

408-404: A state-of-the-art sawmill in Winona.  As a reported $ 130 million investment, the company intends to bring more than 150 new jobs to Montgomery County. County seat In Canada , the provinces of Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below the provincial level, and thus county seats. In

459-407: A variety of events including fishing tournaments, carnival rides and fireworks displays. In recent years, Grenada has seen significant industrial growth. Milwaukee Tool announced a major expansion in 2022, creating 800 new jobs and establishing a new facility in the area. This expansion is part of a broader effort to bolster the local economy and provide new employment opportunities. Additionally,

510-517: A week demonstrating in Grenada against discrimination and for voters' rights. During that time, town officials cooperated and protected marchers with local police. Six black voter registrars were hired and registered 1,000 black residents during that week. After the march passed through, the county fired the registrars and the town never entered the new black voters on official rolls; they had to start over again to gain official voter registration. As

561-518: Is in western Montgomery County, 92 miles (148 km) north of Jackson , the state capital, and 23 miles (37 km) south of Grenada via I-55 . U.S. Route 51 passes through the west side of the city, while U.S. Route 82 runs through the north side of the city on a four-lane bypass. US 51 leads north 11 miles (18 km) to Duck Hill and south the same distance to Vaiden , while US 82 leads east 58 miles (93 km) to Starkville and west 26 miles (42 km) to Greenwood . I-55 passes through

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612-409: Is known as the seat of its county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in the county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of

663-454: Is land and 0.03% is water. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 12,700 people, 5,100 households, and 2,988 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 14,879 people, 5,701 households, and 3,870 families residing in the city. The population density was 496.8 inhabitants per square mile (191.8/km ). There were 6,210 housing units at an average density of 207.3 per square mile (80.0/km ). The racial makeup of

714-491: The University of Mississippi Medical Center Grenada . Since its establishment in 1985, the campus has provided academic courses, technical programs, and workforce training. Since 2008, Holmes Community College has partnered with the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) to offer a range of undergraduate and graduate degree programs at the Grenada campus. This collaboration is part of the 2+2 program, where students complete

765-507: The civil rights movement continued to press in 1966 and 1967 for voter registration and opportunities in employment, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) ran a civil rights organizing project in Grenada which lasted at least 11 months. They worked to register voters and gain concessions for hiring black Americans in local businesses and restaurants. These were still segregated, despite

816-399: The poverty line , including 30.1% of those under age 18 and 27.3% of those age 65 or over. Prior to 1966, a segregated system of schools was provided, with Black children attending one set of schools and White children another. In 1966, the school system instituted a "freedom of choice" plan, which allowed Black students to attend previously all-White schools. White people congregated outside

867-584: The 20th century as a junior college, it encountered financial troubles during the Great Depression . The church closed the college in 1936 and transferred its assets to Millsaps College . In the late 1850s, Grenada was one of the places Nathan Bedford Forrest sold slaves. His brother John N. Forrest had a house on a hill in West Grenada. On December 20, 1862 , Confederate general Earl Van Dorn , whose troops were encamped in Grenada, led

918-575: The Grenada Business and Technology Park North was awarded a $ 4.3 million MDA site development grant, further promoting industrial and technological growth in the area. The Yalobusha River flows through Grenada. Grenada Lake is located a short distance east of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 30.0 square miles (78 km ), of which 30.0 square miles (78 km )

969-609: The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. , head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), made a stop in Winona. He was ambushed by local barber Ryan Lynch, an outspoken white supremacist. King was saved by his assigned bodyguard, a local police officer named Garrit Howard. In 1996, the owner of the Tardy Furniture store in Winona, Bertha Tardy, and three employees of the store were found fatally shot. Curtis Flowers

1020-947: The United States, followed by Towson , the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland . Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey , though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township , an incorporated municipality. In some states, often those that were among the original Thirteen Colonies , county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, such as Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia . Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama , Arkansas , Georgia , Iowa , Kentucky , Massachusetts , Mississippi , Missouri , New Hampshire , New York , and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of

1071-419: The age of 18 living with them, 41.5% were married couples living together, 24.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.6% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.14. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.9% under

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1122-458: The age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 24.1% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 78.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 70.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 25,160, and the median income for a family was $ 31,619. Males had a median income of $ 30,163 versus $ 17,549 for females. The per capita income for

1173-535: The area in 1878 and resulted in the deaths of many residents. Some people left the town in an effort to outrun the epidemic, which spread with river passengers throughout the waterways of the Mississippi Delta and nearby counties. In April 1888, a great fire destroyed almost the entire business section of the town. Forty of the 50 businesses burned. In 1890 the state passed a new constitution that effectively disenfranchised most blacks , excluding them from

1224-561: The city was $ 14,700. About 24.5% of families and 27.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 40.6% of those under age 18 and 24.8% of those age 65 or over. In May 2005, the economy of Winona got a slight boost with the arrival of Pilot Travel Centers . The company, a large truck-stop/travel-center chain, purchased the High Point truck and travel center, which was previously owned by former NFL player Kent Hull . In January 2021, Biewer Lumber announced its plan to develop

1275-403: The city was 49.28% White , 49.34% African American , 0.16% Native American , 0.50% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.12% from other races , and 0.56% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.70% of the population. There were 5,701 households, out of which 33.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had

1326-423: The city. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 5,043 people living in the city. 52.8% were Black or African American , 45.8% White , 0.6% Asian , 0.2% Native American , 0.2% of some other race and 0.4% of two or more races . 0.5% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). As of the census of 2000, there were 5,482 people, 2,098 households, and 1,456 families living in the city. The population density

1377-526: The counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty , the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties. In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of

1428-651: The county court and market days. Plantations were first developed along the Yalobusha River for transportation and access to water. Cotton was the major commodity crop, dependent on the labor of African slaves. In 1851, Grenada townspeople founded the Yalobusha Baptist Female Institute for education of their young White women. In 1882, the school was taken over by the Methodists and renamed as Grenada College . Classified in

1479-418: The county, especially if it is geographically large. A county seat is usually an incorporated municipality . The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia , where the county seat is the entire county. Ellicott City , the county seat of Howard County, Maryland , is the largest unincorporated county seat in

1530-420: The county. Examples include Harrison County, Mississippi , which has both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi , which has both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson . The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of civic pride for

1581-466: The federal anti-segregation and voting rights laws. In August 1966, a federal judge ordered Grenada to allow black students to enroll in the previously all-White schools. White leaders used threats of eviction and firing to coerce black parents to withdraw their children from school. While the intimidation caused 200 out of 450 students to withdraw, the remaining 250 students attempted to enter school on September 12, 1966. A group of White people met them at

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1632-424: The imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate , who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases. The current number of counties mostly resembled that of

1683-585: The increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien . When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan

1734-625: The independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle , or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax . Others, such as Prince William , have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city: Bedford

1785-758: The later years of the Qing dynasty . Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions. In Taiwan , the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning . The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With

1836-665: The political system. In addition, Jim Crow laws were passed imposing second-class status on them, a condition enforced by whites for decades. Following their service in World War II, many African Americans began to press to regain their constitutional rights. Activism increased in the South into the 1950s and 1960s. Many whites in Winona and elsewhere in Mississippi opposed such changes. In 1963, Fannie Lou Hamer and other state activists stopped to eat in Winona on their way to

1887-433: The predecessor to Winona. After the railroad was built to the east of Middleton, development shifted to what became Winona, bypassing Middleton. The first European-American settler in the area, which was originally part of Carroll County , was Colonel O.J. Moore, who arrived from Virginia in 1848. He agreed to the railroad being constructed through his property, and a station was built in 1860 near his plantation home. As

1938-727: The provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia the term "shire town" is used in place of county seat. County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in the People's Republic of China . Xian have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty . The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized

1989-600: The school and chased them away, pursuing them through the streets and beating the children with chains, pipes and clubs. The group went so far as to beat reporters as well. The group repeated this for the first week of school, while local law enforcement did not intervene. Federal protection for the children began on September 17, and 13 members of the group were arrested. Grenada hosts the annual Thunder on Water Safe Boating Festival at Grenada Lake , typically held in June. This festival, celebrating its 30th anniversary in 2025, has

2040-671: The schools to prevent Black students from entering and attacked young children when they left school in the afternoon. In response, parents established the Grenada Educational Foundation, now known as Kirk Academy , as an alternative to racially-integrated education. Grenada, as well as Grenada County, is currently served by the Grenada School District . The city also hosts the Grenada Campus of Holmes Community College , located near

2091-777: The state's area, has no borough government or borough seat. One borough, the Lake and Peninsula Borough , has its borough seat located in another borough, namely King Salmon in Bristol Bay Borough . In Louisiana , which is divided into parishes rather than counties, county seats are referred to as "parish seats". In New England , counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Rhode Island has no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont , Massachusetts , and Maine county government consists only of

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2142-484: The three brigades under his command in a raid that destroyed the Union supply depot at Holly Springs, Mississippi . In 1885 two men, Perry McChristian and Felix Williams, were accused of murdering two peddlers and were lynched. During the lynching, they implicated two black men, Bartley James and John Campbell, who were then also lynched by a mob of White men. In 1966, Martin Luther King Jr. and Dick Gregory spent

2193-416: The towns involved, along with providing employment opportunities. There are 33 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states: Alaska is divided into boroughs rather than counties; the county seat in these case is referred to as the "borough seat"; this includes six consolidated city-borough governments (one of which is styled as a "municipality"). The Unorganized Borough, Alaska , which covers 49% of

2244-544: The use of county seats in particular, will fully transition with the permission of the United States Census Bureau to a system of councils of government for the purposes of boundary definition and as county equivalents. Two counties in South Dakota , Oglala Lakota and Todd , have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County , respectively. In Virginia ,

2295-530: The westernmost part of the city, with access from Exit 185 (US 82). According to the U.S. Census Bureau , Winona has a total area of 13.6 square miles (35 km), of which 0.03 square miles (0.08 km), or 0.24%, are water. The city lies mainly on the west side of the valley of Hays Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Big Black River . As of the 2020 United States census , there were 4,505 people, 1,696 households, and 1,223 families residing in

2346-408: Was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 25,589, and the median income for a family was $ 31,316. Males had a median income of $ 27,946 versus $ 21,913 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 13,734. About 20.3% of families and 23.6% of the population were below

2397-475: Was 420.0 inhabitants per square mile (162.2/km). There were 2,344 housing units at an average density of 179.6 per square mile (69.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 48.10% White , 50.73% African American , 0.15% Native American , 0.49% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 0.04% from other races , and 0.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population. There were 2,098 households, out of which 32.9% had children under

2448-401: Was an independent city from 1968 to 2013, while also being the county seat of Bedford County . Bedford reverted to an incorporated town, and remains the county seat, though is now part of the county. The state with the most counties is Texas, with 254, and the state with the fewest counties is Delaware, with 3. Grenada, Mississippi Grenada ( / ɡ r ə ˈ n eɪ d ə / ) is

2499-580: Was arrested in January 1997 and charged with four counts of capital murder . Flowers was tried a total of six times, and in 2020 the Office of the Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss the charges. On Friday, March 24, 2023, just after 9:30 p.m. CDT, the southern side of Winona was struck and heavily damaged by a large, destructive and fast-moving EF3 tornado that caused three deaths. Winona

2550-635: Was divided into 8 prefectures ( 州 and 廳 ), which remained after the Republic of China took over. There are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which function as county-administered cities , urban townships , or rural townships . In most of the United States , a county is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic area with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government

2601-514: Was for years a leading Winona merchant and established the first bank in the county. Other names of early settlers were Curtis, Burton, Palmer, Spivey, Townsend, Hart, Turner and Campbell. The early businesses were mainly grocery stores. In 1871, the Reconstruction-era state legislature organized Montgomery County from portions of Carroll and other counties, and Winona was designated as its county seat . A yellow fever epidemic struck

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