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36-590: The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska ( Ho-Chunk : Nįįšoc Hoocąk ) is one of two federally recognized tribes of Ho-Chunk , along with the Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin . Tribe members often refer to themselves as Hochungra – "People of the Parent Speech" in their own language, a member of the Siouan family. The tribe had (by the treaty of 1846) a vast wilderness area in central Minnesota Territory ,

72-420: A result of syllable weight affecting stress location. As seen in booráxux 'you break something into pieces,' when one of the first two syllables of a multiple-syllable word is a heavy syllable, then the main stress falls on the second syllable Generally when words are spoken in sequence to form sentences, each retains its own stress domain. However, when two or more words are compounded , they are treated as

108-418: A single word and form a new single stress domain in which the aforementioned patterns apply. Examples include hąąbókahi 'every day' (a compound consisting of hąąp 'day' and hokahí 'every') and wąągwácek 'young man' ( wąąk 'man' and wacék 'young'). Ho-Chunk's stress system is substantially different from that of other Siouan languages, which have main stress on the second syllable or second mora. It

144-542: A variety of public safety initiatives such as school outreach programs and planning a Crisis Intervention Center. Ho-Chunk language "Winnebago," a name now used for the Ho-Chunk who were forcibly removed to Nebraska , is an exonym , an Anglicization of the Sauk and Fox word Oinepegi . The anglicized form of the endonym is "Ho-Chunk". Ho-Chunk's vowel sounds are distinguished by nasality and length. That

180-427: Is a pro-drop language ; pronouns are used very infrequently, and information on grammatical person is found on the verb in the form of one or more prefixes . Ho-Chunk's transitive verbs are inflected with agent (actor) and patient (undergoer) pronominals . The generic paradigm of the pronominal prefixes in transitive verbs is outlined below. The letter V stands in the place of the verb stem .: In this table,

216-472: Is a constraint on the shape of roots (a well-formedness constraint) that is identical to the harmony process. All roots with sibilant affricates or fricatives have the same value for anteriority. Shaw (1991) provides a phonological analysis of this process, using data from research on Tahltan. There are two interesting aspects of the process in Navajo. Firstly, morphemes that participate are domain-specific, only

252-444: Is an agglutinating and somewhat fusional language. Verbs contain several affixes to indicate things like person, number, tense, and mood. Ho-Chunk uses prefixes on a verb stem to mark person , locative case , instrumental case , benefactive case , reflexivity (including possessive reflexivity), and reciprocality . Ho-Chunk verbs are inflected with eight pronominal categories marked for person and clusivity . Ho-Chunk

288-405: Is blocked by all other consonants. Examples include nąįžą /nãĩʒã/ ' a tree ' and ha'ųwį /haʔũwĩ/ ' we (exclusive) do ' : nąą tree hižą one nąą hižą tree one 'a tree' ha- 1 . EX . A - ųų do -wi - PL ha- ųų -wi 1.EX.A- do -PL 'We (exclusive) do' Another frequently occurring nasalization pattern is /r/ to [n] alternation: /r/

324-450: Is dull' There is a notable sound law in Ho-Chunk called Dorsey's Law which dictates the following: where O is a voiceless obstruent, R is a resonant, and S a syllabic sound. In other words, if there is an underlying voiceless obstruent (in Ho-Chunk, /p/, /c/, /k/, /s/, /š/, and /x/) followed by resonant (/r/, /n/, or /w/), the vowel following the resonant is copied into the proceeding consonant cluster. All Dorsey's Law sequences attested in

360-550: Is headquartered in Winnebago, Nebraska . The tribe is governed by a democratically elected general council. The current administration is as follows: The Winnebago Tribe runs multiple programs aimed at providing services to the tribe and local community including multiple educational programs aimed at assisting low-income tribe members, a tribal housing program, and the Winnebago Veteran's Association. Additionally,

396-436: Is indicated with another prefix, kii -. Consonant harmony Consonant harmony is a type of "long-distance" phonological assimilation , akin to the similar assimilatory process involving vowels , i.e. vowel harmony . One of the more common harmony processes is coronal harmony , which affects coronal fricatives, such as s and sh . Then, all coronal fricatives belong to the +anterior class ( s -like sounds) or

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432-405: Is pronounced as [n] when it immediately follows a nasal vowel. That is shown in the definite marker /ra/ on the verb 'have' -nį - , which occurs as [nã] in the sentence 'My knife is dull' below: Mąąhį knife ha<ha>nį=ra < 1 . EX . A >have= DEF juujux-šąną dull- DECL Mąąhį ha<ha>nį=ra juujux-šąną knife <1.EX.A>have=DEF dull-DECL 'My knife

468-425: Is retroflexed to [ɳ] if it is preceded by a retroflex continuant, mainly [ɽ] and [ʂ] , in the same word, even at a distance. The retroflexion spreads from left to right affecting any coronal nasal until the word boundary is reached. This phenomenon, however, is blocked whenever a coronal plosive is placed between [ɽ] / [ʂ] and [n] . For instance, in the noun ब्राह्मण brāhmaṇa " Brahmin priest" (derived from

504-488: Is theorized that Ho-Chunk underwent a stress shift one mora to the right at some point in its history. The official Ho-Chunk orthography derives from an Americanist version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). As such, its graphemes broadly resemble those of IPA, and there is a close one-to-one correspondence between graphemes and phonemes. The orthography differs from IPA in that

540-419: Is to say, the use of a nasal vowel or a long vowel affects a word's meaning. This is evident in examples such as pąą /pãː/ ' bag ' compared to paa /paː/ ' nose ' , and waruc /waˈɾutʃ/ ' to eat ' compared to waaruc /waːˈɾutʃ/ ' table ' . All of Ho-Chunk's vowels show a length distinction, but only /i a u/ have nasal counterparts. Ho-Chunk's consonants are listed in

576-689: The -anterior class ( sh -like sounds). Such patterns are found in the Dene ( Athabaskan ) languages such as Navajo (Young and Morgan 1987, McDonough 2003), Tahltan (Shaw 1991), Western Apache , and in Chumash on the California coast (Applegate 1972, Campbell 1997). In Tahltan, Shaw showed that coronal harmony affects three coronal fricatives, s , sh and the interdental th . The following examples are given by de Reuse: in Western Apache,

612-426: The liquid consonants , with [r] assimilating at a distance to [l] or vice versa. Guaraní shows nasal harmony , and certain affixes have alternative forms according to whether the root includes a nasal (vowel or consonant) or not. For example, the reflexive prefix is realized as oral je- before an oral stem like juka "kill", but as nasal ñe- before a nasal stem like nupã "hit". The ã makes

648-560: The Long Prairie Reservation. The Winnebago Reservation , established by a treaty on March 8, 1865, is in Thurston and Dixon counties, Nebraska , and Woodbury County, Iowa . The reservation is 176.55 square miles (112,990 acres; 457.3 km), of which 27,637 acres (43.183 sq mi; 111.84 km) is tribal trust land. In 1990, 1,151 tribal members lived on the reservation . The Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska

684-598: The Nebraska Crime Commission to create a comprehensive plan for responding to juvenile safety and crime prevention issues. The most recent revision of the "Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska Comprehensive Juvenile Services Plan" lists three primary areas of need: In 2012, the Winnebago Juvenile Justice Planning Team (WJJPT) was formed to assist with youth outreach and public safety. The WJJPT has planned and carried out

720-714: The WinnaVegas Casino Resort, hotel, and Flowers Island Restaurant and Buffet, all located in Sloan, Iowa . Ho-Chunk, Inc. has been recognized several times for exercising good governance and creatively solving issues faced in the tribe. Administered by the Harvard Project on American Indian Economic Development at the Harvard Kennedy School , it's been awarded an Honoring Nations award in 2000, 2002, 2006, and 2015. The tribe worked with

756-755: The Winnebago Tribe runs the Winnebago Fire Crew which serves the Winnebago and other local tribes The Winnebago Tribe speaks English and Ho-Chunk ( Hocąk ), one of the Western Siouan languages , part of the Siouan-Catawban language family. Ho-Chunk, Inc. is the tribe's corporation; it provides construction services, professional services, and business and consumer products. The Winnebago Tribe also owns and operates

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792-800: The absence of pharyngealization respectively, cf. 納 nà < OC *nˤup "to bring into" (type A) and 入 rù < OC *nup "to enter" (type B) only differing by the [±pharyngeal] trait of the initial consonant. Onsets of type B syllables, lacking of pharyngealization, are subject to palatalization in Middle Chinese (indicated by a palatal medial -j- in Baxter's notation), while type A pharyngealized onsets failed to palatalize. In many ancient disyllabic words type A and type B characters do not mix, there are almost solely bisyllabic morphemes either with type A syllables, such as: or with type B syllables, including: Such pattern seems to suggest

828-532: The alphabets that they use, as the Wisconsin tribe write a double vowel to mark longer length, and the Nebraska tribe uses a macron over the vowel (compare oo with ō for IPA /o:/ ). These differences, shown with example words, are demonstrated in the chart below. In total, the Ho-Chunk writing system consists of 26 consonant and 16 vowel graphs/digraphs. [1] Source: of Wisconsin of Nebraska Ho-Chunk

864-399: The assimilation. Old Chinese probably had some constraint governing the shape of disyllables. According to modern reconstructions of Old Chinese phonology , type A and B syllables almost never co-occur in a disyllabic word. In the latest reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology proposed by Baxter and Sagart (2014), this type A vs. type B distinction can be traced back to the presence or

900-594: The existence of some sort of pharyngeal harmony in Old Chinese. However, there are notable, though infrequent, exceptions to this tendency, manifesting in ancient compounds that are generally hard to analyze. From this list the following word is often mentioned: Consonant harmony can also be observed in Moroccan Arabic and some southern dialects of Algerian Arabic in sequences of sibilants : Various Austronesian languages have consonant harmony among

936-427: The following table: Typical of Mississippi Valley Siouan languages, Ho-Chunk has aspirated /p/ and /k/ phonemes but no aspirated /t/ . In Ho-Chunk, vowels /i a u/ always occur as nasalized when they follow nasal consonants /m n/ . Nasality spreads to an adjacent vowel if that vowel is nasalizable as well. Nasality spreads across syllable or word boundaries and can move across consonants /h/ and /w/ , but

972-464: The language are listed below, with V representing the copied vowel: Multiple sources advocate that Dorsey's Law is a synchronic process in the language because of the way that things like stress assignment and the morphological process of reduplication are affected by it. Dorsey's Law can apply within a single morpheme, as in /pra/ becoming [para] in the word paras '(be) wide, flat', or across morpheme boundaries, as in /šra/ becoming [šara] in

1008-561: The last two domains are affected (conjunct + stem). Verbal morphemes from the outer or 'disjunct' domain are not affected by the process: the process is morphologically conditioned. Secondly, the lateral affricate and fricative ( dl , tł and ł ) appear with both values. Young and Morgan (1987) offer an extensive sets of examples of this type of morpheme alternation in Navajo. A different example of coronal harmony, sometimes referred to as NATI rule , occurs in Sanskrit , where [n]

1044-483: The nasal vowels are indicated using an ogonek . Thus, /ĩ/, /ũ/, and /ã/ are written as į , ų , and ą, respectively. In addition, the postalveolar and palatal consonants are written as c, j, š, ž, and y (in IPA: /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/ and /j/), the velar fricative /ɣ/ is written as ǧ, and the glottal stop is written as ʼ . The diacritic marks can be referred to in Ho-Chunk with the following terms: sįįc 'tail' for

1080-489: The null symbol (∅) is used to represent all third person singular actor and patient pronominals. It indicates that there is no overt prefix for those pronominals (in other words, that they are null morphemes ). Some cells are left blank because there are no pronominal affixes associated with that particular person/number combination. In cases like these, the action is reflexive (i.e. I do something to myself, or you (plural) do something to yourselves). Reflexivity in Ho-Chunk

1116-485: The ogonek, wookąnąk 'hat' for the haček, and hiyuša jikere 'sudden start/stop' for the glottal stop. For a short period of time in the mid to late 1800s, Ho-Chunk was written with an adaptation of the "Ba-Be-Bi-Bo" syllabics system. As of 1994, however, the official alphabet of the Ho-Chunk Nation is an adaptation of the Latin script . The Ho-Chunk Nations of Wisconsin and Nebraska represent some sounds differently in

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1152-450: The root *bṛh "to make strong" + the suffix -man- + the thematic vowel -a ), the original coronal [n] ( IAST : n ) of the action noun suffix -man changes to a retroflex [ɳ] ( IAST : ṇ ) due to consonant harmony triggered by [ɽ] ( IAST : r ). On the other hand, in the word अर्चन arcana "homage, praising" (from *ṛc "to praise" + -man- + -a ) consonant harmony is prevented by the coronal stop [t͡ʃ] ( IAST : c ) which blocks

1188-459: The second mora (e.g. wajé 'dress'). In words longer than two syllables, primary stress most often falls on the third syllable, with secondary stress on each even numbered vowel after the point of primary stress (e.g. waǧįǧį́ 'ball,' or hocįcį́k 'boy'). A few rare examples of words with primary stress not on the third syllable include booráxux 'you break something into pieces' and gikąnąhé 'to invite somebody.' These and other exceptions are

1224-462: The stem nasal. Some Finnish -speakers find it hard to pronounce both 'b' and 'p' in loanwords ( pubi , pub ) and so they voice ( bubi ) or devoice ( pupi ) the entire word. It should, however, be noted that the distinction between the consonants is not native to Finnish. Native Finnish words do not use /b/ . In the Ngeté-Herdé language of Cameroon, voicing of word-medial obstruents

1260-490: The verbal prefix si- is an alveolar fricative , as in the following forms: However, when the prefix si- occurs before a verb stem that contains a post-alveolar affricate , the si- surfaces as the post-alveolar shi- : Thus, all sibilant obstruents (fricatives and affricates) in these languages are divided into two groups, +anterior ( s , ts , dz ) and -anterior ( sh , ch , j ). In Navajo, as in most languages with consonant harmony, there

1296-441: The word šaraše 'you go there,' where š is the second person pronominal prefixing to the verb rahe 'to be going there.' Ho-Chunk is a mora counting, but syllable accenting language. The stress placement of words spoken in isolation is extremely regular. Single-syllable words always have a long vowel (two moras), and stress falls on the first mora (e.g. áa 'arm'). Two-syllable words have two moras, and primary stress falls on

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