The Interstate Wire Act of 1961, often called the Federal Wire Act , is a United States federal law prohibiting the operation of certain types of betting businesses in the United States. It begins with the text:
36-439: Whoever being engaged in the business of betting or wagering knowingly uses a wire communication facility for the transmission in interstate or foreign commerce of bets or wagers or information assisting in the placing of bets or wagers on any sporting event or contest, or for the transmission of a wire communication which entitles the recipient to receive money or credit as a result of bets or wagers, or for information assisting in
72-758: A wire communication as defined in the Communications Act of 1934 in 47 U.S.C. §153 ¶( 59 ). This makes everything online today and all wireless phones a use of wire communications by law whether a physical connection to wire is visible or is not. The Communications Act of 1934 created the Federal Communications Commission to replace the Federal Radio Commission . If there were no real wired communications today, there would be no online and there would be no mobile phones. Satellite communications would be
108-409: A check digit or parity bit can be sent along with the data easily. Parallel transmission is the simultaneous transmission of related signal elements over two or more separate paths. Multiple electrical wires are used which can transmit multiple bits simultaneously, which allows for higher data transfer rates than can be achieved with serial transmission. This method is typically used internally within
144-714: A communications signal means that errors caused by random processes can be detected and corrected. Digital signals can also be sampled instead of continuously monitored. The multiplexing of multiple digital signals is much simpler compared to the multiplexing of analog signals. Because of all these advantages, because of the vast demand to transmit computer data and the ability of digital communications to do so and because recent advances in wideband communication channels and solid-state electronics have allowed engineers to realize these advantages fully, digital communications have grown quickly. The digital revolution has also resulted in many digital telecommunication applications where
180-403: A data source, for example a computer or a keyboard. It may also be an analog signal such as a phone call or a video signal, digitized into a bit-stream for example using pulse-code modulation (PCM) or more advanced source coding (analog-to-digital conversion and data compression) schemes. This source coding and decoding is carried out by codec equipment. In telecommunications, serial transmission
216-617: A form of digital-to-analog conversion . Courses and textbooks in the field of data transmission as well as digital transmission and digital communications have similar content. Digital transmission or data transmission traditionally belongs to telecommunications and electrical engineering . Basic principles of data transmission may also be covered within the computer science or computer engineering topic of data communications, which also includes computer networking applications and communication protocols , for example routing, switching and inter-process communication . Although
252-622: A passband signal using an analog modulation method such as AM or FM . It may also include analog-over-analog pulse modulated baseband signals such as pulse-width modulation. In a few books within the computer networking tradition, analog transmission also refers to passband transmission of bit-streams using digital modulation methods such as FSK , PSK and ASK . Note that these methods are covered in textbooks named digital transmission or data transmission, for example. The theoretical aspects of data transmission are covered by information theory and coding theory . Courses and textbooks in
288-598: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Data transmission Data communication , including data transmission and data reception , is the transfer of data , transmitted and received over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels are copper wires , optical fibers , wireless communication using radio spectrum , storage media and computer buses . The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal , such as an electrical voltage , radiowave , microwave , or infrared signal. Analog transmission
324-483: Is a method of conveying voice, data, image, signal or video information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some other property in proportion to that of a variable. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code ( baseband transmission ), or by a limited set of continuously varying waveforms ( passband transmission ), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation
360-462: Is carried out by modem equipment. Digital communications , including digital transmission and digital reception , is the transfer of either a digitized analog signal or a born-digital bitstream . According to the most common definition, both baseband and passband bit-stream components are considered part of a digital signal ; an alternative definition considers only the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as
396-420: Is carried out by modem equipment. According to the most common definition of a digital signal, both baseband and passband signals representing bit-streams are considered as digital transmission, while an alternative definition only considers the baseband signal as digital, and passband transmission of digital data as a form of digital-to-analog conversion. Data transmitted may be digital messages originating from
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#1732779682484432-483: Is considered wired line. Local telephone networks often form the basis for wired communications and are used by both residential and business customers in the area. Many networks today rely on the use of fiber optic communication technology as a means of providing clear signaling for both inbound and outbound transmissions and are replacing copper wire transmission. Fiber optic technology is capable of accommodating far more signals than copper wiring while still maintaining
468-421: Is the sequential transmission of signal elements of a group representing a character or other entity of data . Digital serial transmissions are bits sent over a single wire, frequency or optical path sequentially. Because it requires less signal processing and less chances for error than parallel transmission, the transfer rate of each individual path may be faster. This can be used over longer distances and
504-480: Is the transfer of a continuously varying analog signal over an analog channel, digital communication is the transfer of discrete messages over a digital or an analog channel. The messages are either represented by a sequence of pulses by means of a line code (baseband transmission), or by a limited set of continuously varying wave forms (passband transmission), using a digital modulation method. The passband modulation and corresponding demodulation (also known as detection)
540-488: Is utilized for transferring many phone calls over the same copper cable or fiber cable by means of pulse-code modulation (PCM) in combination with time-division multiplexing (TDM) (1962). Telephone exchanges have become digital and software controlled, facilitating many value-added services. For example, the first AXE telephone exchange was presented in 1976. Digital communication to the end user using Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) services became available in
576-504: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) involves transmission, TCP and other transport layer protocols are covered in computer networking but not discussed in a textbook or course about data transmission. In most textbooks, the term analog transmission only refers to the transmission of an analog message signal (without digitization) by means of an analog signal, either as a non-modulated baseband signal or as
612-431: The advent of the telephone . However, the first data electromagnetic transmission applications in modern time were electrical telegraphy (1809) and teletypewriters (1906), which are both digital signals . The fundamental theoretical work in data transmission and information theory by Harry Nyquist , Ralph Hartley , Claude Shannon and others during the early 20th century, was done with these applications in mind. In
648-626: The OLC's new opinion, which the Commission claimed would reduce its annual profits by millions of dollars. New Hampshire Gov. Chris Sununu said the state wasn't interested in negotiating an out-of-court settlement, "we're looking to win." District Court Judge Paul Barbadoro ruled in the Commission's favor, stating that the Wire Act "is limited to sports gambling", but declined to vacate the 2018 OLC opinion. The First Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed
684-612: The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) stated its opinion that the Wire Act "prohibits gambling over the Internet, including casino-style gambling." In 2011, the DOJ reversed its position, when the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) published a formal opinion on the scope of the Act concluding, "interstate transmissions of wire communications that do not relate to a 'sporting event or contest' fall outside
720-479: The Wire Act's prohibitions are "not uniformly limited to gambling on sporting events or contests." The decision was published on January 15, 2019, with a promise to delay enforcement of the new opinion for 90 days to "give businesses that relied on the 2011 OLC opinion time to bring their operations into compliance with federal law." The New Hampshire Lottery Commission filed suit in February 2019 seeking to vacate
756-596: The act applies only to bets placed on "sporting event or contest" and not other forms of gambling. Wired communication Wired communication refers to the transmission of data over a wire -based communication technology ( telecommunication cables ). Wired communication is also known as wireline communication . Examples include telephone networks , cable television or internet access , and fiber-optic communication . Most wired networks use Ethernet cables to transfer data between connected PCs. Also waveguide (electromagnetism) , used for high-power applications,
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#1732779682484792-453: The beginning and end of transmission. This method of transmission is used when data are sent intermittently as opposed to in a solid stream. Synchronous transmission synchronizes transmission speeds at both the receiving and sending end of the transmission using clock signals . The clock may be a separate signal or embedded in the data . A continual stream of data is then sent between the two nodes. Due to there being no start and stop bits,
828-551: The computer, for example, the internal buses, and sometimes externally for such things as printers. Timing skew can be a significant issue in these systems because the wires in parallel data transmission unavoidably have slightly different properties so some bits may arrive before others, which may corrupt the message. This issue tends to worsen with distance making parallel data transmission less reliable for long distances. Some communications channel types include: Asynchronous serial communication uses start and stop bits to signify
864-660: The decision in January 2021. In November 2021, International Game Technology filed a lawsuit to declare the 2018 opinion unlawful, seeking to protect itself from possible prosecution for its online lottery operations outside of the First Circuit. In September 2022, the Rhode Island District Court ruled in IGT's favor, stating that IGT could not be prosecuted under the Wire Act anywhere in the country, as
900-516: The early 1960s, Paul Baran invented distributed adaptive message block switching for digital communication of voice messages using switches that were low-cost electronics. Donald Davies invented and implemented modern data communication during 1965-7, including packet switching , high-speed routers , communication protocols , hierarchical computer networks and the essence of the end-to-end principle . Baran's work did not include routers with software switches and communication protocols, nor
936-475: The eight bills given to Congress was Senate Bill 1656—The Wire Act. The Interstate Anti-Crime Acts were signed by the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy on September 13, 1961. Legal opinions have varied as to whether the Wire Act applies only to sports betting, or applies to all forms of gambling, such as lotteries and casino games. In a 2002 letter to Nevada state officials,
972-411: The field of data transmission typically deal with the following OSI model protocol layers and topics: It is also common to deal with the cross-layer design of those three layers. Data (mainly but not exclusively informational ) has been sent via non-electronic (e.g. optical , acoustic , mechanical ) means since the advent of communication . Analog signal data has been sent electronically since
1008-563: The gambling fraternity would be a mortal blow to their operations — Robert F. Kennedy discussing how the Wire Act would affect organized crime After being selected to become U.S. Attorney General , Robert F. Kennedy suggested to the 87th United States Congress to pass legislation which would make interstate gambling illegal. Kennedy's goal of the legislation was to help the United States Justice Department stop organized crime from trafficking . One of
1044-555: The idea that users, rather than the network itself, would provide the reliability . Both were seminal contributions that influenced the development of computer networks . Data transmission is utilized in computers in computer buses and for communication with peripheral equipment via parallel ports and serial ports such as RS-232 (1969), FireWire (1995) and USB (1996). The principles of data transmission are also utilized in storage media for error detection and correction since 1951. The first practical method to overcome
1080-480: The integrity of the signal over longer distances. Alternatively, communication technologies that don't rely on wires to transmit information (voice or data) are considered wireless , and are generally considered to have higher latency and lower reliability. The legal definition of most, if not all, wireless technologies today or " apparatus, and services (among other things, the receipt, forwarding, and delivery of communications) incidental to such transmission " are
1116-472: The late 1980s. Since the end of the 1990s, broadband access techniques such as ADSL , Cable modems , fiber-to-the-building (FTTB) and fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) have become widespread to small offices and homes. The current tendency is to replace traditional telecommunication services with packet mode communication such as IP telephony and IPTV . Transmitting analog signals digitally allows for greater signal processing capability. The ability to process
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1152-467: The only current technology considered wireless . In general, wired communications are considered to be the most stable and best of all types of communications services. They are relatively impervious to adverse weather conditions in comparison to wireless communication solutions. These characteristics have allowed wired communications to remain popular even as wireless solutions have continued to advance. This article related to telecommunications
1188-475: The placing of bets or wagers, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. Several legal opinions and rulings have discussed whether forms of gambling other than sports betting fall within the Act's scope. It is quite evident that modern, organized, commercial gambling operations are so completely intertwined with the Nation's communications systems that denial of their use to
1224-656: The principles of data transmission are applied. Examples include second-generation (1991) and later cellular telephony , video conferencing , digital TV (1998), digital radio (1999), and telemetry . Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications is the transfer of data over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. Examples of such channels include copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, storage media and computer buses. The data are represented as an electromagnetic signal , such as an electrical voltage, radiowave, microwave, or infrared light. While analog transmission
1260-490: The problem of receiving data accurately by the receiver using digital code was the Barker code invented by Ronald Hugh Barker in 1952 and published in 1953. Data transmission is utilized in computer networking equipment such as modems (1940), local area network (LAN) adapters (1964), repeaters , repeater hubs , microwave links , wireless network access points (1997), etc. In telephone networks, digital communication
1296-439: The reach of the Wire Act." The 2011 opinion noted that "the sparse case law on this issue is divided". The U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in 2002 that the Wire Act prohibition on the transmission of wagers applies only to sports betting and not other types of online gambling. Lower courts in other circuits had reached the opposite conclusion. In 2018, the OLC reversed its position again, with an opinion declaring that
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