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70-738: Admission to the Wirtschaftsgymnasium is voluntary for all students in the tenth year of the Realschule or the same year at the Gymnasium. In order to be allowed to attend a Wirtschaftsgymnasium, a student from the Realschule needs satisfactory grades (marks) in the main subjects German , Mathematics and English , namely an average grade better than 3.0 (in the German grade system, which goes from 1 (best) to 6 (worst). Moreover,

140-412: A Realschule . At Realschule , a student gets an extended education and learns at least one foreign language, usually English . In the state of Baden-Württemberg , after the sixth grade, the student has to choose among technology , home economics , and a second foreign language, usually French . The new subject becomes the student's fifth main subject, after German, maths, science and English; and it

210-429: A craft depending on the length of the apprenticeship; this can be lost in translation. Each of the over 300 nationwide defined vocational profiles has defined framework – conditions as length of education, theoretical and practical learning goals and certification conditions. Typically an apprenticeship can commence for individuals once they are aged 15 or 18 after finishing general education. Some apprenticeships have

280-580: A curriculum and are designed as a mean for students to put theory in practice and master knowledge in a way that empowers them with professional autonomy. Their main characteristics could be summarized into the following: Australian Apprenticeships encompass all apprenticeships and traineeships. They cover all industry sectors in Australia and are used to achieve both 'entry-level' and career 'upskilling' objectives. There were 475,000 Australian Apprentices in-training as at 31 March 2012, an increase of 2.4% from

350-727: A length of 3 or 4 years are the most common ones. The certificate awarded after successfully completing a 3 or 4-year apprenticeship is called "Certificat Fédéral de Capacité" ( CFC ) in French, "Eidgenössisches Fähigkeitszeugnis" ( EFZ ) in German and "Attestato federale di capacità" (AFC) in Italian. It could be translated as "Federal Certificate of Proficiency". Some crafts, such as electrician , are educated in lengths of 3 and 4 years. In this case, an Electrician with 4 years apprenticeship gets more theoretical background than one with 3 years apprenticeship. Some languages have different names for

420-681: A pass in Economics and Business Accounting, one language (German, English or their second foreign language) and three others subjects from their timetable. Students who took a beginners' course in a second foreign language are only allowed to take an oral exam in this subject. Realschule Real school ( German : Realschule , German: [ʁeˈaːlʃuːlə] ) is a type of secondary school in Germany , Switzerland and Liechtenstein . It has also existed in Croatia ( realna gimnazija ),

490-409: A permanent job at the company that provided the placement. Although the formal boundaries and terminology of the apprentice/journeyman/master system often do not extend outside guilds and trade unions , the concept of on-the-job training leading to competence over a period of years is found in any field of skilled labor . There is no global consensus on a single term for apprenticeship. Depending on

560-426: A policy of conservative French political parties, and was met by tough opposition from trade unions and students . Apprenticeships are part of Germany's dual education system , which combines a practical education in a company and a theoretical one in a vocational school. The lessons in vocational school can either happen once or twice a week, or in whole week blocks. During their apprenticeship, apprentices can earn

630-444: A recommend or required age of 18. There is formally no maximum age, however, for persons above 21 it is hard to find a company due to companies preferring younger ages due to the lower cost of labour. In Turkey, apprenticeship has been part of the small business culture for centuries since the time of Seljuk Turks who claimed Anatolia as their homeland in the 11th century. There are three levels of apprenticeship. The first level

700-493: A salary, which gets higher every year, with the average apprentice earning 1,066€ before taxes. The average apprenticeship takes between 2 and 3.5 years. As of 2024, there are 327 officially recognized apprenticeship trades. In India, the Apprentices Act was enacted in 1961. It regulates the programme of training of apprentices in the industry so as to conform to the syllabi, period of training etc. as laid down by

770-399: A small minority attended gymnasium in those times. Apprenticeship Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships may also enable practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated occupation. Most of their training

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840-609: A term of seven years), but some would spend time as a journeyman and a significant proportion would never acquire their own workshop . In Coventry those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of the city . Apprenticeship was adopted into military of the West African kingdom of Dahomey . Soldiers in the army were recruited as young as seven or eight years old, as they initially served as shield carriers for regular soldiers. After years of apprenticeship and military experience,

910-565: A university. All students holding an American high school diploma may apply for the Studienkolleg , and after successfully graduating from this they may attend a German university. Those holding a high school diploma can choose from a wider range of possible major subjects at a German university if they did well on the SAT or ACT . Those who scored higher than 1300 on the SAT or higher than 28 on

980-526: A week in this subject. In the second year, the Kursstufe begins. All marks now count toward Abitur , the final exam, passing which permits students to attend universities in Germany. Students now have to take one additional major subject ( Leistungskurs ) in addition to the compulsory major subject of Economics and Business Accounting. To be awarded a pass in the final Abitur exam, students must obtain

1050-425: A year. This minimum training time rose to 360 hours a year in 1961, then 400 in 1986. The first training centres for apprentices ( centres de formation d'apprentis , CFAs) appeared in 1961, and in 1971 apprenticeships were legally made part of professional training. In 1986 the age limit for beginning an apprenticeship was raised from 20 to 25. From 1987 the range of qualifications achievable through an apprenticeship

1120-593: Is a school that exists in the German State of the Saarland . It is not to be confused with the Realschule . While the Realschule is a selective school , the Erweiterte Realschule is a school that does not select its students on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. It streams students by perceived ability after 7th grade. The " Realschule Plus " is a non-selective school that exists in

1190-590: Is also possible to learn other foreign languages in free workshops. Other subjects are geography , social sciences , economics , history , religious education, and physical education. After the 8th grade a student has to choose between arts and music . High school diplomas obtained in Canada or the United States are usually acknowledged as a Mittlere Reife (graduation from a Realschule ). In some cases however students may apply for certain subjects at

1260-480: Is done while working for an employer who helps the apprentices learn their trade or profession, in exchange for their continued labor for an agreed period after they have achieved measurable competencies. Apprenticeship lengths vary significantly across sectors, professions, roles and cultures. In some cases, people who successfully complete an apprenticeship can reach the " journeyman " or professional certification level of competence. In other cases, they can be offered

1330-421: Is made to match applicants with the right apprenticeship or traineeship. This is done with the aid of aptitude tests, tips, and information on 'how to retain an apprentice or apprenticeship'. Information and resources on potential apprenticeship and traineeship occupations are available in over sixty industries. The distinction between the terms apprentices and trainees lies mainly around traditional trades and

1400-599: Is organized in a school system with long-term training parts. So it is possible to get the Matura needed to enter university. WIFI company-based training of apprentices is complemented by compulsory attendance of a part-time vocational school for apprentices (Berufsschule). It lasts two to four years – the duration varies among the 250 legally recognized apprenticeship trades. About 40 percent of all Austrian teenagers enter apprenticeship training upon completion of compulsory education (at age 15). This number has been stable since

1470-588: Is ternar, which is basically dual education system with mandatory practical courses. The length of an apprenticeship can be 2, 3 or 4 years. Apprenticeships with a length of 2 years are for persons with weaker school results. The certificate awarded after successfully completing a 2-year apprenticeship is called "Attestation de formation professionnelle" ( AFP ) in French, "Eidgenössisches Berufsattest" ( EBA ) in German and "Certificato federale di formazione pratica" (CFP) in Italian. It could be translated as "Attestation of professional formation". Apprenticeship with

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1540-562: Is the apprentice, i.e., the "çırak" in Turkish . The second level is pre-master which is called, "kalfa" in Turkish. The mastery level is called as "usta" and is the highest level of achievement. An 'usta' is eligible to take in and accept new 'ciraks' to train and bring them up. The training process usually starts when the small boy is of age 10–11 and becomes a full-grown master at the age of 20–25. Many years of hard work and disciplining under

1610-637: Is where businesses that are not able to employ the Australian Apprentice for the full period until they qualify, are able to lease or hire the Australian Apprentice from a Group Training Organisation. It is a safety net, because the Group Training Organisation is the employer and provides continuity of employment and training for the Australian Apprentice. In addition to a safety net, Group Training Organisations (GTO) have other benefits such as additional support for both

1680-670: The Austrian Empire , the German Empire , Denmark and Norway ( realskole ), Sweden ( realskola ), Finland ( reaalikoulu ), Hungary ( reáliskola ), Latvia ( reālskola ), Slovenia ( realka ), Serbia ( realna gimnazija/realka ), and the Russian Empire ( реальное училище ), including partitioned Poland ( szkoła realna ). In the German secondary school system, Realschule is ranked between Hauptschule (lowest) and Gymnasium (highest). After completing

1750-626: The Czech lands , in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 43 Czech-language reálka , namely 30 in Bohemia and 13 in Moravia. There existed also German-language Realschulen . After World War I, many Realschulen became transformed to Realgymnasien . Realschulen were abolished in 1948 in Czechoslovakia. The Realgymnasium was a compromise type between the Realschule and Gymnasium . In

1820-676: The European Center for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP) , which has developed many studies on the subject. Some non-European countries adapt European apprenticeship practices. The system of apprenticeship first developed in the Late Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman was entitled to employ young people as an inexpensive form of labour in exchange for providing food, lodging and formal training in

1890-580: The National Framework of Qualifications . Each apprenticeship programme lasts between 2 and 4 years. Industry-led groups which work with education and training providers and other partners, oversee the development and roll-out of new apprenticeships. New apprenticeships in ICT , finance and hospitality include software development , accounting technician and commis chef . In Liberia, tailor apprenticeships engage with more skilled tailors to learn

1960-462: The Realschule , good students are allowed to attend a professional Gymnasium or a general-education Gymnasium. They can also attend a Berufsschule or do an apprenticeship . In most states of Germany, students start the Realschule at the age of ten or eleven and typically finish school at the age of 16–17. In some states, Realschulen have recently been replaced by Oberschulen or Sekundarschulen . In 2006 1.32 million German students attended

2030-617: The United Kingdom , dating back to around the 12th century. Apprenticeships flourished in the 14th century and were expanded during the Industrial Revolution . In modern times, apprenticeships were formalised in 1964 by act of parliament and they continue to be in widespread use in all four nations, with hundreds of apprenticeships to choose from. Apprenticeship programs in the United States are regulated by

2100-478: The civil unrest end of 2005 , the government, led by prime minister Dominique de Villepin , announced a new law. Dubbed "law on equality of chances", it created the First Employment Contract as well as manual apprenticeship from as early as 14 years of age. From this age, students are allowed to quit the compulsory school system in order to quickly learn a vocation. This measure has long been

2170-426: The 1950s. The five most popular trades are: Retail Salesperson (5,000 people complete this apprenticeship per year), Clerk (3,500 / year), Car Mechanic (2,000 / year), Hairdresser (1,700 / year), Cook (1,600 / year). There are many smaller trades with small numbers of apprentices, e.g. "EDV-Systemtechniker" (Sysadmin), which is completed by fewer than 100 people a year. The Apprenticeship Leave Certificate provides

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2240-625: The ACT may apply for any subject at a German university. Gymnasia and Realgymnasia are the classical higher or secondary schools of Germany . Starting in 2010/2011, Realschulen were formally abolished in Berlin and merged with Hauptschulen and the old Gesamtschulen to form a new type of comprehensive school, called Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin. According to

2310-570: The Apprenticeship Training is implemented under the National Apprenticeship Ordinance 1962 and Apprenticeship Rules 1966, regulating programs across industries in conjunction with Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes. For companies with over fifty workers in apprenticeable trades, it's mandatory to conduct apprenticeship training. All costs, including wages, are covered by

2380-459: The Brazilian expert found that German schools separate children according to social class , with children of academics and professionals more often being sent on to a Gymnasium, and working-class children being sent to a Realschule or a Hauptschule . According to critics, the system is widely considered within Germany to be socially useful in the sense that the upper class is able to reserve

2450-609: The Central Apprenticeship Council and to utilise fully the facilities available in industry for imparting practical training with a view to meeting the requirements of skilled manpower for industry. The Apprentices Act enacted in 1961 and was implemented effectively in 1962. Initially, the Act envisaged training of trade apprentices. The Act was amended in 1973 to include training of graduate and diploma engineers as "Graduate" & "Technician" Apprentices. The Act

2520-526: The Czech lands (1909 Vrchlabí, 1911 Bohumín), both of them German-language. The realskole existed in Norway between 1935 and 1970. It replaced the former middelskole , and was the level between folkeskole (primary school) and gymnasium . The majority historically left school after folkeskole , and the realskole was meant as preparation for the gymnasium , itself a preparation for university studies. Only

2590-755: The Czech lands, Realgymnasien were established between 1862 (the first one in Tábor) and 1913 (the last one in Jilemnice). In the Czech lands, in the school year 1917/1918 there existed 35 Czech-language Realgymnasien ; namely 24 in Bohemia, 10 in Moravia, and one in Czech Silesia. In 1908, the Reformrealgymnasium was created as a new type of school in Austria-Hungary. Up to 1918, just seven such schools were established, two of them in

2660-574: The Government of Pakistan, through the National Vocational & Technical Training Commission, has begun reforms to modernize the apprenticeship system. Key aspects include: In Switzerland, after the end of compulsory schooling, two thirds of young people follow a vocational training. Ninety percent of them are in the dual education system . Switzerland has an apprenticeship similarly to Germany and Austria. The educational system

2730-694: The Host employer and the trainee/apprentice through an industry consultant who visits regularly to make sure that the trainee/apprentice are fulfilling their work and training obligations with their Host employer. There is the additional benefit of the trainee/apprentice being employed by the GTO reducing the Payroll/Superannuation and other legislative requirements on the Host employer who pays as invoiced per agreement. Apprenticeship training in Austria

2800-458: The PISA examination the students attending a Realschule were outperformed by those attending a Gymnasium. However, they did better than those attending a Hauptschule or a Gesamtschule school. The German tripartite system of education has been widely criticized for separating children along class lines at a very early age. For instance, in some German states, a decision is made in the sixth or even

2870-910: The State of Rhineland-Palatinate . It offers general education classes (that resemble normal Realschule classes) as well as remedial classes. The Erweiterte Realschule and the Realschule Plus are not the school of first choice for many students and often are attended by students who have been turned down by or have been expelled from other schools. The first in the empire was established in Vienna, 1771. Systematically they were founded by Habsburg Monarchy after 1804: e.g. 1811 in Brno (German-language), 1815 in Brody ( Galicia ), 1817 in Lviv and Trieste etc. In

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2940-610: The advanced course in French ( Französich - Niveau A ) or the beginners' course in Spanish ( Spanisch - Niveau B ). Student coming from a Realschule without a former second foreign language are free to choose between the beginners' class in French or Spanish ( Französisch / Spanisch - Niveau B ). All pupils are required to take the subject Economics and Business Accounting ( Betriebs- und Volkswirtschaftslehre mit wirtschaftlichem Rechnungswesen , VBRW for short). In Baden-Württemberg , students are required to attend six lessons (of 45 minutes)

3010-689: The apprentice with access to two different vocational careers. On the one hand, it is a prerequisite for the admission to the Master Craftsman Exam and for qualification tests, and on the other hand it gives access to higher education via the TVE-Exam or the Higher Education Entrance Exam which are prerequisites for taking up studies at colleges, universities, "Fachhochschulen", post-secondary courses and post-secondary colleges. The person responsible for overseeing

3080-450: The apprentices are not involved in any educational programme at the same time but, even if they are, there is no relation between the undergoing studies and the apprenticeship. Cooperative apprenticeships are those organized and managed in cooperation between educational institutions and employers. They vary in terms of governance, some being more employer lead and others more educational institution lead, but they are always associated with

3150-478: The authority of the master is the key to the young apprentice's education and learning process. In Turkey today there are many vocational schools that train children to gain skills to learn a new profession. The student after graduation looks for a job at the nearest local marketplace usually under the authority of a master. Apprenticeships in the United Kingdom are devolved. It has a long tradition in

3220-486: The best schools for itself without having to resort to private schools. Finally, no democratic society outside the German-speaking world has tripartite school systems that separate children largely according to background; this finding was the main complaint about Germany in the recent PISA study. Proponents of the tripartite system consider the arguments brought forward by the critics to be invalid. They point to

3290-601: The completion of the provincial exam, they may write the Provincial Standard exam. British Columbia is one province that uses these exams as the provincial exam. This means a qualification for the province will satisfy the whole country. The inter-provincial exam questions are agreed upon by all provinces of the time. At the time there were only four provinces, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Upper Canada (now Ontario), and Lower Canada (now Quebec). In Canada, each province has its own apprenticeship program, which may be

3360-435: The craft and the skills that may be taught in more traditional school settings. They learn from master tailors, which gives the apprentices a promised job once their training is completed. Apprentices must have a grasp on patterns, measurement, and other mathematics skills. They demonstrate full concept mastery before moving on to the next piece of clothing. Instead of formal testing for evaluation, articles of clothing must meet

3430-508: The craft. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in crafts such as seamstress , tailor , cordwainer , baker and stationer . Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, and would live in the master craftsman's household. The contract between the craftsman, the apprentice and, generally, the apprentice's parents would often be governed by an indenture . Most apprentices aspired to becoming master craftsmen themselves on completion of their contract (usually

3500-493: The culture, country and sector, the same or similar definitions are used to describe the terms apprenticeship , internship , and trainee-ship . The latter two terms may be preferred in the health sector. One example is internships in medicine for physicians and trainee-ships for nurses – and western countries. Apprenticeship is the preferred term of the European Commission and the one selected for use by

3570-603: The fact that not only Gymnasium, but also comprehensive schools and schools serving mature students such as the Kolleg or the Berufsoberschule offer the possibility for the Abitur . Also it is possible to attend college without holding the Abitur . They also hold the opinion that state-funded Realschulen and Gymnasiums offered many working-class children the possibility to move up the social ladder. Also, proponents of

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3640-495: The federal state ( Land ); so the requirements and classes differ from state to state. The following article gives the situation in Baden-Württemberg . In the first year at Wirtschaftsgymnasium (11th grade, the eleventh year of school education), pupils can take another foreign language in addition to English (which is compulsory). Generally, the alternatives differ from school to school, but French and Spanish are

3710-564: The fourth grade about whether a child is to continue in the Gymnasium, the Realschule , or the Hauptschule . Only the Gymnasium is a university-preparatory school , so critics argue that a decision is made as early as the fourth grade about whether a child will be allowed to attend college. The system is considered so onerous outside Germany that the OECD even sent a special envoy to Germany to condemn current German practice. Specifically,

3780-456: The industry. Enforcement is carried out by provincial governments through various TEVTAs, such as Punjab TEVTA, Sindh TEVTA, KP TEVTA, Balochistan TEVTA, and AJK TEVTA. The training period varies by trade, from 1 to 4 years. As of 2015, more than 30,000 apprentices were being trained in 2,751 industries across 276 trades. This accounts for less than 10% of the over 350,000 institution-based vocational trainees produced annually. In recent years,

3850-404: The most common. If a school has no teacher for Spanish, all students are required to take French. The type of language course that a student is permitted to take depends on what school the student previously attended. A student who previously attended a Gymnasium, or took the French class at the Realschule, will already have had three years of a second foreign language (usually French) and may take

3920-517: The number of apprentices from 365,000 in 2005 to 500,000 in 2009. To achieve this aim, the government is, for example, granting tax relief for companies when they take on apprentices. (Since 1925 a tax has been levied to pay for apprenticeships.) The minister in charge of the campaign, Jean-Louis Borloo , also hoped to improve the image of apprenticeships with an information campaign, as they are often connected with academic failure at school and an ability to grasp only practical skills and not theory. After

3990-646: The only route into jobs within compulsory trades . Organisations such as the Canadian Council of Directors of Apprenticeship and Employment and Social Development Canada help to oversee the programmes. In the Czech Republic, the term "vocational school" (učiliště) can refer to the two, three or four years of secondary practical education. Apprenticeship Training is implemented under Education Act (školský zákon). Apprentices spend about 30–60% of their time in companies (sociální partneři školy) and

4060-437: The previous year. Australian Government employer and employee incentives may be applicable, while State and Territory Governments may provide public funding support for the training element of the initiative. Australian Apprenticeships combine time at work with formal training and can be full-time, part-time or school-based. Australian apprentice and traineeship services are dedicated to promoting retention, therefore much effort

4130-704: The quality standards before they can be sold and before the apprentice can begin a new design. The Igbo apprentice system is a framework of formal and informal indentured agreements between parties that ultimately facilitate burgeoning entrepreneurial communities within the Igbos . It is an economic model practiced widely by Igbos and originated in South-Eastern Nigeria . Its purposes were and still remains to spur economic growth and stability, and sustainable livelihood by financing and investing in human resources through vocational training . In Pakistan,

4200-561: The recruits were allowed to join the army as regular soldiers. With a combination of lifelong military experience and monetary incentives, a cohesive and well-disciplined military emerged in Dahomey. Apprenticeships can be divided into two main categories: Independent and Cooperative. Independent apprenticeships are those organized and managed by employers, without any involvement from educational institutions. They happen dissociated from any educational curricula, which means that, usually,

4270-570: The rest in formal education. Depending on the profession, they may work for two to three days a week in the company and then spend two or three days at a vocational school. In France, apprenticeships also developed between the ninth and thirteenth centuries, with guilds structured around apprentices, journeymen and master craftsmen , continuing in this way until 1791, when the guilds were suppressed. The first laws regarding apprenticeships were passed in 1851. From 1919, young people had to take 150 hours of theory and general lessons in their subject

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4340-743: The scope of the Statutory Apprenticeship system, which is organised by SOLAS in co-operation with the Department of Education , employers and unions . An Apprenticeship Council is also in place. An apprenticeship provides on-the-job training with an employer. It usually alternates between off-the-job training in an education centre and on-the-job training at an employer's workplace. An apprenticeship generally lasts for 4 years, during which time there are 3 different periods in off-the-job training. This training phase takes place in an Education and Training Board (ETB) Training Centre while

4410-410: The student is not allowed to have grades worse than 4 in the three aforementioned subjects. Students from the Gymnasium need marks (grades) that would have allowed them to move up to the next grade (year) at Gymnasium. If too many students apply for admission for a specific Wirtschaftsgymnasiumsen, the school is allowed to set a higher admissions standard. In Germany, education is the responsibility of

4480-477: The subsequent off-the-job training phases take place in an Institute of Technology . After on-going assessments through on-the-job competence testing as well as off-the-job modular assessments and examinations, if passed successfully the apprentice is awarded an Advanced Certificate in craft (level 6 on the National Framework of Qualifications ). New apprenticeships in other areas of industry were introduced from 2016, and can lead to an award between Levels 5–10 on

4550-464: The three pillars of employment, housing and equal opportunities. The French government pledged to further develop apprenticeship as a path to success at school and to employment, based on its success: in 2005, 80% of young French people who had completed an apprenticeship entered employment. In France, the term apprenticeship often denotes manual labor but it also includes other jobs like secretary, manager, engineer, shop assistant... The plan aimed to raise

4620-472: The time it takes to gain a qualification. The Australian government uses Australian Apprenticeships Centres to administer and facilitate Australian Apprenticeships so that funding can be disseminated to eligible businesses, apprentices and trainees, supporting the whole process as it underpins the future skills of Australian industry. Australia also has a fairly unusual safety net in place for businesses and Australian Apprentices with its Group Training scheme. This

4690-504: The training inside the company is called "Lehrherr" or "Ausbilder". An Ausbilder must prove that he has the professional qualifications needed to educate another person, has no criminal record and is an otherwise-respectable person. The law states that "the person wanting to educate a young apprentice must prove that he has an ethical way of living and the civic qualities of a good citizen". In Canada, apprenticeships tend to be formalized for craft trades and technician level qualifications. At

4760-402: The tripartite system fear that abolishing Gymnasia and Realschulen would lead to the growth of a private school sector. Proponents of the Realschule also hold the opinion that it aids students' personality development. According to a study those attending a Realschule became more altruistic and more likely to care for others over time. The "Erweiterte Realschule" (expanded Realschule )

4830-617: Was further amended in 1986 to bring within its purview the training of the 10+2 vocational stream as "Technician (Vocational)" Apprentices. Overall responsibility is with the Directorate General of Employment & Training (DGE&T) in the Union Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship . In Ireland the apprenticeships are split into two main categories: "craft" and "new". The main craft trades and professions have been designated by SOLAS and come within

4900-404: Was widened to include the brevet professionnel (certificate of vocational aptitude), the bac professionnel (vocational baccalaureate diploma), the brevet de technicien supérieur (advanced technician's certificate), engineering diplomas, master's degree and more. On January 18, 2005, President Jacques Chirac announced the introduction of a law on a programme for social cohesion comprising

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