21-421: See text Wisterieae is a tribe of flowering plants in the bean family Fabaceae . The tribe was first described in 1994 for the sole genus Wisteria , but was greatly expanded in 2019 to include 13 genera, six of which were new. Five had previously been placed in the tribe Millettieae . Members of the tribe are climbers of various kinds. Some, like Wisteria , are cultivated for their flowers. Members of
42-496: A forearm to upper arm ratio similar to the Golden Ratio – greater than other hominins. They exhibited greater sexual dimorphism than members of Homo or Pan but less so than Gorilla or Pongo . It is thought that they averaged heights of 1.2–1.5 metres (3.9–4.9 ft) and weighed between 30 and 55 kilograms (66 and 121 lb). The brain size may have been 350 cc to 600 cc. The postcanines (the teeth behind
63-508: A period of coexistence. In 1957, an Early Pleistocene Chinese fossil tooth of unknown province was described as resembling P. robustus . Three fossilized molars from Jianshi , China (Longgudong Cave) were later identified as belonging to an Australopithecus species. However further examination questioned this interpretation; Zhang (1984) argued the Jianshi teeth and unidentified tooth belong to H. erectus . Liu et al . (2010) also dispute
84-406: Is a serious problem. Another problem presents itself in the fact that it has been very difficult to assess which hominid [now "hominin"] represents the first member of the genus Homo . Without knowing this, it is not possible to determine which species of australopithecine may have been ancestral to Homo . Marc Verhaegen has argued that an australopithecine species could have also been ancestral to
105-424: Is ancestral to the genus Homo is a question that is a top priority for many paleoanthropologists, but one that will likely elude any conclusive answers for years to come. Nearly every possible species has been suggested as a likely candidate, but none are overwhelmingly convincing. Presently, it appears that A. garhi has the potential to occupy this coveted place in paleoanthropology, but the lack of fossil evidence
126-484: Is sometimes subdivided into subtribes . By convention, all taxa ranked above species are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe. In zoology , the standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Examples include the tribes Caprini (goat-antelopes), Hominini (hominins), Bombini (bumblebees), and Thunnini (tunas). The tribe Hominini is divided into subtribes by some scientists; subtribe Hominina then comprises "humans". The standard ending for
147-851: The genera Ardipithecus , Orrorin , Sahelanthropus , and Graecopithecus are the possible ancestors of the australopithecines. Classification of subtribe Australopithecina according to Briggs & Crowther 2008 , p. 124. Phylogeny of Hominina/Australopithecina according to Dembo et al . (2016). Sahelanthropus tchadensis Ardipithecus Australopithecus anamensis Australopithecus afarensis Australopithecus garhi Kenyanthropus platyops Plesianthropus transvaalensis ( Australopithecus africanus ) Paranthropus aethiopicus Paranthropus robustus Paranthropus boisei Homo (including "Australopithecus" sediba ) The post-cranial remains of australopithecines show they were adapted to bipedal locomotion , but did not walk identically to humans. They had
168-499: The "gracile australopithecines", while Paranthropus are called the "robust australopithecines". The australopithecines occurred in the Late Miocene sub-epoch and were bipedal , and they were dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than that of modern non-human apes , with lesser encephalization than in the genus Homo . Humans (genus Homo ) may have descended from australopithecine ancestors and
189-548: The canines) were relatively large, and had more enamel compared to contemporary apes and humans, whereas the incisors and canines were relatively small, and there was little difference between the males' and females' canines compared to modern apes. Most scientists maintain that the genus Homo emerged in Africa within the australopithecines around two million years ago. However, there is no consensus on within which species: Determining which species of australopithecine (if any)
210-475: The conclusion that the recognition of australopithecines in Asia would not confuse but could help to clarify the early evolution of hominids ["hominins"] on that continent. This concept would explain the scanty remains from Java and China as relic of an Asian offshoot of an early radiation of Australopithecus , which was followed much later by an [African] immigration of Homo erectus , and finally became extinct after
231-480: The extinct, close relatives of modern humans and, together with the extant genus Homo , comprise the human clade . Members of the human clade, i.e. the Hominini after the split from the chimpanzees, are called Hominina ( see Hominidae; terms "hominids" and hominins ). While none of the groups normally directly assigned to this group survived, the australopithecines do not appear to be literally extinct (in
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#1732797577334252-416: The following cladogram : Sarcodum Endosamara Sigmoidala Nanhaia Wisteriopsis Callerya Serawaia Whitfordiodendron Kanburia Afgekia Padbruggea Austrocallerya Wisteria The monophyly of Wisterieae and its broad division into five clades was supported in a 2021 study, with some small differences in clade C. Serawaia was not included in
273-493: The genus Pan (i.e. chimpanzees). A minority view among palaeoanthropologists is that australopithecines moved outside Africa. One proponent of this theory is Jens Lorenz Franzen , formerly Head of Paleoanthropology at the Research Institute Senckenberg . Franzen argued that robust australopithecines had reached not only Indonesia, as Meganthropus , but also China: In this way we arrive at
294-817: The genus name Pseudomonas . An unfamiliar taxonomic rank cannot necessarily be identified as a tribe merely by the presence of one of the standard suffixes: Accordingly, working within animals alone, subfamily -inae , tribe -ini, and subtribe -ina are unique suffixes to their specific taxonomic ranks. At the other extreme, working within algae alone, -eae suffixes class -phyceae , suborder -ineae , family -aceae , subfamily -oideae , and tribe -eae . The longer suffixes themselves suffixed with -eae must first be eliminated before recognizing an unfamiliar -eae designation as belonging to rank tribe. Hominina Hominina Gray 1825 sensu Andrew & Harrison 2005 The australopithecines , formally Australopithecina or Hominina , are generally any species in
315-431: The name of a zoological subtribe is "-ina". In botany , the standard ending for the name of a botanical tribe is "-eae". Examples include the tribes Acalypheae and Hyacintheae . The tribe Hyacintheae is divided into subtribes, including the subtribe Massoniinae. The standard ending for the name of a botanical subtribe is "-inae". In bacteriology , the form of tribe names is as in botany, e.g., Pseudomonadeae, based on
336-666: The related genera of Australopithecus and Paranthropus . It may also include members of Kenyanthropus , Ardipithecus , and Praeanthropus . The term comes from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae. They are classified within the Australopithecina subtribe of the Hominini tribe . These related species are sometimes collectively termed australopithecines , australopiths or homininans . They are
357-521: The rest of the broadly defined Millettieae, the Callerya group belonged to the Inverted repeat-lacking clade. A 2019 molecular phylogenetic resulted in most of the Callerya group being placed in an expanded tribe Wisterieae, which included six newly created genera. The study suggested that the genera included in the tribe could be divided into five major clades, A to E, which were related as shown in
378-407: The sense of having no living descendants) as the genera Kenyanthropus , Paranthropus and Homo probably emerged as sister of a late Australopithecus species such as A. africanus and/or A. sediba . The terms australopithecines, et. al., come from a former classification as members of a distinct subfamily, the Australopithecinae. Members of Australopithecus are sometimes referred to as
399-472: The study, and Callerya bonatiana fell outside the genus Callerya when nuclear ribosomal DNA was used, and was placed in a new genus Villosocallerya . In 2019, Compton et. al. included 13 genera in their circumscription of the tribe: This Faboideae -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tribe (biology) In biology , a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus , but below family and subfamily . It
420-528: The tribe Wisterieae are either woody lianas or sprawling climbing shrubs. All species have their flowers arranged in either true panicles or true racemes (as opposed to pseudopanicles or pseudoracemes). The tribe belongs to the Inverted repeat-lacking clade ; all genera lack one 25 kilobase long copy of the inverted repeat in the chloroplast genome , distinguishing them from genera in the tribe Millettieae, which do not lack this inverted repeat. The tribe
441-478: Was established in 1994 by X. Y. Zhu, based on features of Wisteria pollen . Most older genera that are now placed in Wisterieae were previously placed in the tribe Millettieae . As circumscribed in the 1980s, Millettieae was morphologically diverse and was later found to be polyphyletic . A number of studies separated off the " Callerya group" on both morphological and genetic grounds. In particular, unlike
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