T-Stoff ( [teː ʃtɔf] ; 'substance T') was a stabilised high test peroxide used in Germany during World War II . T-Stoff was specified to contain 80% (occasionally 85%) hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), remainder water, with traces (<0.1%) of stabilisers. Stabilisers used included 0.0025% phosphoric acid , a mixture of phosphoric acid, sodium phosphate and 8-oxyquinoline , and sodium stannate .
11-552: The decomposition of T-Stoff into hot steam and oxygen caused by the addition of the catalyst Z-Stoff (an aqueous solution of permanganates ) was used to drive the split-tube steam catapults which launched the V-1 flying bomb . Similarly generated steam was used to drive the turbopump in the German V2 rocket, and the pumps in several other rocket engines. The turbopump was used to transport fuel and oxidizer liquids under pressure to
22-449: A nitro compound , an alcohol to a ketone , an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid , a terminal alkene to a carboxylic acid , oxalic acid to carbon dioxide , and an alkene to a diol . This list is not exhaustive. In alkene oxidations one intermediate is a cyclic Mn(V) species: The fatal dose of permanganate is about 10 g, and several fatal intoxications have occurred. The strong oxidative effect leads to necrosis of
33-595: A complex testing system was developed to make sure that each propellant was put into the correct tanks of the Messerschmitt Me 163. This was because T-Stoff and C-Stoff are hypergolic propellants: they spontaneously ignite when mixed at normal temperatures. Even slight contamination between the T-Stoff oxidizer and the C-Stoff fuel was likely to cause an explosion. Catalytic decomposition of T-Stoff by Z-Stoff
44-463: A deep purple colour, due to a charge transfer transition from oxo ligand p orbitals to empty orbitals derived from manganese(VII) d orbitals. Permanganate(VII) is a strong oxidizer , and similar to perchlorate . It is therefore in common use in qualitative analysis that involves redox reactions ( permanganometry ). According to theory, permanganate is strong enough to oxidize water, but this does not actually happen to any extent. Besides this, it
55-439: Is a chemical compound with the manganate(VII) ion , MnO 4 , the conjugate base of permanganic acid . Because the manganese atom has a +7 oxidation state , the permanganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidising agent . The ion is a transition metal ion with a tetrahedral structure . Permanganate solutions are purple in colour and are stable in neutral or slightly alkaline media. The exact chemical reaction depends on
66-441: Is reduced to the green manganate ion, MnO 4 with an oxidation state of +6. In a neutral solution, however, it gets reduced to the brown manganese dioxide MnO 2 with an oxidation state of +4. Permanganates can be produced by oxidation of manganese compounds such as manganese chloride or manganese sulfate by strong oxidizing agents, for instance, sodium hypochlorite or lead dioxide : It may also be produced by
77-419: Is stable. It is a useful reagent , but it is not very selective with organic compounds. Potassium permanganate is used as a disinfectant and water treatment additive in aquaculture. Manganates(VII) are not very stable thermally. For instance, potassium permanganate decomposes at 230 °C to potassium manganate and manganese dioxide , releasing oxygen gas: A permanganate can oxidize an amine to
88-444: The disproportionation of manganates , with manganese dioxide as a side-product: They are produced commercially by electrolysis or air oxidation of alkaline solutions of manganate salts ( MnO 4 ). This is a common and strong disinfectant, used regularly to sanitize baths, toilets, and wash basins . It is a cheap and extremely effective compound for the task. Permanganates(VII) are salts of permanganic acid. They have
99-447: The carbon-containing reactants present and the oxidant used. For example, trichloroethane (C 2 H 3 Cl 3 ) is oxidised by permanganate ions to form carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ), hydrogen ions (H ), and chloride ions (Cl ). In an acidic solution, permanganate(VII) is reduced to the pale pink manganese(II) (Mn ) with an oxidation state of +2. In a strongly basic or alkaline solution, permanganate(VII)
110-520: The rocket engine of the V2. Another of T-Stoff's many uses was to be combined as the oxidizer, with C-Stoff ( methanol – hydrazine –water mixture) as the fuel, in the bipropellant Walter HWK 109-509 engine of the Messerschmitt Me 163 and Messerschmitt Me 263 , at a ratio of approximately 3.1 parts T-Stoff oxidizer to one part C-Stoff fuel. Because the two substances were so visually similar,
121-1052: Was also used as a monopropellant in several "cold" Walter rocket engines, including early versions of the engine for the Me 163A, and rocket-assisted takeoff pack engines like the Walter HWK 109-500 . Because of its extreme oxidizing potential, T-Stoff was a very dangerous chemical to handle, so special rubberized suits were required when working with it, as it would react with most cloth, leather, or other combustible material and cause it to spontaneously combust. T-Stoff corroded iron and steel , and thus had to be kept in aluminium tanks. Conversely, C-Stoff ate through aluminium and had to be kept in glass or enamel . T-Stoff containers were white, C-Stoff containers were yellow. The tanker trucks carrying T-Stoff and C-Stoff, clearly marked "T" and "C" were forbidden to come within 800 meters of each other. Permanganate A permanganate ( / p ər ˈ m æ ŋ ɡ ə n eɪ t , p ɜːr -/ )
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