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67-552: Numerous variations of the T formation have been developed, including the Power-T, where two tight ends are used, the Pro T, which uses one tight end and one wide receiver , or the Wing T , where one of the running backs (or wingback) lines up one step behind and to the side of the tight end. Any of these can be run using the original spacing, which produced a front of about seven yards, or

134-493: A three point blocking stance, two point receiver's stance, or put in motion like a flanker or offensive back. Head coach Jon Gruden referred to such multi-dimensional tight ends as "jokers", calling Winslow the first ever in the NFL. Patriots head coach Bill Belichick notes that the pass-catching tight ends that get paid the most are "all direct descendants of Kellen Winslow", and there are fewer tight ends now that can block on

201-422: A career touchdown rate (percentage of pass attempts that result in touchdowns) of 7.9 percent. In 1943, Luckman completed 110 of 202 passes for 2194 yards and 28 touchdowns. His 13.9% touchdown rate that year is the best ever in a single-season, while his 10.9 yards per attempt is second all-time. During one game that year, Luckman threw for 443 yards and seven touchdowns , still tied for

268-409: A dinner which Luckman's wife Estelle prepared, Halas produced a contract for $ 5,500 ($ 119,000 today), which Luckman immediately signed. At that time both at the college and pro levels, offenses were a drab scrum of running the ball with only occasional passes. In what was then the predominant single-wing formation, the quarterback was primarily a blocking back and rarely touched the ball. Most passing

335-724: A factor and allowed the opening up of the passing attack. The pro set further evolved into today's complex offenses. Virtually all modern offensive formations are variations on the T theme. A notable exception is the Shotgun formation , first used by the San Francisco 49ers in 1959/1960, popularized by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 1960s and the Dallas Cowboys in the 1970s, and now widely used in pro and college football. The I formation , first popularized in

402-519: A football. He played both baseball and football for Erasmus Hall High School , with his football skills impressing recruiters from about 40 colleges. Playing quarterback , he led the Erasmus Hall High School football team to two all-city championships. Luckman chose Columbia University after meeting Lions coach Lou Little during a Columbia/ Navy game at the university's Baker Field athletic facility . Luckman

469-585: A game . To date, Luckman still holds the all-time NFL record for touchdown percentage, at 7.9 percent. Luckman was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965, and in 1988 he was declared a joint winner of the Walter Camp Distinguished American Award . Following his retirement from playing, Luckman continued his association with football by tutoring college coaches, focusing on the passing aspect of

536-563: A receiver. Over time the emphasis of offense has shifted from running to passing, and with it the role of the tight end as a receiver expanded. The tight end is usually faster than the linebackers who cover him and often stronger than the cornerbacks and safeties who try to tackle him. In general, there is an inherent trade-off between a tight end's speed and agility and their size, meaning more mobile tight ends tend not to be as effective as blockers. This results in great premiums being placed on tight ends that can fill both roles effectively. When

603-488: A revival in the late 1930s and early 1940s when a man-in-motion began to be utilized, increasing the complexity of the offensive attack. The formation led to a faster-paced, higher-scoring game. The formation was aided by a rule change before the 1945 season, when the quarterback was no longer required to stand at least 5 yards behind the line of scrimmage. The T formation was made famous by Stanford University under Clark Shaughnessy in 1940, Notre Dame under Frank Leahy ;

670-423: A smaller, more throwing-friendly ball, along with the invention of the hand-to-hand snap in the 1930s, led to the T's revival. The original T formation is seldom used today, but it was successful in the first half of the 20th century. Originally a power running formation with players starting from a stationary position, it was for a time eclipsed by the more open single-wing formation. The T formation experienced

737-553: A team cannot find both in a single player they often rotate between those who are stronger in one role better than the other depending on the type of skill required by given plays. At the extreme end the receiving spectrum are 'hybrid' tight ends that are drafted primarily for their pass-catching abilities. Often, these players have near- wide receiver speed, coupled with greater overall size and strength. Plays utilizing their assets are designed to capitalize on their combination of size, speed, and wingspan, at times spreading them out on

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804-587: A tight end with a speed advantage—at the expense of blocking ability—is 6-foot-3-inch (1.91 m) 248-pound (112 kg) Vernon Davis , who achieved a 4.38 forty yard dash time. In American football, specific skill positions typically are issued jersey numbers in a restricted range. High school rules nationally are determined by the National Federation of State High School Associations ; tight ends are able to wear any number other than 50–79. The NCAA "strongly recommends" ends wear 80–99, but this

871-497: A year. Some of the top tight ends make around 17 million dollars a year. This position is amongst the lowest paid in the NFL. The advent of the tight end position is closely tied to the decline of the one-platoon system during the 1940s and '50s. Originally, substitutions were limited by rule, forcing players to be adept on both sides of the ball, with most offensive linemen doubling as defensive linemen or linebackers, and running backs and receivers doubling as defensive backs. With

938-513: Is an offensive position in American football , arena football , and Canadian football . It is a hybrid that combines the characteristics and roles of both an offensive lineman and a receiver . As part of the receiver corps, they play inside the flanks (tight), contrasted with the split end who plays outside the flanks (wide). Like offensive linemen, they are usually lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers. On

1005-480: Is not required. In the NFL, numbering has changed in 2021, which allows them to wear numbers 0-49 and 80–89. The 0–49 number range is a relatively recent addition to the rules; as a result, most tight ends still bear numbers in the 80–89 range. Sid Luckman Sidney Luckman (November 21, 1916 – July 5, 1998) was an American professional football quarterback who played for the Chicago Bears of

1072-564: Is the Shotgun -T because it allows the quarterback to read the defense more effectively. It is very popular in high school football. It is rarely used in professional or college football. It is mostly used for sweeps. The T Formation is also being run out of the Pistol . The T formation is still used in a few instances at the high school level. In Utah, the Duchesne High School team set the state record of 48 consecutive wins using

1139-578: The Big Ten , Notre Dame and West Point in the intricacies of the passing game. In 1940, during his second season with the Bears, Luckman took over the offense and led the Bears to the title game against Sammy Baugh and the Washington Redskins . The Redskins had beaten the Bears, 7–3, during the regular season. Using the "man-in-motion" innovation to great advantage, the Bears destroyed

1206-658: The CFL , but are still used at the college level in U Sports . Tony Gabriel is a former tight end in Canadian football. There remain some tight ends in use at university level football ; Antony Auclair , formerly a tight end for the Laval Rouge et Or , was a contender to be selected in the 2017 CFL Draft or possibly receive a tryout in the NFL. He was drafted by the CFL's Saskatchewan Roughriders in 2017, but instead signed with

1273-479: The National Football League (NFL) from 1939 through 1950 . During his 12 seasons with the Bears, he led them to four NFL championships in 1940, 1941, 1943, and 1946. Sportswriter Ira Berkow wrote that Luckman was "the first great T-formation quarterback", and he is considered the greatest long-range passer of his time. He was named the NFL's Most Valuable Player in 1943. Luckman

1340-528: The Split-T spacing, where the linemen were farther apart and the total length of the line was from 10 to 16 yards. The T formation is often said to be the oldest offensive formation in American football and is claimed to have been invented by Walter Camp in 1882. However, as the forward pass was legalized, the original T became obsolete in favor of formations such as the single wing . Innovations, such as

1407-540: The U. S. Merchant Marine . He was stationed stateside and while he could not practice with the team, he did receive permission to play for the Bears on game days during the following seasons. He returned again to the Bears, as a full-time occupation, in 1946 and led them to a fifth NFL championship. During his career, Luckman completed 51.8% of his passes for 14,686 yards and 137 touchdowns with 132  interceptions . He averaged 8.4 yards per attempt, second all-time only to Otto Graham (9.0), and also has

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1474-467: The Washington Redskins in the 1940 NFL championship game . Sportscaster Jimmy Cannon once said in reference to Luckman's years at Columbia, "You had to be there to realize how great Sid was." Luckman later became a sought-after tutor and instructor for universities wishing to install the T-formation as an offense. In 1943, as soon as the season had ended, Luckman volunteered as an ensign with

1541-441: The quarterback and running backs, at their "flank." The receivers on each end of the line of scrimmage retained their historic name, "ends." By the start of the 1960s many pro clubs had begun to position the flanker back far to the outside, just behind the line of scrimmage, part of what Washington Redskins coach Bill McPeak characterized as a "three ends" system. The receiver spread out on numerically inferior "weak" side of

1608-419: The " pro set " with only two running backs in the backfield and a "flanker" permanently posted out in a wide receiver position. Teams initially used a flanker primarily in the "slot" (on the strong side) because the hashmarks were still quite wide, as in college ball. In 1972, the hash marks were moved to their present position, 70 feet, 9 inches from each sideline. This made the strong side / weak side far less of

1675-522: The "blocking back") primarily as a blocker and the snap usually went to a halfback or tailback. For example, in 1942 and 1943 Hall of Fame passers Sammy Baugh and Sid Luckman both made the Associated Press All-Pro Team - Baugh as tailback and Luckman as quarterback. With the T formation, the quarterback under center makes offenses very unpredictable since it is difficult to predict the play called based on formation alone. Second,

1742-628: The 1960s led to the emergence of the first stars at the position, including Mike Ditka of the Chicago Bears , Jackie Smith of the St. Louis Cardinals , and John Mackey of the Baltimore Colts . Nonetheless, tight ends remained primarily blockers lined up next to an offensive tackle and given short to medium drag routes . Starting in 1980, the Air Coryell offense began using tight end Kellen Winslow in wide receiver-type routes. Winslow

1809-502: The AFL by the Kansas City Chiefs , circa 1968, is another variation of the T used extensively by high school and, until recently, many college teams. The I is a strong running formation, with the fullback positioned forward with a tailback behind, providing mass at the point of attack. The power I places all three running backs in a line behind the quarterback, making it a very powerful running formation but difficult to pass from. The Chiefs of

1876-489: The Bears as a vice president. In 1954, he became the team's quarterbacks coach on a part-time basis, a position he held through the 1960s. After departing the NFL, he went to work for Cel-U-Craft, a Chicago-based manufacturer of cellophane products, eventually becoming its president. The company was a part of the Rapid American Corporation of which he also obtained shares. In 1969, Rapid American

1943-555: The Bears prepare for the game against the Redskins. He has been called "The father of the T formation". The T-formation was viewed as a complicated "gadget" offense by early football coaches. But NFL owner-coach George Halas and Ralph Jones of the Chicago Bears along with University of Chicago coach Clark Shaughnessy , University of Texas coach Dana X. Bible , and Notre Dame coach Frank Leahy were advocates. Shaughnessy

2010-481: The Chicago Bears play book gave him over 1,000 options for man-in-motion deceptions, complicated blocking schemes and multiple passing options not previously available. The last team to run the single-wing in the NFL, the Pittsburgh Steelers , converted to the T in 1953. Since that time, the T, and all its variants, have dominated offensive football and created the American football now employed throughout

2077-558: The Fighting Irish won four national titles in the 1940s, and by the University of Oklahoma in the 1950s to win 47 games in a row and three national titles. The formation was also the key weapon used by the Chicago Bears, who had used the T formation since the team's inception in 1920, to defeat the Washington Redskins , 73–0, in the 1940 NFL Championship Game and immortalized afterward in their fight song . Shaughnessy helped

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2144-547: The Los Angeles Chargers, successfully converting a fourth-and-one for 25 yards to set up the game-winning field goal. The Chicago Bears T made great use of "man-in-motion" effectively making one of the three running backs into a receiver as he left the backfield. Thus, the T, originally designed as a more dynamic running offense, became a far more powerful passing offense than the single-wing, greatly enhancing its appeal. The two-back backfield naturally evolved into

2211-496: The NCAA and NFL. The T is referenced in the Chicago Bears fight song, " Bear Down, Chicago Bears ", written after the 1940 championship over Washington. "We'll never forget the way you thrilled the nation, with your T formation..." Additionally, two books detail the development of the T with the Bears. The Chicago Bears by Howard Roberts written in 1947, credits several coaches including Ralph Jones and Clark Shaughnessy for upgrading

2278-433: The NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an undrafted free agent that same year. Since 2019, the NFL celebrates National Tight Ends Day on the fourth weekend of October to highlight tight ends in the league. Tight ends have two primary roles: (1) act as a blocker and (2) act as a receiver. Very occasionally, a tight end is also given the opportunity to rush with the ball. This typically happens when they are put in motion before

2345-645: The NFL's 15 players with the most receptions that year were tight ends, the most in NFL history. Previous seasons usually had at most one or two ranked in the top. Tight ends generally hit their peak between the ages of 25 and 30. In the Arena Football League the tight end serves as the 3rd offensive lineman (along with the center and guard). Although they are eligible receivers they rarely go out for passes and are usually only used for screen passes when they do. However, in Canadian football, tight ends are, in general, no longer used professionally in

2412-462: The Redskins, 73–0, in a game stated to be "the most one-sided game in the history of the sport". Luckman passed only six times, with four completions and 102 yards in the rout. From 1940 to 1946, the Bears displayed their dominance in the game, playing in five NFL championship games, winning four, and posted a 54–17–3 regular-season record. In 1942, the Bears posted a perfect 11–0 record and outscored their opponents, 376–84, however, they lost

2479-447: The T allowed running backs to receive the hand-off from the quarterback and hit the "hole" at near full speed. This allowed more complex blocking schemes and gave offenses a temporary, but significant advantage. Other advantages offered by the T were: the ability of the quarterback to fake various handoffs (which led to "option" plays), plays developed much faster than with the single-wing , far fewer double-team blocks were required because

2546-673: The T and teaching it to a succession of Bears QBs. The Wow Boys by James W. Johnson written in 2006 tells the story of the Stanford University football season of 1940. The arrival of Shaughnessy and his T offense led to a 10–0 season and a victory in the Rose Bowl over heavily favored University of Nebraska. The Bears' thumping of the Washington Redskins, 73–0, a few weeks earlier caused a sensation. The T swept college and pro football. The brain trust that created

2613-420: The T was always anchored by Coach Halas, who had the savvy for what worked and an eye for the players that fit. Stanford While rarely used today, the key innovations of the T still dominate offensive football. The T was the first offense in which the quarterback took the snap from under center and then either handed off or dropped back to pass. Other offenses up until the 1940s used the quarterback (usually called

2680-654: The Wing T. Some smaller colleges and high schools, particularly in the Midwest, especially in Michigan, still use the T. It is also still used on some levels as a goal line formation (often called a "full house" backfield today). Its simplicity, and emphasis on running, makes it particularly popular as a youth football formation. In 2023, the Jacksonville Jaguars used the T formation during a playoff game against

2747-769: The ability to become an effective T-formation quarterback, and traveled to New York to watch him play. Halas then convinced the Pittsburgh Pirates (later the Steelers) to draft Luckman second overall and then trade him to the Bears, because he was interested in using Luckman's skills to help him restructure the offensive side of the game. However, despite his successes at Columbia University, Luckman initially declined any further interest in pro football, instead preferring to work for his father-in-law's trucking company. Halas went to work on convincing him otherwise. After gaining an invitation to Luckman's tiny apartment for

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2814-481: The back hit the hole more quickly, the back could choose a different hole than originally planned (due to single-blocking across the line), the center was a more effective blocker because his head was up when he snapped the ball, and backs could be less versatile than required of single-wing backs. The use of the T formation in Canada is slightly different because it is uses 12 man football . Another very popular variation

2881-492: The ball is snapped. In the National Football League ( NFL ), the tight end is larger, stronger, and slower than a wide receiver , and therefore able to block more effectively. Among offensive ball-handlers, it is the job of the tight end, along with the fullback , to block for both running backs and receivers. Tight ends are used as blockers to protect the quarterback during passing plays, to open holes in

2948-412: The campus. At Columbia, as a part of the football team, he completed 180 of 376 passes for 2,413 yards and 20  touchdowns and finished third in the 1938 Heisman Trophy voting, behind Davey O'Brien and Marshall Goldberg . Hearing of Sid Luckman's exploits as a single-wing tailback at Columbia University , Chicago Bears owner and coach George Halas believed Luckman had

3015-454: The championship game to the Redskins. Although the T-formation had been used many years before Luckman joined the Chicago Bears, he was central to Chicago's successful use of this style of play because of his game-sense and versatility. Perfecting Halas' complex offensive scheme of fakes, men in motion, and quick-hitting runs, Luckman added the dimension of accurate downfield throwing. He was instrumental in his team's record-setting 73–0 win over

3082-413: The defensive backfield with such an unusual formation. When a blocker larger than a tight end is desired without sacrificing the player's ability to catch a pass the position is sometimes filled by an offensive lineman who reports to the referee that he is an eligible receiver, referred to colloquially as a "tackle eligible". Historically, the primary role of a tight end was blocking, with strategic use as

3149-421: The formation was commonly known as the "split end;" the end lining up to the same side as the flanker, positioned close to the blocking linemen, became known as the "tight end." This tight end position, developed in the 1950s, embraced both blocking and receiving functions and flourished as part of the specialization of the two-platoon era. Greater use of the tight end as a receiver in the cutting edge offenses of

3216-644: The game. Luckman was born in Brooklyn , New York, to Jewish immigrants from Germany, Meyer and Ethel Druckman Luckman. His father sparked his interest in football at age eight, by giving him a football to play with. He and his parents lived first in Williamsburg, Brooklyn , and then in a residence near Prospect Park in Flatbush , in Brooklyn, and it was here as a youngster that Sid first started throwing

3283-415: The late 1960s often sent one of the three backs in motion. The wishbone formation , once dominant in college football but now virtually extinct, was another T variation, with the fullback positioned very close behind the quarterback, flanked by two halfbacks. This was a very strong running formation with the famous triple option where the quarterback could handoff to the fullback, run it himself, or pitch to

3350-464: The line like wide-receivers, off the line in the slot, or putting them in motion in the backfield. The decline of the fullback as a rushing position has seen the occasional deployment of tight ends as ball carriers, either aligned in the backfield or out of the slot in a reverse or sweep. Most tight ends are large in size, with an average height of 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) and a weight exceeding 254 lb (115 kg). They are usually among

3417-405: The line, and downfield to tie up linebackers and defensive backs. Historically, a single tight end was used, typically placed on the right side of the offensive line. In the early 2000s, two tight end formations began to be used with more frequency. Specialty plays may deploy 3- or 4-tight-end sets in "heavy" or "jumbo" packages, usually to block in short-yardage situations or to sow confusion in

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3484-738: The line. In the 1990s, Shannon Sharpe 's athletic prowess as a route-runner helped change the way tight ends were used by teams. Consistently double-covered as a receiver, he became the first tight end in NFL history to rack up over 10,000 career receiving yards. Tony Gonzalez and Antonio Gates , who both played basketball in college, pushed the position toward wide receiver speed and power forward strength and wingspan. At 6'6" Rob Gronkowski brought height, setting single-season tight end records in 2011 with 17 touchdowns—breaking Gates's and Vernon Davis 's record of 13—and 1,327 receiving yards, surpassing Winslow's record of 1,290. Jimmy Graham that season also passed Winslow with 1,310 yards. Six of

3551-402: The most passing touchdowns in one game; it was also the first 400-yard passing game in NFL history. His 28 touchdown passes in 1943 (in only 10 games) was a record that lasted until 1959, a 12-game season. Luckman led the NFL in yards per attempt an NFL record seven times, including a record five consecutive years from 1939 to 1943, and led the NFL in passing yards three times. Luckman

3618-403: The other hand, unlike offensive linemen, they are eligible receivers and potent weapons in a team's offensive schemes. The tight end's role in any given offense depends on the preferences and philosophy of the head coach , offensive coordinator , and overall team dynamic. In some systems, the tight end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman, rarely going out for passes. Other systems use

3685-480: The relaxation of substitution rules in professional football from the 1940s and after 1964 in the college game, a two-platoon system of offense and defense became the norm, with most players active on only one side of the ball. With the advent of the T-formation , double halfback sets quickly became a thing of the past, with a hybrid running back–receiver known as the "flanker back" positioned outside and behind

3752-543: The system. Sherman, a former halfback, had torn his meniscus in college, and converted to quarterback his senior year when Shaughnessy installed the T-formation at the University of Chicago. Eventually he played backup to Sid Luckman with the Bears in 1939 and 1940 and retired so that he could join the war effort. Sid Luckman went on to win four NFL championships in the 1940s. Sid Luckman, in his book Luckman at Quarterback written in 1949, stated that several hundred plays in

3819-616: The taller members of the team, comparable in height to many linemen. Tight ends need to have this combination of physical attributes because they can be called upon to block linebackers and defensive linemen, as well as run routes and catch passes from the quarterback while outrunning defensive backs. They are also among teams’ heavier players, with only linemen and some linebackers weighing more than averaged-sized tight ends. Because of their larger size, tight ends are almost universally slower than wide receivers and running backs, although occasionally one with exceptional speed appears; an example of

3886-460: The tight end primarily as a receiver, frequently taking advantage of the tight end's size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary. Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking on running plays while using a tight end with better pass-catching skills in passing situations. Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time. NFL tight ends in 2024 make an average of 8 million dollars

3953-432: The trailing halfback. It was run with great success by Darrell Royal 's Texas teams, Barry Switzer 's Oklahoma teams, Woody Hayes ' Ohio State teams, and Paul "Bear" Bryant 's teams of the 1970s. This formation required a talented, running quarterback. It fell out of favor because well-coached, physical defenses can stop the option and the wishbone is a poor passing formation. Tight end The tight end ( TE )

4020-474: Was a five-time All-NFL selection, was named the National Football League's Most Valuable Player Award in 1943, and led the "Monsters of the Midway" to championships in 1940, 1941, 1943, and 1946. Despite the fact that his career ended in 1950, Luckman still holds the record for touchdowns in single game with 7, and owns several Bears' passing records , including: Upon retiring as a player, Luckman remained with

4087-409: Was also a 3× NFL All-Star (1940–1942), 5× First-team All-Pro (1941–1944, 1947), 2× Second-team All-Pro (1940, 1946), 3× NFL passing yards leader (1943, 1945, and 1946), 3× NFL passing touchdowns leader (1943, 1945, and 1946), 3× NFL passer rating leader (1941, 1943, and 1946), named to the NFL 1940s All-Decade team, had his No. 42 retired by the Bears, and tied the NFL record of 7 touchdown passes in

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4154-498: Was an advisor to Halas in the 1930s while the head coach at the University of Chicago. The T became much more viable in 1933 when passing was legalized anywhere behind the line of scrimmage (previously, the passer had to be five yards behind the line). Halas recruited Solly Sherman , the quarterback for the University of Chicago because of his experience with the T-Formation under Clark Shaughnessy. Solly then taught Sid Luckman

4221-466: Was done by the tailback, and then usually only on third down with long yardage to go. Halas and his coaches, primarily Clark Shaughnessy , invented a rather complex scheme building on the traditional T-formation , but needed the right quarterback to run it properly. Upon starting with Halas, Luckman mastered an offense that revolutionized football and became the basis of most modern professional offenses. Eventually, Luckman tutored college coaches across

4288-485: Was lined up wide, in the slot against a smaller cornerback , or put in motion to avoid being jammed at the line. Defenses would cover him with either a strong safety or a linebacker , because zone defenses were less popular. Strong safeties in those times also were favored for their run defense over coverage speed. Providing them another defender to help cover Winslow opened up holes for other receivers. Winslow would line up unpredictably in any formation, variously in

4355-758: Was not admitted to Columbia College; instead, he attended the New College for the Education of Teachers , an undergraduate school which was within Teachers College at Columbia. He competed on the football team from 1936 until the New College closed in 1939, at which point he transferred to Columbia College. Coach Little had a problem getting good high school athletes because of the entrance requirements at Columbia, and Columbia didn't have any physical education undergraduate program so when New College

4422-552: Was started, Lou Little was happy because they had a P. E. Department. In fact, the 1936 varsity football squad had five other New College students; Hubert Schulze, Edward Stanzyk, Oscar Bonom, Harry Ream, and Antoni Mareski. At Columbia, Luckman was a member of the Zeta Beta Tau fraternity. Keen to remain in Columbia to stay close to his family, he took on jobs such as dishwashing, babysitting, and messenger delivery around

4489-402: Was the subject of an Internal Revenue Service investigation over the payment of these shares and dividends, a case that Luckman and his wife appealed. Luckman's wife, Estelle Morgolin, died of cancer in 1981, and he underwent a triple heart bypass operation the following year. Luckman eventually retired to Aventura, Florida , where he died on July 5, 1998, at the age of 81. He was survived by

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