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125-406: " Mission to the Unknown " is the second serial of the third season of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Written by Terry Nation and directed by Derek Martinus , the single episode was broadcast on BBC1 on 9 October 1965. The only standalone regular episode of the show's original run, it serves as an introduction to the 12-part story The Daleks' Master Plan . It

250-584: A cutaway to set up The Daleks' Master Plan . Nation wrote the episode while considering a Dalek-focused spin-off ; he used film character James Bond as inspiration for Marc Cory. "Mission to the Unknown" was produced by the same team as its predecessor, Galaxy 4 , in a five-week period that concluded the show's second production block; the two serials were held back to open the third season. Failing health prevented original director Mervyn Pinfield from continuing, replaced by Martinus. Production took place at

375-523: A planetary nebula , returning some of the material that formed the Sun—but now enriched with heavier elements like carbon—to the interstellar medium . Astronomers sometimes divide the Solar System structure into separate regions. The inner Solar System includes Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and the bodies in the asteroid belt . The outer Solar System includes Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and

500-515: A vinyl record in March 2019. After writing and producing his doctorate thesis about a 1960s-style recreation of the 2006 Doctor Who episode " Tooth and Claw " at Bournemouth University in 2012, Andrew Ireland wrote a proposal to recreate "Mission to the Unknown" the following year and brought it to the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan), but did not follow up; he specifically chose

625-510: A "space-age Bond ", inspired by the recent release of Goldfinger (1964). The episode was originally set on the planet Varga, home of the Varga plants, but this was renamed Kemble (later spelled Kembel) during script revisions for The Daleks' Master Plan . The episode's draft script was titled "Dalek Cutaway", while the rehearsal script received the name "Mission to the Unknown"; the names were alternated and combined in internal documentation, and

750-573: A Varga plant and records a message, only to be surrounded by the Daleks and exterminated. At the Dalek base, the representatives approve an alliance, agreeing with the Daleks' plan to take over the Solar System . In October 1964, BBC Head of Drama and Doctor Who co-creator Sydney Newman had granted producer Verity Lambert an additional episode in the second production block to compensate for

875-465: A Varga. At the Daleks' base, the Dalek Supreme is informed that representatives from seven planets will soon arrive, and sends a Dalek platoon to destroy Cory and Lowery. Cory stands guard against the slow-moving Varga plants while Lowery finishes building a rescue beacon. They notice a spaceship flying above them, Cory deducing the Daleks are planning something big. As Lowery was about to record

1000-432: A blue-and-silver Dalek for use. In the recreation, Marco Simioni played Marc Cory, Dan Gilligan played Lowery, Jacob Marrison played Garvey, and Paul Stenton played Malpha. The Dalek set was used in one scene in the original episode, and later returned for use throughout The Daleks' Master Plan ; however, due to the set's complexity and infrequent usage, the recreation uses models instead, with full-size close-ups for shots of

1125-662: A definite surface, as they are mainly composed of gases and liquids. Over 99.86% of the Solar System's mass is in the Sun and nearly 90% of the remaining mass is in Jupiter and Saturn. There is a strong consensus among astronomers that the Solar System has at least nine dwarf planets : Ceres , Orcus , Pluto , Haumea , Quaoar , Makemake , Gonggong , Eris , and Sedna . There are a vast number of small Solar System bodies , such as asteroids , comets , centaurs , meteoroids , and interplanetary dust clouds . Some of these bodies are in

1250-531: A demand on episodes to be run in order, without which story arcs stretching over many episodes may be difficult for new viewers to delve into. Desperate Housewives also falls into the category while each season involves a new mystery that spans an entire season (and on one occasion, half the season) while planting hints throughout the episodes until the climax in the finale. To a lesser extent, series such as House and Fringe may also feature ongoing story arcs, but episodes are more self-encapsulated and so

1375-408: A diameter of about 250 km (160 mi) and is one of the few minor planets possessing a ring system. Beyond the orbit of Neptune lies the area of the " trans-Neptunian region ", with the doughnut-shaped Kuiper belt, home of Pluto and several other dwarf planets, and an overlapping disc of scattered objects, which is tilted toward the plane of the Solar System and reaches much further out than

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1500-405: A different story, though the concept is also nothing new. In the 1960s, ABC aired the first real breakthrough nighttime serial, Peyton Place , inspired by the novel and theatrical film of the same name. After its cancellation, the format went somewhat dormant until Norman Lear produced Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman in 1976. In 1977, ABC created another comedy soap (aptly called Soap ). Although

1625-1243: A disadvantage at major awards shows such as the Primetime Emmy Awards . Such shows generally have to submit an atypical self-contained episode in order to gain recognition. Despite this, since 2000, every winner of the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series has been a Serial Drama: The West Wing (2000–2003), The Sopranos (2004, 2007), Lost (2005), 24 (2006), Mad Men (2008–2011), Homeland (2012), Breaking Bad (2013–2014), Game of Thrones (2015–2016, 2018–2019), The Handmaid's Tale (2017), Succession (2020, 2022), and The Crown (2021). In terms of DVD sales, however, strongly serialized shows often perform better than shows which are strongly procedural. 24 (Season 6 ), Lost (Season 4 ), Heroes (Season 2 ), True Blood and even ratings minnow Battlestar Galactica (Season 4.0 ) sell significantly more units than hit procedurals such as CSI (Season 6 ), NCIS (Season 3, Season 5 ), CSI: Miami (Season 4, Season 5 ) and Criminal Minds (Season 2, Season 3 ). Serialized shows tend to develop

1750-415: A few meters to hundreds of kilometers in size. Many asteroids are divided into asteroid groups and families based on their orbital characteristics. Some asteroids have natural satellites that orbit them , that is, asteroids that orbit larger asteroids. The asteroid belt occupies a torus-shaped region between 2.3 and 3.3 AU from the Sun, which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It

1875-507: A major reduction in serialized storytelling. To highlight the situation, in the 2006–2007 season, no fewer than five high-concept serials were introduced, including Jericho , Kidnapped , Vanished , The Nine , and Drive , all of which experienced fairly quick cancellation due to low ratings. In 2010 and 2011, more high-profile, high-cost serials failed to achieve success, including V , The Event , and FlashForward . Some reviewers have also noted that serialized dramas are at

2000-409: A message, Cory notices something moving in the jungle. Lowery and Cory flee as the Dalek platoon arrives and destroys their ship. In the Dalek base, the representatives from the seven galaxies have gathered in a conference room. The Dalek Supreme assures representative Malpha (Robert Cartland) that the human intruders will be dealt with. Cory is forced to kill Lowery upon discovering he became infected by

2125-456: A more dedicated fanbase interested in exploring the show online as well as becoming customers of additional merchandising. Solar System The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it. It formed about 4.6 billion years ago when a dense region of a molecular cloud collapsed, forming the Sun and a protoplanetary disc . The Sun

2250-565: A more independent stand-alone format. Procedural drama television programs are commonly episodic, sometimes including a serial subplot . Shorter serial programs known as telenovelas (and earlier, radionovelas ), originating and often produced in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking Latin America , have become popular worldwide. The term "serial" refers to the intrinsic property of a series – namely its order . In literature,

2375-512: A more serial structure, and now there are a much wider range of shows in serial form. The serial began with the advent of movie serials of the early 20th century. With the emergence of television and subsequent decline of the movie-going audience, production of movie serials ceased due to the decreasing revenues. But the serial lived on, moving instead to the small screen and the world of Broadcast syndication television reruns . The television serial format as known today originated in radio, in

2500-485: A negative effect on ratings by making entry more difficult for new viewers as well as confusing fans who have missed an episode. Networks see them as riskier than dramas that focus on a self-contained story of the week. Tom O'Neil of the Los Angeles Times notes: "They're chancy because these shows are hard to join midway through." As of 2012 CBS has not aired a serial drama in many years, in part because of

2625-558: A particularly popular format for children's serials on the radio. Guiding Light and such other daytime television program serials such as Search for Tomorrow , Love of Life , The Secret Storm , As the World Turns , The Edge of Night , The Doctors , Another World , Dark Shadows , One Life to Live , and All My Children were popular in the Golden and Silver Ages of television and still are today. Aside from

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2750-533: A radio or television production with a continuously evolving, unified plot and set of characters, spread over multiple episodes. In the United States, daytime soap operas have long had a serial structure. Television mini-series also commonly come in a serial form. Starting in the mid-1970s, series with soap opera-like stories began to be aired in prime time (e.g. Dallas , Dynasty ). In the 1990s, shows like The X-Files and The Sopranos began to use

2875-570: A relationship between these orbital distances, like the Titius–Bode law and Johannes Kepler's model based on the Platonic solids , but ongoing discoveries have invalidated these hypotheses. Some Solar System models attempt to convey the relative scales involved in the Solar System in human terms. Some are small in scale (and may be mechanical—called orreries )—whereas others extend across cities or regional areas. The largest such scale model,

3000-673: A series composed of mostly standalone episodes. According to Todd A. Kessler , the second season of Damages will be less serialized in order to render the show more accessible to new viewers. Tim Kring , creator of Heroes , has also suggested that his show may move away from serialized storytelling: "I think the show needs to move towards [standalone episodes] in order to survive." Networks also discourage complex story arcs because they are less successful in reruns, and because standalone episodes can be rerun without concern for order. Entertainment Weekly and Chicago Tribune have expressed concern that declining ratings may lead to

3125-532: A shell surrounding the inert helium, and the energy output will be greater than at present. The outer layers of the Sun will expand to roughly 260 times its current diameter, and the Sun will become a red giant . Because of its increased surface area, the surface of the Sun will be cooler (2,600 K (4,220 °F) at its coolest) than it is on the main sequence. The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury as well as Venus, and render Earth and Mars uninhabitable (possibly destroying Earth as well). Eventually,

3250-436: A show if they have missed some episodes. Cheers co-creator Les Charles regrets helping to make serialization common: "[W]e may have been partly responsible for what's going on now, where if you miss the first episode or two, you are lost. You have to wait until you can get the whole thing on DVD and catch up with it. If that blood is on our hands, I feel kind of badly about it. It can be very frustrating." Another problem

3375-413: A small fraction of the solar nebula, the terrestrial planets could not grow very large. The giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed further out, beyond the frost line, the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid. The ices that formed these planets were more plentiful than the metals and silicates that formed

3500-467: A support team at UCLan, Ireland began researching the project around this time. The recreation was created in about five days in February 2019, and the multi-camera shoot was done in three days from 20 to 23 February. It was filmed in colour and converted to black-and-white in editing; the on-set camera monitors also displayed the image in black-and-white. Ireland, who directed the recreation, used both

3625-405: A total of 15,762 episodes air on CBS. Some of the characters in soap operas have been portrayed as long-suffering (a common theme even in some of today's serials along with the social and economical issues of the day). Children's adventure serials were more like film serials , with continuing characters involved in exploits with episodes that often ended in a cliffhanger situation; Westerns were

3750-405: A video message of support to the cast and crew alongside Thirteenth Doctor actress Jodie Whittaker . Peter Purves and Edward de Souza visited the set, and the former used his social media platforms to publicise the production. Janette Rawstron, the recreation's lead make-up artist who taught Media Make-Up at the nearby Accrington and Rossendale College , considered Malpha the biggest challenge, as

3875-462: A week on WENR in Chicago during the early 1930s was credited as the "great-granddaddy of the soap operas" by radio historian Francis Chase, Jr. One of the other shows that helped pioneer the daytime soap opera/serial was The Guiding Light , which debuted on NBC radio in 1937, and then switched to CBS Television in 1952. The Guiding Light 's final episode aired on September 18, 2009, having

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4000-417: Is 30 AU from the Sun. With a few exceptions, the farther a planet or belt is from the Sun, the larger the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the next nearest object to the Sun. For example, Venus is approximately 0.33 AU farther out from the Sun than Mercury, whereas Saturn is 4.3 AU out from Jupiter, and Neptune lies 10.5 AU out from Uranus. Attempts have been made to determine

4125-409: Is a great ring of debris similar to the asteroid belt, but consisting mainly of objects composed primarily of ice. It extends between 30 and 50 AU from the Sun. It is composed mainly of small Solar System bodies, although the largest few are probably large enough to be dwarf planets. There are estimated to be over 100,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter greater than 50 km (30 mi), but

4250-428: Is a small chance that another star will pass through the Solar System in the next few billion years. Although this could destabilize the system and eventually lead millions of years later to expulsion of planets, collisions of planets, or planets hitting the Sun, it would most likely leave the Solar System much as it is today. The Sun's main-sequence phase, from beginning to end, will last about 10 billion years for

4375-569: Is a typical star that maintains a balanced equilibrium by the fusion of hydrogen into helium at its core , releasing this energy from its outer photosphere . Astronomers classify it as a G-type main-sequence star . The largest objects that orbit the Sun are the eight planets . In order from the Sun, they are four terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars ); two gas giants ( Jupiter and Saturn ); and two ice giants ( Uranus and Neptune ). All terrestrial planets have solid surfaces. Inversely, all giant planets do not have

4500-412: Is no "gap" as seen between the size of Earth and of Neptune (with a radius 3.8 times as large). As many of these super-Earths are closer to their respective stars than Mercury is to the Sun, a hypothesis has arisen that all planetary systems start with many close-in planets, and that typically a sequence of their collisions causes consolidation of mass into few larger planets, but in case of the Solar System

4625-638: Is notable for the complete absence of the regular cast and the TARDIS ; it is the only serial in the show's history not to feature the Doctor at all. The story focuses on Space Security Agent Marc Cory ( Edward de Souza ) and his attempts to warn Earth of the Daleks ' plan to take over the Solar System . After the show's second production block was granted an additional episode, outgoing story editor Dennis Spooner commissioned Nation to write an extra episode as

4750-468: Is strong consensus among astronomers that five members of the Kuiper belt are dwarf planets . Many dwarf planet candidates are being considered, pending further data for verification. The scattered disc, which overlaps the Kuiper belt but extends out to near 500 AU, is thought to be the source of short-period comets. Scattered-disc objects are believed to have been perturbed into erratic orbits by

4875-479: Is that many fans prefer to record these shows and binge watch the whole season in one session. These viewers are not included in TV ratings as they are much less likely to watch commercials than live viewers. The move away from live viewing and toward DVR or internet-streaming services has hurt many shows' prospects because there are fewer or no commercials and they may be fast-forwarded or out-of-date. Concerned about

5000-430: Is the Solar System's star and by far its most massive component. Its large mass (332,900 Earth masses ), which comprises 99.86% of all the mass in the Solar System, produces temperatures and densities in its core high enough to sustain nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. This releases an enormous amount of energy , mostly radiated into space as electromagnetic radiation peaking in visible light . Because

5125-468: Is thought to be remnants from the Solar System's formation that failed to coalesce because of the gravitational interference of Jupiter. The asteroid belt contains tens of thousands, possibly millions, of objects over one kilometer in diameter. Despite this, the total mass of the asteroid belt is unlikely to be more than a thousandth of that of Earth. The asteroid belt is very sparsely populated; spacecraft routinely pass through without incident. Below are

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5250-494: The Milky Way galaxy. The Solar System formed at least 4.568 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud . This initial cloud was likely several light-years across and probably birthed several stars. As is typical of molecular clouds, this one consisted mostly of hydrogen, with some helium, and small amounts of heavier elements fused by previous generations of stars. As

5375-626: The Sweden Solar System , uses the 110-meter (361-foot) Avicii Arena in Stockholm as its substitute Sun, and, following the scale, Jupiter is a 7.5-meter (25-foot) sphere at Stockholm Arlanda Airport , 40 km (25 mi) away, whereas the farthest current object, Sedna , is a 10 cm (4 in) sphere in Luleå , 912 km (567 mi) away. At that scale, the distance to Proxima Centauri would be roughly 8 times further than

5500-741: The Television Centre in August 1965. "Mission to the Unknown" received 8.3 million viewers, a drop from the previous serial. Contemporary and retrospective reviews were generally positive, with praise for the script and direction, though some viewers were confused that the following serial did not immediately continue the narrative. The videotapes of the episode were wiped by the BBC in July 1974, and it remains missing with no remaining footage. Usually alongside The Daleks' Master Plan , "Mission to

5625-453: The asteroid belt (between Mars's and Jupiter's orbit) and the Kuiper belt (just outside Neptune's orbit). Six planets, seven dwarf planets, and other bodies have orbiting natural satellites , which are commonly called 'moons'. The Solar System is constantly flooded by the Sun's charged particles , the solar wind , forming the heliosphere . Around 75–90 astronomical units from the Sun,

5750-498: The frost line , and it lies at roughly five times the Earth's distance from the Sun. The planets and other large objects in orbit around the Sun lie near the plane of Earth's orbit, known as the ecliptic . Smaller icy objects such as comets frequently orbit at significantly greater angles to this plane. Most of the planets in the Solar System have secondary systems of their own, being orbited by natural satellites called moons. All of

5875-419: The fusor stars in the Milky Way . The Sun is a population I star , having formed in the spiral arms of the Milky Way galaxy. It has a higher abundance of elements heavier than hydrogen and helium (" metals " in astronomical parlance) than the older population II stars in the galactic bulge and halo . Elements heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in the cores of ancient and exploding stars, so

6000-538: The grand tack hypothesis suggests that a final inward migration of Jupiter dispersed much of the asteroid belt, leading to the Late Heavy Bombardment of the inner planets. The Solar System remains in a relatively stable, slowly evolving state by following isolated, gravitationally bound orbits around the Sun. Although the Solar System has been fairly stable for billions of years, it is technically chaotic , and may eventually be disrupted . There

6125-427: The heliosphere , which spans much of the Solar System. Along with light , the Sun radiates a continuous stream of charged particles (a plasma ) called the solar wind . This stream spreads outwards at speeds from 900,000 kilometres per hour (560,000 mph) to 2,880,000 kilometres per hour (1,790,000 mph), filling the vacuum between the bodies of the Solar System. The result is a thin , dusty atmosphere, called

6250-554: The interplanetary medium , which extends to at least 100 AU . Activity on the Sun's surface, such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections , disturbs the heliosphere, creating space weather and causing geomagnetic storms . Coronal mass ejections and similar events blow a magnetic field and huge quantities of material from the surface of the Sun. The interaction of this magnetic field and material with Earth's magnetic field funnels charged particles into Earth's upper atmosphere, where its interactions create aurorae seen near

6375-421: The magnetic poles . The largest stable structure within the heliosphere is the heliospheric current sheet , a spiral form created by the actions of the Sun's rotating magnetic field on the interplanetary medium. The inner Solar System is the region comprising the terrestrial planets and the asteroids . Composed mainly of silicates and metals, the objects of the inner Solar System are relatively close to

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6500-566: The pre-solar nebula collapsed, conservation of angular momentum caused it to rotate faster. The center, where most of the mass collected, became increasingly hotter than the surroundings. As the contracting nebula spun faster, it began to flatten into a protoplanetary disc with a diameter of roughly 200 AU and a hot, dense protostar at the center. The planets formed by accretion from this disc, in which dust and gas gravitationally attracted each other, coalescing to form ever larger bodies. Hundreds of protoplanets may have existed in

6625-506: The second season 's Planet of Giants —the penultimate serial of the first production block—being cut from four episodes to three. As most stories were generally structured as four or six parts, this extra episode failed to fit the regular schedule. Outgoing story editor Dennis Spooner commissioned Terry Nation —creator of the Daleks and the writer of the first season 's The Daleks (1963–1964) and second season's The Dalek Invasion of Earth (1964) and The Chase (1965)—to co-write

6750-564: The third season 's The Daleks' Master Plan (1965–1966), and it was decided the extra episode would be used as a cutaway to set up the 12-part story. By April 1965, Donald Tosh was in the process of replacing Spooner as story editor. The episode was produced by the same team as its predecessor, Galaxy 4 ; they were the final to be filmed in the show's second production block, but were held back to open its third season in September. Mervyn Pinfield —an experienced BBC figure who acted as

6875-454: The 21st century in the United States. In the 1990s, American serial dramas included Twin Peaks , Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Babylon 5 . The trend continued in the 2000s with 24 . Cable networks also produced serial dramas such as The Sopranos , Battlestar Galactica , Dexter , The Wire , Breaking Bad and its spin-off Better Call Saul . Series such as Buffy

7000-546: The Dalek props from The Chase were used in the episode. Recording for "Mission to the Unknown" cost £2,440 . The episode was broadcast on BBC1 on 9 October 1965. Viewership dropped from the preceding serial, while the Appreciation Index remained reasonable at 54. 16 mm film recordings were made available for international sale, but the episode was never sold overseas, and BBC Enterprises withdrew it in 1974. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation considered

7125-406: The Daleks in the recreation; he and Ireland met in 2013. Briggs felt the Dalek voices in "Mission to the Unknown" and The Daleks' Master Plan sounded "a bit more like" actors Hawkins and Graham than the Daleks; he adjusted his ring modulator to avoid this, but attempted to recreate the original voices as closely as possible. James Burgess operated the Daleks and, alongside his father Mike, provided

7250-554: The Daleks. The model shots were filmed some weeks after main production. The recreation premiered on the Doctor Who YouTube channel on 9 October 2019 at 5:50   p.m., exactly 54 years after the episode's original broadcast. A behind-the-scenes documentary about the recreation, created by YouTuber Josh Snares, was released on YouTube. The Guardian ' s Martin Belam described the recreation as "effective", praising

7375-470: The Kuiper belt. The entire region is still largely unexplored . It appears to consist overwhelmingly of many thousands of small worlds—the largest having a diameter only a fifth that of Earth and a mass far smaller than that of the Moon—composed mainly of rock and ice. This region is sometimes described as the "third zone of the Solar System", enclosing the inner and the outer Solar System. The Kuiper belt

7500-561: The Moon is from Earth. If the Sun–Neptune distance is scaled to 100 metres (330 ft), then the Sun would be about 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter (roughly two-thirds the diameter of a golf ball), the giant planets would be all smaller than about 3 mm (0.12 in), and Earth's diameter along with that of the other terrestrial planets would be smaller than a flea (0.3 mm or 0.012 in) at this scale. Besides solar energy,

7625-462: The Solar System is a measure of the total amount of orbital and rotational momentum possessed by all its moving components. Although the Sun dominates the system by mass, it accounts for only about 2% of the angular momentum. The planets, dominated by Jupiter, account for most of the rest of the angular momentum due to the combination of their mass, orbit, and distance from the Sun, with a possibly significant contribution from comets. The radius of

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7750-545: The Solar System is home to the giant planets and their large moons. The centaurs and many short-period comets orbit in this region. Due to their greater distance from the Sun, the solid objects in the outer Solar System contain a higher proportion of volatiles such as water, ammonia, and methane, than planets of the inner Solar System because their lower temperatures allow these compounds to remain solid, without significant sublimation . The four outer planets, called giant planets or Jovian planets, collectively make up 99% of

7875-457: The Solar System stands out in lacking planets interior to the orbit of Mercury. The known Solar System lacks super-Earths , planets between one and ten times as massive as the Earth, although the hypothetical Planet Nine , if it does exist, could be a super-Earth orbiting in the edge of the Solar System. Uncommonly, it has only small terrestrial and large gas giants; elsewhere planets of intermediate size are typical—both rocky and gas—so there

8000-400: The Solar System, created by heat and light pressure from the early Sun; those objects closer to the Sun, which are more affected by heat and light pressure, are composed of elements with high melting points. Objects farther from the Sun are composed largely of materials with lower melting points. The boundary in the Solar System beyond which those volatile substances could coalesce is known as

8125-406: The Sun by the outer planets, and are expected to become comets or be ejected out of the Solar System. While most centaurs are inactive and asteroid-like, some exhibit cometary activity, such as the first centaur discovered, 2060 Chiron , which has been classified as a comet (95P) because it develops a coma just as comets do when they approach the Sun. The largest known centaur, 10199 Chariklo , has

8250-455: The Sun compared to around two billion years for all other subsequent phases of the Sun's pre- remnant life combined. The Solar System will remain roughly as it is known today until the hydrogen in the core of the Sun has been entirely converted to helium, which will occur roughly 5 billion years from now. This will mark the end of the Sun's main-sequence life. At that time, the core of the Sun will contract with hydrogen fusion occurring along

8375-495: The Sun fuses hydrogen at its core, it is a main-sequence star. More specifically, it is a G2-type main-sequence star , where the type designation refers to its effective temperature . Hotter main-sequence stars are more luminous but shorter lived. The Sun's temperature is intermediate between that of the hottest stars and that of the coolest stars. Stars brighter and hotter than the Sun are rare, whereas substantially dimmer and cooler stars, known as red dwarfs , make up about 75% of

8500-422: The Sun is 0.0047 AU (700,000 km; 400,000 mi). Thus, the Sun occupies 0.00001% (1 part in 10 ) of the volume of a sphere with a radius the size of Earth's orbit, whereas Earth's volume is roughly 1 millionth (10 ) that of the Sun. Jupiter, the largest planet, is 5.2 AU from the Sun and has a radius of 71,000 km (0.00047 AU; 44,000 mi), whereas the most distant planet, Neptune,

8625-403: The Sun is growing brighter; early in its main-sequence life its brightness was 70% that of what it is today. The temperature, reaction rate , pressure, and density increased until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved: the thermal pressure counterbalancing the force of gravity. At this point, the Sun became a main-sequence star. Solar wind from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away

8750-472: The Sun twice for every three times that Neptune does, or once for every two. The classical belt consists of objects having no resonance with Neptune, and extends from roughly 39.4 to 47.7 AU. Members of the classical Kuiper belt are sometimes called "cubewanos", after the first of their kind to be discovered, originally designated 1992 QB 1 , (and has since been named Albion); they are still in near primordial, low-eccentricity orbits. Currently, there

8875-499: The Sun; the radius of this entire region is less than the distance between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This region is within the frost line , which is a little less than 5 AU from the Sun. The four terrestrial or inner planets have dense, rocky compositions, few or no moons , and no ring systems . They are composed largely of refractory minerals such as silicates —which form their crusts and mantles —and metals such as iron and nickel which form their cores . Three of

9000-485: The Unknown" received print and audiobook adaptations, with off-air recordings used to construct the latter. In 2019, director Andrew Ireland and University of Central Lancashire students recreated the episode in live-action, replicating the 1960s production values. On the planet Kembel, Marc Cory ( Edward de Souza ) and Gordon Lowery ( Jeremy Young ) of UN Deep Space Force Group 1 are attempting to repair their spaceship to reach their rendezvous when they are attacked by

9125-516: The Vampire Slayer , Veronica Mars , Homicide: Life on the Street , The Good Wife , The X-Files and Damages fall somewhere between, featuring self-encapsulated plots that are resolved by the end of each episode, but also having overarching plots that span multiple episodes. The more serialized its storytelling, the less likely a show is to fare well in repeats. The format places

9250-425: The Varga plants and Dalek death effect, but noted the source material itself was "a bit stilted, stagey and even slapstick at points", calling it "an interesting curiosity rather than a 'must see ' ". Erik Amaya of Comicon.com similarly felt the dated techniques "make the 25-minute story feel slower than it actually is" but this was "the whole point of the project", lauding the accuracy of the recreation. The episode

9375-565: The astronomical sense (chemical compounds with melting points of up to a few hundred kelvins such as water, methane, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide , and carbon dioxide . ) Icy substances comprise the majority of the satellites of the giant planets and small objects that lie beyond Neptune's orbit. The centaurs are icy, comet-like bodies whose semi-major axes are longer than Jupiter's and shorter than Neptune's (between 5.5 and 30 AU). These are former Kuiper belt and scattered disc objects (SDOs) that were gravitationally perturbed closer to

9500-402: The bodies in the Kuiper belt . Since the discovery of the Kuiper belt, the outermost parts of the Solar System are considered a distinct region consisting of the objects beyond Neptune . The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a G-type main-sequence star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. The Sun's four largest orbiting bodies,

9625-410: The collisions caused their destruction and ejection. The orbits of Solar System planets are nearly circular. Compared to many other systems, they have smaller orbital eccentricity . Although there are attempts to explain it partly with a bias in the radial-velocity detection method and partly with long interactions of a quite high number of planets, the exact causes remain undetermined. The Sun

9750-432: The core will be hot enough for helium fusion; the Sun will burn helium for a fraction of the time it burned hydrogen in the core. The Sun is not massive enough to commence the fusion of heavier elements, and nuclear reactions in the core will dwindle. Its outer layers will be ejected into space, leaving behind a dense white dwarf , half the original mass of the Sun but only the size of Earth. The ejected outer layers may form

9875-413: The descriptions of the three largest bodies in the asteroid belt. They are all considered to be relatively intact protoplanets , a precursor stage before becoming a fully-formed planet (see List of exceptional asteroids ): Hilda asteroids are in a 3:2 resonance with Jupiter; that is, they go around the Sun three times for every two Jovian orbits. They lie in three linked clusters between Jupiter and

10000-471: The design of Malpha. In The Discontinuity Guide (1995), Paul Cornell , Martin Day , and Keith Topping described the episode as "macho, with a sinister atmosphere". In The Television Companion (1998), David J. Howe and Stephen James Walker wrote that the presence of the lead actors was "hardly missed" due to Nation's script and Martinus's direction, praising the tense atmosphere and set designs. The story

10125-441: The early Solar System, but they either merged or were destroyed or ejected, leaving the planets, dwarf planets, and leftover minor bodies . Due to their higher boiling points, only metals and silicates could exist in solid form in the warm inner Solar System close to the Sun (within the frost line ). They would eventually form the rocky planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. Because these refractory materials only comprised

10250-485: The episode as an "exciting start" to The Daleks' Master Plan . Several viewers were confused by the lack of Daleks in the following serial— The Myth Makers , set during the Trojan War —and some felt that they had become less frightening. Conversely, some felt that the episode's other monsters were too scary. In A Voyage Through 25 Years of Doctor Who (1988), Ian Levine praised the "array of creatures", particularly

10375-471: The episode as it was a self-contained story without any of the main cast. In mid-2018, when asked for an interview about his thesis by Doctor Who Magazine , he revisited the idea. By now an academic and Pro-Vice Chancellor of Digital and Creative Industries at UCLan, he obtained permission for the recreation from the BBC and Nation's estate, writing a passionate email to the latter, who were "very supportive". With

10500-557: The episode featured on the first CD of the five-disc soundtrack The Daleks' Master Plan , released by BBC Worldwide in October 2001 with linking narration by Purves; the first CD was distributed with the magazine SFX to promote the full set. In April 2010, The Telegraph printed vouchers for readers to obtain the CD from WHSmith . A library edition of the audiobook was released by AudioGO in 2011, and Demon Music Group published it as

10625-542: The episode itself. Young had previously starred as Kal in the first Doctor Who serial, An Unearthly Child ; he was excited to work with Hartnell again but disappointed when he discovered his absence. Cartland had also appeared in Galaxy 4 , directed by Martinus. The Dalek voices—provided by regular actors David Graham and Peter Hawkins —were pre-recorded in Lime Grove Studios on 4 August 1965. The episode

10750-579: The final title has been the subject of much debate. "Mission to the Unknown" was unique in that it does not feature any of the main cast or the TARDIS —the only serial in the show's history not to feature the Doctor at all—a decision made partly to save money on their fees. Despite not appearing in the episode, William Hartnell was still credited for portraying the Doctor , while Maureen O'Brien and Peter Purves received credits in Radio Times as Vicki and Steven Taylor , respectively, but not in

10875-453: The first generation of stars had to die before the universe could be enriched with these atoms. The oldest stars contain few metals, whereas stars born later have more. This higher metallicity is thought to have been crucial to the Sun's development of a planetary system because the planets formed from the accretion of "metals". The region of space dominated by the Solar magnetosphere is

11000-459: The form of children's adventure shows and daily 15-minute programs known as soap operas (so-called because many of these shows were sponsored by soap companies, such as Colgate-Palmolive and Procter & Gamble ). Soap operas were specifically engineered to appeal to women (with the intention of increasing sale of soap). They usually ran from Monday through Friday at the same time every day. A show called The Smith Family which ran only one night

11125-407: The four inner planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) have atmospheres substantial enough to generate weather; all have impact craters and tectonic surface features, such as rift valleys and volcanoes. Asteroids except for the largest, Ceres, are classified as small Solar System bodies and are composed mainly of carbonaceous , refractory rocky and metallic minerals, with some ice. They range from

11250-441: The giant planets, account for 99% of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90%. The remaining objects of the Solar System (including the four terrestrial planets, the dwarf planets, moons, asteroids , and comets) together comprise less than 0.002% of the Solar System's total mass. The Sun is composed of roughly 98% hydrogen and helium, as are Jupiter and Saturn. A composition gradient exists in

11375-569: The gravitational influence of Neptune's early outward migration . Most scattered disc objects have perihelia within the Kuiper belt but aphelia far beyond it (some more than 150 AU from the Sun). SDOs' orbits can be inclined up to 46.8° from the ecliptic plane. Some astronomers consider the scattered disc to be merely another region of the Kuiper belt and describe scattered-disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects". Some astronomers classify centaurs as inward-scattered Kuiper belt objects along with

11500-474: The growing popularity of streaming services has made following this type of show easier, which has resulted in increased success and popularity. Prior to the advent of DVRs, television networks shunned serials in prime time as they made broadcast programming reruns more difficult and television producers shunned them because they were tougher to go into broadcast syndication years down the road. Serials contrast with episodic television, with plots relying on

11625-417: The heat of the lighting caused parts of the make-up to shift around. For the jungle set, Ireland borrowed a technique used in the 1982 Doctor Who serial Kinda , spreading foliage across the studio floor; these were required to be moved to the side for the Daleks to move. Foliage and pot plants were sourced from around the university and from productions like Coronation Street . Nicholas Briggs portrayed

11750-415: The larger moons orbit their planets in prograde direction, matching the direction of planetary rotation; Neptune's moon Triton is the largest to orbit in the opposite, retrograde manner. Most larger objects rotate around their own axes in the prograde direction relative to their orbit, though the rotation of Venus is retrograde. To a good first approximation, Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe

11875-491: The largest natural satellites are in synchronous rotation , with one face permanently turned toward their parent. The four giant planets have planetary rings, thin discs of tiny particles that orbit them in unison. As a result of the formation of the Solar System , planets and most other objects orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating. That is, counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole. There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet . Most of

12000-405: The last of the 1980s nighttime soaps ended during the first years of the following decade, then a second wave came with series like Beverly Hills, 90210 , Melrose Place , Models, Inc. , Savannah and Central Park West . But as the 1990s came to a close, the primetime soap as an official format gradually faded away, where it largely seems to remain as of the middle of the first decade of

12125-422: The level of cosmic-ray penetration in the Solar System varies, though by how much is unknown. The zone of habitability of the Solar System is conventionally located in the inner Solar System, where planetary surface or atmospheric temperatures admit the possibility of liquid water . Habitability might be possible in subsurface oceans of various outer Solar System moons. Compared to many extrasolar systems,

12250-443: The main asteroid belt. Trojans are bodies located within another body's gravitationally stable Lagrange points : L 4 , 60° ahead in its orbit, or L 5 , 60° behind in its orbit. Every planet except Mercury and Saturn is known to possess at least 1 trojan. The Jupiter trojan population is roughly equal to that of the asteroid belt. After Jupiter, Neptune possesses the most confirmed trojans, at 28. The outer region of

12375-400: The mass orbiting the Sun. All four giant planets have multiple moons and a ring system, although only Saturn's rings are easily observed from Earth. Jupiter and Saturn are composed mainly of gases with extremely low melting points, such as hydrogen, helium, and neon , hence their designation as gas giants . Uranus and Neptune are ice giants , meaning they are largely composed of 'ice' in

12500-402: The orbits of objects around the Sun. These laws stipulate that each object travels along an ellipse with the Sun at one focus , which causes the body's distance from the Sun to vary over the course of its year. A body's closest approach to the Sun is called its perihelion , whereas its most distant point from the Sun is called its aphelion . With the exception of Mercury, the orbits of

12625-571: The original camera script and a newly-formatted one. He edited the episode by placing it atop the original's audio for the sequences to closely match. Several teams at UCLan worked in different departments, including costume design, fashion, make-up, and music; an external subcontractor constructed some of the sets based on the production team's designs. Mandip Gill , a UCLan drama graduate who played Yasmin Khan in Doctor Who from 2018 to 2022, sent

12750-464: The planets are nearly circular, but many comets, asteroids, and Kuiper belt objects follow highly elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws only account for the influence of the Sun's gravity upon an orbiting body, not the gravitational pulls of different bodies upon each other. On a human time scale, these perturbations can be accounted for using numerical models , but the planetary system can change chaotically over billions of years. The angular momentum of

12875-452: The previous stories with Lambert; he found them disappointing, which shocked Lambert, but stated that he wanted to aim for higher standards. Though Lambert was credited as producer on "Mission to the Unknown"—the final story for which she was credited—her role had essentially been replaced by John Wiles . Nation was commissioned to write the episode on 25 February 1965; he delivered the script by 14 May, having been writing for The Saint at

13000-415: The primary characteristic of the Solar System enabling the presence of life is the heliosphere and planetary magnetic fields (for those planets that have them). These magnetic fields partially shield the Solar System from high-energy interstellar particles called cosmic rays . The density of cosmic rays in the interstellar medium and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field change on very long timescales, so

13125-598: The re-imagined Battlestar Galactica , showrunner Ronald D. Moore was also pressured to make episodes more stand-alone. This move resulted in negative criticism from both fans and critics, and Moore revealed in the Season 3 finale podcast that the network finally accepted that standalone episodes simply do not work for the story he is trying to tell. Moore has also stated that the network was reluctant to greenlight Caprica mainly because story-arc-heavy series notoriously have difficulty in picking up new viewers, as compared to

13250-541: The recording, but it was rejected by the Film Censorship Board in September 1966 as it was considered to constitute "horror", particularly the masked aliens, Varga mutations, and dialogue about murder. The original 405-line tape was cleared for wiping in July 1969, and the episode was erased in July 1974. It remains missing ; no known footage exists, though an off-air audio recording was made by fan David Butler. Bill Edmund of Television Today described

13375-511: The remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space. Following the dissipation of the protoplanetary disk , the Nice model proposes that gravitational encounters between planetisimals and the gas giants caused each to migrate into different orbits. This led to dynamical instability of the entire system, which scattered the planetisimals and ultimately placed the gas giants in their current positions. During this period,

13500-596: The scene in which Garvey mutates into a Varga plant was recorded on 35 mm film . Rehearsals for the episode began on 2 August at the Territorial Army Drill Hall on Uxbridge Road , and the episode was recorded in Studio TC4 of the Television Centre on 6 August. The final scene of Galaxy 4 was recorded alongside the episode so as to avoid re-hiring Jackson and rebuilding the set; the scene was later inserted into Galaxy 4 during editing. Four of

13625-475: The series fall into a more conventional drama category. Fringe has experimented with "myth-alones", a hybrid that attempts to advance the story arc in a self-contained episode. In addition, it has been noted that the use of cliffhangers is still prevalent in adventure shows; however, they are now typically used just before a commercial break and the viewer need only wait a few minutes to see its resolution. In addition, many series have also made extensive use of

13750-442: The show goes on, by its nature, it might find itself becoming a little more serialized." Early in their runs, shows such as Lost , Buffy , Angel , Dollhouse and Torchwood put greater emphasis on the "story-of-the-week", but over time story arcs begin to dominate. In contrast, Alias became more focused on standalone stories in later seasons, because of pressures by network executives. Complex story arcs may have

13875-767: The show was controversial for its time (with a homosexual character among its cast roster), it was (and still is today) a cult classic. The success of Dallas popularized serial storylines on prime-time television. Its end-of-season cliffhangers , such as " Who shot J. R.? " and "Bobby in the Shower?", influenced other shows like Dynasty (ABC's answer to Dallas ), Knots Landing , Falcon Crest , The Colbys , Flamingo Road , Hotel , The Yellow Rose , Bare Essence , and Berrenger's . There were some serial shows such as Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere that did not officially fit into this category, but were nonetheless ratings hits season after season. While

14000-454: The show's associate producer from its origins to January 1965—was originally assigned to direct both serials, but his failing health prevented him from continuing, and Lambert brought on new director Derek Martinus to direct the five episodes. Martinus had recently completed the BBC's internal directors' course and had no previous experience leading a television production. Having only seen a few episodes of Doctor Who , Martinus reviewed some of

14125-407: The social issues, the style and presentation of these shows have changed. Whereas in the 1950s and 1960s the drama was underscored with traditional organ music, and in the 1970s and the 1980s a full orchestra provided the score, the daytime dramas of today use cutting-edged synth-driven music (in a way, music for soaps has come full-circle, from the keyboard to the keyboard). The nighttime serials are

14250-404: The solar wind is halted, resulting in the heliopause . This is the boundary of the Solar System to interstellar space . The outermost region of the Solar System is the theorized Oort cloud , the source for long-period comets , extending to a radius of 2,000–200,000 AU . The closest star to the Solar System, Proxima Centauri , is 4.25 light-years (269,000 AU) away. Both stars belong to

14375-777: The success of its non-serial procedurals . Marketing for Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) emphasized its episodes being standalone, which cast and crew described as being similar to Star Trek: The Original Series . Scott Collins of the Los Angeles Times stated that "serialized storytelling ... though popular with hard-core fans and many critics, requires more dedication from viewers and has almost certainly tamped down ratings for many shows". He quoted an ad executive who states that close-ended story lines "[make] it easier for new viewers to tune in and figure out what's going on". According to Dick Wolf , serialized elements also make it more difficult for viewers to return to

14500-512: The term is used as a noun to refer to a format (within a genre ) by which a story is told in contiguous (typically chronological ) installments in sequential issues of a single periodical publication. More generally, "serial" is applied in library and information science to materials "in any medium issued under the same title in a succession of discrete parts, usually numbered (or dated) and appearing at regular or irregular intervals with no predetermined conclusion." The term has been used for

14625-480: The terrestrial inner planets, allowing them to grow massive enough to capture large atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, the lightest and most abundant elements. Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the asteroid belt, Kuiper belt, and Oort cloud. Within 50 million years, the pressure and density of hydrogen in the center of the protostar became great enough for it to begin thermonuclear fusion . As helium accumulates at its core,

14750-452: The third crew member, Jeff Garvey ( Barry Jackson ), who was in a violent state of mind upon waking up in the jungle. Cory shoots Garvey dead when he was about to fire at Lowery. Bringing Lowery into the spaceship for debriefing, Cory explains himself to be a Space Security agent assigned to investigate a possible Dalek base for universal invasion with the presence of a Varga plant confirming their presence. Outside, Garvey's body mutates into

14875-467: The time. He approached the episode as a technical problem, requiring a small cast and self-contained narrative. The success of the Daleks—particularly due to their imminent American debut in the film Dr. Who and the Daleks (1965)—led Nation to consider the viability of a Dalek-focused spin-off . In writing "Mission to the Unknown", he realised such a story would need a hero and wrote Marc Cory as

15000-433: The toll on ratings of complex story arcs, networks sometimes ask showrunners to reduce serialization. Network executives believe that standalone episodes serve as a better jumping on point for new viewers, although this may result in a conflict with regular watchers who tend to prefer more focus on story arcs. Alias began as a more serialized show but later became more stand-alone under network pressure. During season 3 of

15125-456: The total mass of the Kuiper belt is thought to be only a tenth or even a hundredth the mass of Earth. Many Kuiper belt objects have satellites, and most have orbits that are substantially inclined (~10°) to the plane of the ecliptic. The Kuiper belt can be roughly divided into the " classical " belt and the resonant trans-Neptunian objects . The latter have orbits whose periods are in a simple ratio to that of Neptune: for example, going around

15250-400: The traditional end-of-episode cliffhanger format. This is most common in season finales which often end in a cliffhanger that would only be resolved in the next season's premiere. Over the course of its run, a show may change its focus. Matt Cherniss, executive vice president of programming at Fox says: "Sometimes early on, being a little more episodic allows more people into the room. And as

15375-503: Was Richard Hunt's first on Doctor Who as set designer; he made the jungle design, while series veteran Raymond Cusick on the rocket and message launcher, made both from stock set elements and by Shawcraft Models. For the Daleks' conference room, Cusick was inspired by the Nuremberg rallies . The episode used stock music composed by Trevor Duncan . Pre-filming for "Mission to the Unknown" took place on 25 June 1965 at Ealing Studios ;

15500-534: Was awarded a Special Jury Prize at the Learning on Screen Awards in 2020. Serial (radio and television) Serials rely on keeping the full nature of the story hidden and revealing elements episode by episode, to encourage spectators to tune in to every episode to follow the plot. Often these shows employ recapping segments at the beginning and cliffhangers at the end of each episode. The invention of recording devices such as VCRs and DVRs along with

15625-485: Was novelised as part of The Daleks' Master Plan Part I: Mission to the Unknown by John Peel with a cover by Alister Pearson , published in paperback by Target Books and W. H. Allen in September 1989. An unabridged reading of the book was published as Daleks: Mission to the Unknown by BBC Audiobooks in May 2010 as a five-disc set, read by Peter Purves and Jean Marsh with Dalek voices by Nicholas Briggs . Audio from

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