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48-582: The Intel Pentium brand was a line of mainstream x86 -architecture microprocessors from Intel . Processors branded Pentium Processor with MMX Technology (and referred to as Pentium MMX for brevity) are also listed here. It was replaced by the Intel Processor brand in 2023. Desktop processors based on the P6 microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium Pro , Pentium II and Pentium III , as well as variations of these names. Desktop processors based on

96-450: A "cumulative clock rate" measure is sometimes assumed by taking the total cores and multiplying by the total clock rate (e.g. a dual-core 2.8 GHz processor running at a cumulative 5.6 GHz). There are many other factors to consider when comparing the performance of CPUs, like the width of the CPU's data bus , the latency of the memory, and the cache architecture. The clock rate alone

144-667: A little more quickly or use slightly less energy per transition, pushing back those limits, producing new CPUs that can run at slightly higher clock rates. The ultimate limits to energy per transition are explored in reversible computing . The first fully reversible CPU, the Pendulum, was implemented using standard CMOS transistors in the late 1990s at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Engineers also continue to find new ways to design CPUs so that they complete more instructions per clock cycle, thus achieving

192-430: A lower CPI (cycles or clock cycles per instruction) count, although they may run at the same or a lower clock rate as older CPUs. This is achieved through architectural techniques such as instruction pipelining and out-of-order execution which attempts to exploit instruction level parallelism in the code. The clock rate of a CPU is most useful for providing comparisons between CPUs in the same family. The clock rate

240-814: A maximum of 1.7 GB of memory, for resolutions up to 4096×2304 @ 60 Hz using Display Port supporting up to 3 displays. In Q1 2017 Intel released the Kaby Lake -based Pentium G4560; it is the first Pentium-branded CPU since the NetBurst -based Pentium 4 to support hyper-threading , a feature available in some " Core "-branded products. Features include a clock speed of 3.5 GHz with four threads, 3 MB of L3 cache and Intel HD 610 integrated graphics. All Coffee Lake Pentium processors support Hyper-threading , and integrated Intel UHD Graphics . All Comet Lake Pentium processors support Hyper-threading , and integrated Intel UHD 610 Graphics . Due to its prominence,

288-580: A new Pentium G6950 processor based on the Clarkdale design was introduced based on the Westmere refresh of Nehalem, which were followed by the mobile P6xxx based on Arrandale a few months later. On January 7, 2010, Intel launched a new Pentium model using the Clarkdale chip in parallel with other desktop and mobile CPUs based on their new Westmere microarchitecture. The first model in this series

336-400: A single core, not two, according to Intel's website. Note: Pentium 4415U was renamed to Pentium Gold 4415U (end 2017). Legacy architectures: Current architectures: Pentium Pentium is a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel from 1993 to 2023. The original Pentium was Intel's fifth generation processor, succeeding the i486 ; Pentium

384-401: Is generally considered to be an inaccurate measure of performance when comparing different CPUs families. Software benchmarks are more useful. Clock rates can sometimes be misleading since the amount of work different CPUs can do in one cycle varies. For example, superscalar processors can execute more than one instruction per cycle (on average), yet it is not uncommon for them to do "less" in

432-476: Is only one of several factors that can influence performance when comparing processors in different families. For example, an IBM PC with an Intel 80486 CPU running at 50 MHz will be about twice as fast (internally only) as one with the same CPU and memory running at 25 MHz, while the same will not be true for MIPS R4000 running at the same clock rate as the two are different processors that implement different architectures and microarchitectures. Further,

480-493: Is the Atom line, which is an independent design. Clock rate The clock rate of the first generation of computers was measured in hertz or kilohertz (kHz), the first personal computers (PCs) to arrive throughout the 1970s and 1980s had clock rates measured in megahertz (MHz), and in the 21st century the speed of modern CPUs is commonly advertised in gigahertz (GHz). This metric is most useful when comparing processors within

528-646: Is the Pentium G6950. The Clarkdale chip is also used in the Core i3-5xx and Core i5-6xx series and features a 32 nm process (as it is based on the Westmere microarchitecture), integrated memory controller and 45 nm graphics controller and a third-level cache. In the Pentium series, some features of Clarkdale are disabled, including AES-NI , hyper-threading (versus Core i3), and the graphics controller in

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576-593: Is used. The first fully mechanical analog computer, the Z1 , operated at 1 Hz (cycle per second) clock frequency and the first electromechanical general purpose computer, the Z3 , operated at a frequency of about 5–10 Hz. The first electronic general purpose computer, the ENIAC , used a 100 kHz clock in its cycling unit. As each instruction took 20 cycles, it had an instruction rate of 5 kHz. The first commercial PC,

624-627: The 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium OverDrive that would fit into older CPU sockets . In parallel with the P5 microarchitecture, Intel developed the P6 microarchitecture and started marketing it as the Pentium Pro for the high-end market in 1995. It introduced out-of-order execution and an integrated second-level cache on dual-chip processor package. The second P6 generation replaced

672-520: The Allendale core, which includes 2 MB of native L2 cache, with half disabled leaving only 1 MB. This compares to the higher end Conroe core which features 4 MB L2 Cache natively. Intel has shifted its product lines having the Core 2 line as Mainstream/Performance, Pentium Dual-Core as Mainstream, and the new Celeron (based on the Conroe-L core) as Budget/Value. The E5000 series and E6000 series use

720-625: The Altair 8800 (by MITS), used an Intel 8080 CPU with a clock rate of 2 MHz (2 million cycles per second). The original IBM PC (c. 1981) had a clock rate of 4.77 MHz (4,772,727 cycles per second). In 1992, both Hewlett-Packard and Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) exceeded 100 MHz with RISC techniques in the PA-7100 and AXP 21064 DEC Alpha respectively. In 1995, Intel's P5 Pentium chip ran at 100 MHz (100 million cycles per second). On March 6, 2000, AMD demonstrated passing

768-633: The Guinness World Record for the highest CPU clock rate is 8.42938 GHz with an overclocked AMD FX-8150 Bulldozer -based chip in an LHe / LN2 cryobath, 5 GHz on air . This is surpassed by the CPU-Z overclocking record for the highest CPU clock rate at 8.79433 GHz with an AMD FX-8350 Piledriver -based chip bathed in LN2 , achieved in November 2012. It is also surpassed by

816-495: The NetBurst microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium 4 and Pentium D . Earlier E5xxx desktop processors based on the Core microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium Dual-Core , while later E5xxx and all E6xxx models were named Pentium . Note however, that several resellers will still refer to the newer generation processors as Pentium Dual-Core. The Intel Pentium Dual-Core processors, E2140, E2160, E2180, E2200, and E2220 use

864-545: The P6 microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium II , Pentium III , Pentium M and Pentium Dual-Core , as well as variations of these names. Mobile processors based on the NetBurst microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium 4 . Prior mobile processors based on the Core microarchitecture were marketed as Pentium Dual-Core , while the current models are named Pentium . Note however, that several resellers will still refer to them as Pentium Dual-Core. Note: The Pentium SU2X00 series processors have

912-423: The 1 GHz milestone a few days ahead of Intel shipping 1 GHz in systems. In 2002, an Intel Pentium 4 model was introduced as the first CPU with a clock rate of 3 GHz (three billion cycles per second corresponding to ~ 0.33 nanoseconds per cycle). Since then, the clock rate of production processors has increased more slowly, with performance improvements coming from other design changes. Set in 2011,

960-471: The CPU. Conversely, some people try to increase performance of a CPU by replacing the oscillator crystal with a higher frequency crystal (" overclocking "). However, the amount of overclocking is limited by the time for the CPU to settle after each pulse, and by the extra heat created. After each clock pulse, the signal lines inside the CPU need time to settle to their new state. That is, every signal line must finish transitioning from 0 to 1, or from 1 to 0. If

1008-857: The Celeron and Core series, continuing with the Pentium Dual-Core line. In 2009, the "Dual-Core" suffix was dropped, and new x86 processors started carrying the plain Pentium name again. In 2014, Intel released the Pentium 20th Anniversary Edition , to mark the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. These processors are unlocked and highly overclockable. In 2017, Intel split the Pentium branding into two line-ups. Pentium Silver targets low-power devices and shares architecture with Atom and Celeron, while Pentium Gold targets entry-level desktops and uses existing architecture, such as Kaby Lake and Coffee Lake . In September 2022, Intel announced that

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1056-516: The Core microarchitecture use the Allendale and Wolfdale -3M designs for desktop processors and Merom -2M for mobile processors. In 2009, Intel changed the naming system for Pentium processors, renaming the Wolfdale-3M based processors to Pentium , without the Dual-Core name, and introduced new single- and dual-core processors based on Penryn under the Pentium name. The Penryn core is

1104-618: The LGA1150 socket form factor. Broadwell-based Pentiums were launched in Q1 2015 using a 14 nm process (e.g. the dual-core 1.9 GHz Intel Pentium 3805U with 2 MB cache). They used the FCBGA1168 socket. Skylake-based Pentium processors support up to 64 GB RAM. Features like Turbo Boost , Intel vPro , Hyper-Threading are not available. Supports AES-NI and RDRAND . Integrated graphics are provided by Intel HD Graphics 510, utilizing

1152-580: The P6 microarchitecture named Pentium M , which was much more power-efficient than the Mobile Pentium 4, Pentium 4 M, and Pentium III M. Dual-core versions of the Pentium M were developed under the code name Yonah and sold under the marketing names Core Duo and Pentium Dual-Core . Unlike Pentium D, it integrated both cores on one chip. From this point, the Intel Core brand name was used for

1200-708: The Pentium II, the Celeron brand was used for low-end versions of most Pentium processors with a reduced feature set such as a smaller cache or missing power management features. In 2000, Intel introduced a new microarchitecture named NetBurst , with a much longer pipeline enabling higher clock frequencies than the P6-based processors. Initially, these were named Pentium 4 , and the high-end versions have since been named simply Xeon . As with Pentium III, there are both Mobile Pentium 4 and Pentium 4 M processors for

1248-531: The Pentium SU4000 series together with the Celeron SU2000 and Core 2 Duo SU7000 series, which are dual-core CULV processors based on Penryn-3M and using 800 MHz FSB. The Pentium SU4000 series has 2 MB L2 cache but is otherwise basically identical to the other two lines. The Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced in late 2008 as a successor to the Core microarchitecture, and in early 2010,

1296-415: The Pentium and Celeron brands were to be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding for low-end processors in laptops from 2023 onwards. This applied to desktops using Pentium and Celeron processors as well, and both brands were discontinued in 2023 in favor of "Intel Processor" branded processors. The original Intel P5 or Pentium and Pentium MMX processors were the superscalar follow-on to

1344-535: The Pentium brand was split up into two separate lines using the Pentium name: Pentium Silver, aiming for low-power devices using the Atom and Celeron architectures; and Pentium Gold, aiming for entry-level desktop and using existing architectures such as Kaby Lake or Coffee Lake . In September 2022, Intel announced that the Pentium and Celeron brands were to be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding for low-end processors in laptops from 2023 onwards. This applied to desktops using Pentium processors as well, and

1392-423: The Pentium runs at 533 MHz, while in the Core i3 i3-5xx series they run at 733 MHz, and Dual Video Decode that enables Blu-ray picture-in picture hardware acceleration, and support for Deep Color and xvYCC . The memory controller in the Pentium supports DDR3-1066 max, the same as the Core i3 i3-5xx series. The L3 cache is also 1 MB less than in the Core i3-5xx series. The Sandy Bridge microarchitecture

1440-423: The architecture used in Atom and that of Core processors. In the case of Atom architectures, Pentiums were the highest performance implementations of the architecture. Pentium processors with Core architectures prior to 2017 were distinguished from the faster, higher-end i-series processors by lower clock rates and disabling some features, such as hyper-threading , virtualization and sometimes L3 cache . In 2017,

1488-450: The crystal reference frequency). The clock distribution network inside the CPU carries that clock signal to all the parts that need it. An A/D Converter has a "clock" pin driven by a similar system to set the sampling rate . With any particular CPU, replacing the crystal with another crystal that oscillates at half the frequency (" underclocking ") will generally make the CPU run at half the performance and reduce waste heat produced by

List of Intel Pentium processors - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-486: The firm's first P5-based processor was released as the original Intel Pentium on March 22, 1993. Marketing firm Lexicon Branding was hired to coin a name for the new processor. The suffix -ium was chosen as it could connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element , while the prefix pent- could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Due to its success, the Pentium brand would continue through several generations of high-end processors. In 2006,

1584-410: The laptop market, with Pentium 4 M denoting the more power-efficient versions. Enthusiast versions of the Pentium 4 with the highest clock rates were named Pentium 4 Extreme Edition . The Pentium D was the first multi-core Pentium, integrating two Pentium 4 chips in one package and was available as the enthusiast Pentium Extreme Edition . In 2003, Intel introduced a new processor based on

1632-434: The lower clock rate, e.g., 3.3 GHz, and sold at a lower price. The clock rate of a CPU is normally determined by the frequency of an oscillator crystal . Typically a crystal oscillator produces a fixed sine wave —the frequency reference signal. Electronic circuitry translates that into a square wave at the same frequency for digital electronics applications (or, when using a CPU multiplier , some fixed multiple of

1680-579: The mainstream Intel processors, and the Pentium brand became a low-end version between Celeron and Core. All Pentium M based designs including Yonah are for the mobile market. The Pentium Dual-Core name continued to be used when the Yonah design was extended with 64-bit support, now named the Core microarchitecture . This eventually replaced all NetBurst-based processors across the four brands Celeron, Pentium, Core, and Xeon. Pentium Dual-Core processors based on

1728-428: The most complicated instructions with the data patterns that take the longest to settle (testing at the temperature and voltage that gives the lowest performance). Processors successfully tested for compliance with a given set of standards may be labeled with a higher clock rate, e.g., 3.50 GHz, while those that fail the standards of the higher clock rate yet pass the standards of a lower clock rate may be labeled with

1776-460: The name briefly disappeared from Intel's technology roadmaps , only to re-emerge in 2007. In 1998, Intel introduced the Celeron brand for low-priced processors. With the 2006 introduction of the Intel Core brand as the company's new flagship line of processors, the Pentium series was to be discontinued. However, due to a demand for mid-range dual-core processors, the Pentium brand was repurposed to be Intel's mid-range processor series, between

1824-546: The naming convention of prior generations ( 286 , i386 , i486 ). However, as the firm wanted to prevent their competitors from branding their processors with similar names (as AMD had done with their Am486 ), Intel filed a trademark application on the name in the United States, but was denied because a series of numbers was considered to lack trademark distinctiveness . Following Intel's prior series of 8086 , 80186 , 80286 , 80386 , and 80486 microprocessors,

1872-416: The next clock pulse comes before that, the results will be incorrect. In the process of transitioning, some energy is wasted as heat (mostly inside the driving transistors). When executing complicated instructions that cause many transitions, the higher the clock rate the more heat produced. Transistors may be damaged by excessive heat. There is also a lower limit of the clock rate, unless a fully static core

1920-690: The original P5 with the Pentium II and rebranded the high-end version as Pentium II Xeon . It was followed by a third version named the Pentium III and Pentium III Xeon respectively. The Pentium II line added the MMX instructions that were also present in the Pentium MMX. Versions of these processors for the laptop market were initially named Mobile Pentium II and Mobile Pentium III , later versions were named Pentium III-M . Starting with

1968-492: The same 45 nm Wolfdale-3M core as the E7000 series Core 2s, which has 3 MB L2 cache natively. 1 MB of L2 cache is disabled, for a total of 2 MB L2 cache, or twice the amount in the original Allendale Pentiums. The Wolfdale core is capable of SSE4, but it is disabled in these Pentiums. Pentium E2210 is an OEM processor based on Wolfdale-3M with only 1 MB L2 cache enabled out of the total 3 MB. Mobile processors based on

List of Intel Pentium processors - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-519: The same family, holding constant other features that may affect performance . Manufacturers of modern processors typically charge higher prices for processors that operate at higher clock rates, a practice called binning . For a given CPU, the clock rates are determined at the end of the manufacturing process through testing of each processor. Chip manufacturers publish a "maximum clock rate" specification, and they test chips before selling them to make sure they meet that specification, even when executing

2064-460: The slightly slower AMD FX-8370 overclocked to 8.72 GHz which tops off the HWBOT frequency rankings. These records were broken in late 2022 when an Intel Core i9-13900K was overclocked to 9.008 GHz. The highest base clock rate on a production processor is the i9-14900KS , clocked at 6.2 GHz, which was released in Q1 2024. Engineers continue to find new ways to design CPUs that settle

2112-644: The successor to the Merom core and Intel's 45 nm version of their mobile series of Pentium processors. The FSB frequency is increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz, and the voltage is lowered. Intel released the first Penryn Core, the Pentium T4200, in December 2008. In June 2009, Intel released the first single-core processor to use the Pentium name, a Consumer Ultra-Low Voltage (CULV) Penryn core named Pentium SU2700. In September 2009, Intel introduced

2160-514: The term " Pentium-compatible " is often used to describe any x86 processor that supports the IA-32 instruction set and architecture. Even though they do not use the Pentium name, Intel also manufactures other processors based on the Pentium series for other markets. Most of these processors share the core design with one of the Pentium processor lines, usually differing in the amount of CPU cache , power efficiency or other features. The notable exception

2208-446: Was Intel's flagship processor line for over a decade until the introduction of the Intel Core line in 2006. Pentium-branded processors released from 2009 onwards were considered entry-level products positioned above the low-end Atom and Celeron series, but below the faster Core lineup and workstation/server Xeon series. The later Pentiums, which have little more than their name in common with earlier Pentiums, were based on both

2256-474: Was discontinued around the same time laptops stopped using Pentium processors in favor of "Intel Processor" processors in 2023. During development, Intel generally identifies processors with codenames , such as Prescott , Willamette , Coppermine , Katmai , Klamath , or Deschutes . These usually become widely known, even after the processors are given official names on launch. The original Pentium-branded CPUs were expected to be named 586 or i586, to follow

2304-586: Was released in the Pentium line on May 22, 2011. Currently, there exist Ivy Bridge models G2010, G2020, G2120, G2030, and G2130. All are dual-core and have no hyper-threading or Turbo Boost. Several Haswell-based Pentium processors were released in 2013, among them the G3258 "Anniversary Edition", first released in 2014 by Intel to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the line. As with prior-generation Pentium processors, Haswell and Haswell Refresh-based parts have two cores only, lack support for hyper-threading, and use

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