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64-488: T7 or T-7 may refer to: Biology [ edit ] Thoracic vertebra 7 Thoracic spinal nerve 7 T7 phage , a virus used in the study of biological systems T7 DNA Helicase , a hexameric motor protein T7 RNA polymerase , an RNA polymerase that catalyzes the formation of RNA Transport [ edit ] Île-de-France tramway Line 7 Olympic Park Line ,

128-408: A cervical rib can develop from C7 as an anatomical variation . The term cervicothoracic is often used to refer to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas. The twelve thoracic vertebrae and their transverse processes have surfaces that articulate with the ribs . Some rotation can occur between the thoracic vertebrae, but their connection with

192-403: A lumbar vertebra is also sometimes called the costal or costiform process because it corresponds to a rudimentary rib ( costa ) which, as opposed to the thorax, is not developed in the lumbar region. There are superior and inferior articular facet joints on each side of the vertebra, which serve to restrict the range of movement possible. These facets are joined by a thin portion of

256-461: A 2015 fighting game T-Seven or Judith Hildebrandt, a singer and former member of Mr. President A tornado intensity rating on the TORRO scale [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

320-423: A complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage , that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates . The proportions of the vertebrae differ according to their spinal segment and the particular species. The basic configuration of a vertebra varies; the bone is the body, and the central part of the body is the centrum. The upper and lower surfaces of the vertebra body give attachment to

384-451: A disc, vertebra or scar tissue might be remedied by a foraminotomy to broaden the intervertebral foramina and relieve pressure. It can also be caused by a foramina stenosis , a narrowing of the nerve opening, as a result of arthritis . Another condition is spondylolisthesis when one vertebra slips forward onto another. The reverse of this condition is retrolisthesis where one vertebra slips backward onto another. The vertebral pedicle

448-453: A facet on each side of the vertebral body, which articulates with the head of a rib . There is also a facet on each of the transverse processes which articulates with the tubercle of a rib . The number of thoracic vertebrae varies considerably across the species. Most marsupials have thirteen, but koalas only have eleven. The usual number is twelve to fifteen in mammals , (twelve in the human ), though there are from eighteen to twenty in

512-433: A large range of motion. The atlanto-occipital joint allows the skull to move up and down, while the atlanto-axial joint allows the upper neck to twist left and right. The axis also sits upon the first intervertebral disc of the spinal column. Cervical vertebrae possess transverse foramina to allow for the vertebral arteries to pass through on their way to the foramen magnum to end in the circle of Willis . These are

576-539: A number of congenital vertebral anomalies , mostly involving variations in the shape or number of vertebrae, and many of which are unproblematic. Others though can cause compression of the spinal cord. Wedge-shaped vertebrae, called hemivertebrae can cause an angle to form in the spine which can result in the spinal curvature diseases of kyphosis , scoliosis and lordosis . Severe cases can cause spinal cord compression. Block vertebrae where some vertebrae have become fused can cause problems. Spina bifida can result from

640-567: A painfree condition but can also be very painful. In other animals, the vertebrae take the same regional names except for the coccygeal – in animals with tails, the separate vertebrae are usually called the caudal vertebrae . Because of the different types of locomotion and support needed between the aquatic and other vertebrates, the vertebrae between them show the most variation, though basic features are shared. The spinous processes which are backward extending are directed upward in animals without an erect stance. These processes can be very large in

704-456: A posterior arch and two lateral masses. At the outside centre points of both arches there is a tubercle, an anterior tubercle and a posterior tubercle , for the attachment of muscles. The front surface of the anterior arch is convex and its anterior tubercle gives attachment to the longus colli muscle . The posterior tubercle is a rudimentary spinous process and gives attachment to the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle . The spinous process

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768-883: A prototype vehicle for the US Army T7 Combat Car , a prototype vehicle for the US Army T-7 Navigator or Beechcraft Model 18, a trainer aircraft used by the United States armed forces T7, a model of the OS T1000 train of the Oslo Metro LSWR T7 class , an experimental 4-2-2-0 steam locomotive built in 1897 Other uses [ edit ] 2C-T-7 , a hallucinogenic phenethylamine 7T (disambiguation) T7, television station in Kosovo Tekken 7 ,

832-603: A service of Sydney Trains Twin Jet 's IATA airline code T7 Bristol–Chepstow , a bus route in the United Kingdom T7 road (Tanzania) , a road in Tanzania Vehicles [ edit ] T-7 (rocket) , China's first sounding rocket Boeing T-7 Red Hawk , an American advanced jet trainer aircraft Fuji T-7 , a Japanese primary trainer aircraft Yugoslav torpedo boat T7 T7 Armored Car ,

896-401: A vertebra is a backward extending spinous process (sometimes called the neural spine) which projects centrally. This process points dorsally and caudally from the junction of the laminae. The spinous process serves to attach muscles and ligaments . The two transverse processes, one on each side of the vertebral body, project laterally from either side at the point where the lamina joins

960-437: Is an irregular bone. A typical vertebra has a body ( vertebral body ), which consists of a large anterior middle portion called the centrum ( vertebral centrum , plural centra ) and a posterior vertebral arch , also called a neural arch . The body is composed of cancellous bone , which is the spongy type of osseous tissue , whose microanatomy has been specifically studied within the pedicle bones. This cancellous bone

1024-424: Is common among mammals , with 18 to 20 in horses , tapirs , rhinoceroses , and elephants , and extremes in mammals are marked by certain sloths with 25 and cetaceans with 9. [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 102 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) Body of vertebra Each vertebra ( pl. : vertebrae ) is an irregular bone with

1088-422: Is formed by pedicles and laminae. Two pedicles extend from the sides of the vertebral body to join the body to the arch. The pedicles are short thick processes that extend, one from each side, posteriorly, from the junctions of the posteriolateral surfaces of the centrum, on its upper surface. From each pedicle a broad plate, a lamina , projects backward and medially to join and complete the vertebral arch and form

1152-410: Is in turn, covered by a thin coating of cortical bone (or compact bone), the hard and dense type of osseous tissue. The vertebral arch and processes have thicker coverings of cortical bone. The upper and lower surfaces of the body of the vertebra are flattened and rough in order to give attachment to the intervertebral discs . These surfaces are the vertebral endplates which are in direct contact with

1216-473: Is often used as a radiographic marker and entry point in vertebroplasty , kyphoplasty , and spinal fusion procedures. The arcuate foramen is a common anatomical variation more frequently seen in females. It is a bony bridge found on the first cervical vertebra, the atlas where it covers the groove for the vertebral artery . Degenerative disc disease is a condition usually associated with ageing in which one or more discs degenerate. This can often be

1280-417: Is small so as not to interfere with the movement between the atlas and the skull . On the under surface is a facet for articulation with the dens of the axis. Specific to the cervical vertebra is the transverse foramen (also known as foramen transversarium ). This is an opening on each of the transverse processes which gives passage to the vertebral artery and vein and a sympathetic nerve plexus . On

1344-496: Is the large opening posterior to the vertebral body also known as the spinal canal . It contains and protects the spinal cord at the thoracic level. The spinous process is long, triangular on coronal section, directed obliquely downward, arising from the lamina and ending in a tuberculated extremity. These processes overlap from the fifth to the eighth, but are less oblique in direction above and below. The superior articular processes are thin plates of bone projecting upward from

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1408-400: Is the mammillary process which connects with the superior articular process. The multifidus muscle attaches to the mammillary process and this muscle extends through the length of the vertebral column, giving support. The inferior, or lower tubercle is the accessory process and this is found at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The term lumbosacral is often used to refer to

1472-570: The body approaches in its form and size to that of the lumbar vertebrae. The articular facets for the heads of the ribs are of medium size, and placed chiefly on the pedicles, which are thicker and stronger in this and the next vertebra than in any other part of the thoracic region. The spinous process is short, and nearly horizontal in direction. The transverse processes are very short, tuberculated at their extremities, and do not have articular facets. The thoracic spinal nerve 11 (T11) passes inferior to it. The twelfth thoracic vertebra has

1536-497: The cervical vertebrae bear ribs. In many groups, such as lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are small and completely fused to the vertebrae. The transverse processes of mammals are homologous to the cervical ribs of other amniotes . In the whale, the cervical vertebrae are typically fused, an adaptation trading flexibility for stability during swimming. All mammals except manatees and sloths have seven cervical vertebrae, whatever

1600-588: The horse , tapir , rhinoceros and elephant . In certain sloths, there is an extreme number of twenty-five and at the other end only nine in the cetacean . There are fewer lumbar vertebrae in chimpanzees and gorillas , which have three in contrast to the five in the genus Homo . This reduction in number gives an inability of the lumbar spine to lordose but gives an anatomy that favours vertical climbing, and hanging ability more suited to feeding locations in high-canopied regions. The bonobo differs by having four lumbar vertebrae. Caudal vertebrae are

1664-422: The intervertebral disc , which lets some of the soft gel-like material, the nucleus pulposus , bulge out in a hernia . This may be treated by a minimally-invasive endoscopic procedure called Tessys method . A laminectomy is a surgical operation to remove the laminae in order to access the spinal canal. The removal of just part of a lamina is called a laminotomy . A pinched nerve caused by pressure from

1728-436: The intervertebral discs . The posterior part of a vertebra forms a vertebral arch , in eleven parts, consisting of two pedicles ( pedicle of vertebral arch ), two laminae, and seven processes . The laminae give attachment to the ligamenta flava (ligaments of the spine). There are vertebral notches formed from the shape of the pedicles, which form the intervertebral foramina when the vertebrae articulate . These foramina are

1792-402: The paraxial mesoderm . The lower half of one sclerotome fuses with the upper half of the adjacent one to form each vertebral body. From this vertebral body, sclerotome cells move dorsally and surround the developing spinal cord , forming the vertebral arch . Other cells move distally to the costal processes of thoracic vertebrae to form the ribs. Functions of vertebrae include: There are

1856-422: The pedicle , between the superior and inferior articular processes. They also serve for the attachment of muscles and ligaments, in particular the intertransverse ligaments . There is a facet on each of the transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae which articulates with the tubercle of the rib . A facet on each side of the thoracic vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib . The transverse process of

1920-400: The rib cage prevents much flexion or other movement. They may also be known as "dorsal vertebrae" in the human context. The vertebral bodies are roughly heart-shaped and are about as wide anterio-posteriorly as they are in the transverse dimension. Vertebral foramina are roughly circular in shape. The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook-shaped uncinate process, just like

1984-400: The arch behind the superior articular processes and pedicles; they are thick, strong, and of considerable length, directed obliquely backward and lateralward, and each ends in a clubbed extremity, on the front of which is a small, concave surface, for articulation with the tubercle of a rib. The first thoracic vertebra has, on either side of the body , an entire articular facet for the head of

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2048-409: The cervical vertebrae other than the atlas, the anterior and posterior tubercles are on either side of the transverse foramen on each transverse process. The anterior tubercle on the sixth cervical vertebra is called the carotid tubercle because it separates the carotid artery from the vertebral artery . There is a hook-shaped uncinate process on the side edges of the top surface of the bodies of

2112-453: The cervical vertebrae. The thoracolumbar division refers to the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae together, and sometimes also their surrounding areas. The thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs and so have articular facets specific to them; these are the superior , transverse and inferior costal facets . As the vertebrae progress down the spine they increase in size to match up with the adjoining lumbar section. The five lumbar vertebrae are

2176-414: The coccyx. There are seven cervical vertebrae (but eight cervical spinal nerves ), designated C1 through C7. These bones are, in general, small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with the exception of C2 and C7, which have palpable spinous processes). C1 is also called the atlas , and C2 is also called the axis . The structure of these vertebrae is the reason why the neck and head have

2240-469: The convex articular feature of an anterior vertebra acts as the ball to the socket of a caudal vertebra. This type of connection permits a wide range of motion in most directions, while still protecting the underlying nerve cord. The central point of rotation is located at the midline of each centrum, and therefore flexion of the muscle surrounding the vertebral column does not lead to an opening between vertebrae. In many species, though not in mammals,

2304-469: The entry and exit conduits for the spinal nerves . The body of the vertebra and the vertebral arch form the vertebral foramen, the larger, central opening that accommodates the spinal canal , which encloses and protects the spinal cord . Vertebrae articulate with each other to give strength and flexibility to the spinal column, and the shape at their back and front aspects determines the range of movement. Structurally, vertebrae are essentially alike across

2368-405: The first rib, and a demi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib. The body is like that of a cervical vertebra, being broad, concave, and lipped on either side. The superior articular surfaces are directed upward and backward; the spinous process is thick, long, and almost horizontal. The transverse processes are long, and the upper vertebral notches are deeper than those of

2432-438: The fourth, is at the same level as the sternal angle . The human trachea divides into two main bronchi at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra, but may also end higher or lower, depending on breathing. The thoracic spinal nerve 5 (T5) passes inferior to it. The thoracic spinal nerve 6 (T6) passes inferior to it. The thoracic spinal nerve 7 (T7) passes inferior to it. The eighth thoracic vertebra is, together with

2496-421: The incomplete formation of the vertebral arch. Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch. In most cases this occurs in the lowest of the lumbar vertebrae (L5), but may also occur in the other lumbar vertebrae, as well as in the thoracic vertebrae. Spinal disc herniation , more commonly called a slipped disc , is the result of a tear in the outer ring ( anulus fibrosus ) of

2560-400: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T7&oldid=1222010963 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Thoracic vertebra 7 These are the general characteristics of

2624-429: The intervertebral discs and form the joint. The endplates are formed from a thickened layer of the cancellous bone of the vertebral body, the top layer being more dense. The endplates function to contain the adjacent discs, to evenly spread the applied loads, and to provide anchorage for the collagen fibers of the disc. They also act as a semi-permeable interface for the exchange of water and solutes. The vertebral arch

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2688-480: The intervertebral discs. The lumbar vertebrae are located between the ribcage and the pelvis and are the largest of the vertebrae. The pedicles are strong, as are the laminae, and the spinous process is thick and broad. The vertebral foramen is large and triangular. The transverse processes are long and narrow and three tubercles can be seen on them. These are a lateral costiform process , a mammillary process and an accessory process . The superior, or upper tubercle

2752-407: The junctions of the pedicles and laminae; their articular facets are practically flat, and are directed backward and a little lateralward and upward. The inferior articular processes are fused to a considerable extent with the laminae, and project slightly beyond their lower borders; their facets are directed proximally, medially, and inferiorly to the lamina. The transverse processes arise from

2816-541: The larger animals since they attach to the muscles and ligaments of the body. In the elephant , the vertebrae are connected by tight joints, which limit the backbone's flexibility. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus , where they form a sailback or finback. Vertebrae with saddle-shaped articular surfaces on their bodies, called "heterocoelous", allow vertebrae to flex both vertically and horizontally while preventing twisting motions. Such vertebrae are found in

2880-419: The largest of the vertebrae, their robust construction being necessary for supporting greater weight than the other vertebrae. They allow significant flexion , extension and moderate lateral flexion (side-bending). The discs between these vertebrae create a natural lumbar lordosis (a spinal curvature that is concave posteriorly). This is due to the difference in thickness between the front and back parts of

2944-420: The length of the neck. This includes seemingly unlikely animals such as the giraffe, the camel, and the blue whale, for example. Birds usually have more cervical vertebrae with most having a highly flexible neck consisting of 13–25 vertebrae. In all mammals, the thoracic vertebrae are connected to ribs and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to the presence of facets. Each vertebra has

3008-435: The lumbar and sacral vertebrae together, and sometimes includes their surrounding areas. There are five sacral vertebrae (S1–S5) which are fused in maturity, into one large bone, the sacrum , with no intervertebral discs . The sacrum with the ilium forms a sacroiliac joint on each side of the pelvis , which articulates with the hips . The last three to five coccygeal vertebrae (but usually four) (Co1–Co5) make up

3072-423: The necks of birds and some turtles. "Procoelous" vertebrae feature a spherical protrusion extending from the caudal end of the centrum of one vertebra that fits into a concave socket on the cranial end of the centrum of an adjacent vertebra. These vertebrae are most often found in reptiles , but are found in some amphibians such as frogs. The vertebrae fit together in a ball-and-socket articulation, in which

3136-441: The ninth thoracic vertebra, at the same level as the xiphisternum . The thoracic spinal nerve 8 (T8) passes inferior to it. The ninth thoracic vertebra may have no demi-facets below. In some subjects however, it has two demi-facets on either side; when this occurs the tenth doesn't have facets but demi-facets at the upper part. The thoracic spinal nerve 9 (T9) passes inferior to it. The xiphisternum (or xiphoid process of

3200-485: The other thoracic vertebrae. The thoracic spinal nerve 1 (T1) passes inferior to it. The thoracic spinal nerve 2 (T2) passes inferior to it. The second thoracic vertebra is larger than the first thoracic vertebra The thoracic spinal nerve 3 (T3) passes inferior to it. The fourth thoracic vertebra, together with the fifth, is at the same level as the sternal angle . The thoracic spinal nerve 4 (T4) passes inferior it. The fifth thoracic vertebra, together with

3264-442: The posterior border of the vertebral foramen, which completes the triangle of the vertebral foramen. The upper surfaces of the laminae are rough to give attachment to the ligamenta flava . These ligaments connect the laminae of adjacent vertebra along the length of the spine from the level of the second cervical vertebra . Above and below the pedicles are shallow depressions called vertebral notches ( superior and inferior ). When

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3328-464: The root of the pedicle, the other below, in front of the inferior vertebral notch; these are covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and, when the vertebrae are articulated with one another, form, with the intervening intervertebral fibrocartilages, oval surfaces for the reception of the heads of the ribs. The pedicles are directed backward and slightly upward, and the inferior vertebral notches are of large size, and deeper than in any other region of

3392-417: The same general characteristics as the eleventh, but may be distinguished from it by its inferior articular surfaces being convex and directed lateralward, like those of the lumbar vertebrae; by the general form of the body, laminae, and spinous process, in which it resembles the lumbar vertebrae; and by each transverse process being subdivided into three elevations, the superior, inferior, and lateral tubercles:

3456-646: The second through eighth thoracic vertebrae. The first and ninth through twelfth vertebrae contain certain peculiarities, and are detailed below. The vertebral bodies in the middle of the thoracic region are heart-shaped and as broad in the anteroposterior as in the transverse direction. At the ends of the thoracic region they resemble respectively those of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae. They are slightly thicker behind than in front, flat above and below, convex from side to side in front, deeply concave behind, and slightly constricted laterally and in front. They present, on either side, two costal demi-facets, one above, near

3520-415: The smallest, lightest vertebrae and the vertebral foramina are triangular in shape. The spinous processes are short and often bifurcated (the spinous process of C7 is not bifurcated, and is substantially longer than that of the other cervical spinous processes). The atlas differs from the other vertebrae in that it has no body and no spinous process. It has instead a ring-like form, having an anterior and

3584-412: The sternum) is at the same level in the axial plane . The tenth thoracic vertebra has an entire articular facet (not demi-facet) on either side, which is placed partly on the lateral surface of the pedicle. It doesn't have any kind of facet below, because the following ribs only have one facet on their heads. The thoracic spinal nerve 10 (T10) passes inferior to it. In the eleventh thoracic vertebra

3648-426: The superior and inferior correspond to the mammillary and accessory processes of the lumbar vertebrae. Traces of similar elevations are found on the transverse processes of the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. The thoracic spinal nerve 12 (T12) passes inferior to it. In other animals the number of thoracic vertebrae can vary greatly; for example, most marsupials have 13, but koalas have only 11. 12 to 15

3712-414: The tailbone or coccyx . There are no intervertebral discs . Somites form in the early embryo and some of these develop into sclerotomes. The sclerotomes form the vertebrae as well as the rib cartilage and part of the occipital bone . From their initial location within the somite, the sclerotome cells migrate medially toward the notochord . These cells meet the sclerotome cells from the other side of

3776-420: The third to the seventh cervical vertebrae and of the first thoracic vertebra. Together with the vertebral disc, this uncinate process prevents a vertebra from sliding backward off the vertebra below it and limits lateral flexion (side-bending). Luschka's joints involve the vertebral uncinate processes. The spinous process on C7 is distinctively long and gives the name vertebra prominens to this vertebra. Also

3840-453: The total number of vertebrae ranges from 32 to 35. In about 10% of people, both the total number of pre-sacral vertebrae and the number of vertebrae in individual parts of the spine can vary. The most frequent deviations are eleven (rarely thirteen) thoracic vertebrae, four or six lumbar vertebrae and three or five coccygeal vertebrae (rarely up to seven). The regional vertebrae increase in size as they progress downward but become smaller in

3904-410: The vertebrae articulate the notches align with those on adjacent vertebrae and these form the openings of the intervertebral foramina . The foramina allow the entry and exit of the spinal nerves from each vertebra, together with associated blood vessels. The articulating vertebrae provide a strong pillar of support for the body. There are seven processes projecting from the vertebra: A major part of

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3968-429: The vertebral arch called the pars interarticularis . Vertebrae take their names from the regions of the vertebral column that they occupy. There are usually thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column — seven cervical vertebrae , twelve thoracic vertebrae , five lumbar vertebrae , five fused sacral vertebrae forming the sacrum and four coccygeal vertebrae , forming the coccyx . Excluding rare deviations,

4032-406: The vertebral column. The laminae are broad, thick, and imbricated – that is to say, they overlap those of subjacent vertebrae like tiles on a roof and connect with the pedicles to surround and protect the spinal cord. The intervertebral foramen is small, and circular, with two at each intervertebral level, one for the right and one for the left exiting nerve roots. The vertebral foramen

4096-493: The vertebrate species, with the greatest difference seen between an aquatic animal and other vertebrate animals. As such, vertebrates take their name from the vertebrae that compose the vertebral column. In the human vertebral column , the size of the vertebrae varies according to placement in the vertebral column, spinal loading, posture and pathology. Along the length of the spine , the vertebrae change to accommodate different needs related to stress and mobility. Each vertebra

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