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136-467: The park is a synopsis of Indonesian culture , with virtually all aspects of daily life in Indonesia's 26 (in 1975) provinces encapsulated in separate pavilions with the collections of rumah adat as the example of Indonesian vernacular architecture , clothing , dances and traditions are all depicted impeccably. The park mainly exhibites the physical culture of the nation. Apart from that, there

272-721: A Proto-Austronesian root word, meaning "home". The great island of Iabadiu or Jabadiu was mentioned in Ptolemy 's Geographia composed around 150 CE in the Roman Empire . Iabadiu is said to mean "barley island", to be rich in gold, and have a silver town called Argyra at the west end. The name indicates Java and seems to be derived from the Sanskrit name Java-dvipa (Yavadvipa). The annual news of Songshu and Liangshu (5th century CE) referred to Java as 闍婆 ( She-pó or She-bó ), He-ling (640–818), then called it She-po again until

408-602: A Javanese aristocracy by confirming them as regents or district officials within the colonial administration. Java's major role during the early part of the colonial period was as a producer of rice. In spice-producing islands like Banda , rice was regularly imported from Java, to supply the deficiency in means of subsistence. During the Napoleonic wars in Europe, the Netherlands fell to France , as did its colony in

544-451: A combined population of 156.4 million according to the official estimates as at mid 2023 (including Madura's 4.06 million). At nearly 1,185 people per km in 2023, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on a par with Bangladesh . Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, with the people left to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around

680-490: A common sight. Unlike the rest of Java, the population growth in Central Java remains low. Central Java however has a younger population than the national average. The slow population growth can in part be attributed to the choice by many people to leave the more rural Central Java for better opportunities and higher incomes in the bigger cities. Java's population continues to rapidly increase despite many Javanese leaving

816-404: A convention on 8 Cendana Street on 13 March 1970. Through this recreational site, she hoped to cultivate national pride in more Indonesian people. A project called "Indonesian Miniature Project" was started by Harapan Kita Foundation in 1972. The concept of this culture-based recreational area was inspired by Indonesia's unparalleled natural riches and local folk diversity. Taman Mini Indonesia Indah

952-565: A culture and language distinct from the surrounding Sundanese and Javanese . The Javanese prose text Tantu Pagelaran ( c.  15th century ) explained the mythical origin of the island and its volcanic nature. Four major cultural areas exist on the island: the central part of Java or Yogyakarta is the Javanese people heartland and the north coast of the pasisir region, the Sunda lands ( Sundanese : ᮒᮒᮁ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ , Tatar Sunda ) in

1088-496: A diverse range of traditional music, notably from Java and Bali , where gamelan holds a central place. Originating in Java, gamelan is renowned for its intricate compositions and unique ensemble of instruments, including metallophones like gambang and bonang , as well as resonant gongs such as kenong and gong ageng . Beyond its musical complexities, gamelan embodies profound cultural narratives and communal identities, playing

1224-547: A facelift in 2023 with new flat color variations and the slogan was changed into Jelajah Cerita Indonesia (Explore the Story of Indonesia). On 31 December 2014, the World Peace Committee recognized TMII as an International Civilization Park and World Peace Theme Park. The idea of presenting Indonesia on a small scale was conceived by first lady , Siti Hartinah , better known as Tien Suharto . It came about at

1360-471: A fundamental aspect of the culture, encompassing various genres such as Wali (sacred dances), Bebali (semi-sacred dances), and Balih-balihan (entertainment dances). in 2015 UNESCO recognizes three genres of traditional dance in Bali, as - Intangible cultural heritage . The island's dances are characterized by their profound spiritual significance and vibrant artistic expressions. One of the most celebrated dances

1496-415: A genre that emerged in the 1970s, is a blend of local Indonesian music with Indian, Arabic, and Javanese, Malay influences. It is characterized by its distinct drum beat and flute melodies. Dangdut has become one of the most popular music genres in Indonesia, known for its lively rhythms and often performed at various social gatherings and events. Indonesian dance reflects the rich diversity of culture from

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1632-401: A governmental organization long before the story: "Yawadwipa is decorated with seven kingdoms, gold and silver islands, rich in gold mines, and there is Cicira (cold) Mountain that touches the sky with its peak." The Greek geographer Ptolemy called the island Iabadius or Sabadius ( Ancient Greek : Ιαβαδίου or Σαβαδίου ). Ptolemy said that the name meant the "Island of Barley" and produced

1768-605: A lot of grain and gold, adding that its metropolis was Argyre (Ἀργυρῆ) meaning silver in Greek. According to Chinese record Míng Shǐ , the Javanese kingdom was founded in 65 BC, or 143 years before the story of Aji Saka began. The story of Aji Saka is a Neo Javanese story. This story has not yet been found to be relevant in the Old Javanese text. This story tells of events in the Medang Kamulan kingdom in Java in

1904-563: A means of conveying moral and philosophical lessons. The shadow puppets, known as "wayang kulit," are typically crafted from sheets of leather, which are meticulously carved and painted to create intricate designs. These puppets are then ounted on bamboo sticks and manipulated behind a white screen with a light source behind it to cast shadows, creating the illusion of moving figures. Traditional puppet makers, known as " dalang ," possess exceptional skills to craft these unique and intricate shadow puppets. Another significant form of wayang theatre

2040-411: A pair of wild caught largetooth sawfish from Lake Sentani , which died in 2005, making it the only public aquarium to keep sawfish in Indonesia. A large featherback kept by Dunia Air Tawar was said to be the extinct Chitala lopis . The individual is a wild caught from West Java . A dinosaur and Indonesian folklore themed park. Pusat peragaan Iptek or Science and Technology Display Centre

2176-522: A pivotal role in rituals, ceremonies, and local storytelling traditions. The rhythmic patterns and melodic interplays reflect a deep connection to spiritual and social contexts, offering insight into the historical and philosophical underpinnings of Indonesian society. UNESCO 's designation of gamelan as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity underscores its cultural importance in Indonesia. In West Sumatra , traditional music includes

2312-617: A rich biodiversity, where numbers of endemic species of flora and fauna flourished; such as the Javan rhinoceros , Javan banteng , Javan warty pig , Javan hawk-eagle , Javan peafowl , Javan silvery gibbon , Javan lutung , Java mouse-deer , Javan rusa , and Javan leopard . With over 450 bird species and 37 endemic species, Java is a birdwatcher's paradise. There are about 130 freshwater fish species in Java. There are also several endemic amphibian species in Java , including 5 species of tree frogs . Since ancient times, people have opened

2448-511: A single piece of a wild mangrove tree, Bisj poles can reach heights of up to 25 feet (7.62 m). Their carvings depict human figures standing on top of each other, as well as animal figures, phallic symbols, and carvings in the shape of a canoe prow. The Asmat participated in headhunting raids and cannibalism as rituals, many rituals involved the Bisj poles, including dancing, masquerading, singing and headhunting—all performed by men. In North Sumatra ,

2584-620: A warrior dance, is performed with shields and swords, reflecting the region's martial traditions. In the northern Maluku, there is a dance called the Gala dance. Gala Dance is a traditional dance originating from the Sula Islands Regency, North Maluku. Gala dance is generally celebrated to welcome guests.In addition to welcoming guests, gala dances are also celebrated during the harvest season, traditional parties, and folk parties and are performed by men and women in pairs. In Papua ,

2720-548: Is Tarung Derajat . It is a modern combat system created by Haji Ahmad Drajat based on his experience as a street fighter. Tarung Drajat has been acknowledged as a national sport by KONI in 1998 and is now used by Indonesian Army as part of their basic training. In Eastern Indonesia, there is a type of martial art hitting with a whip or stick . Caci is a form of fighting with a whip or stick. It appears to be indigenous to Flores in East Nusa Tenggara , but it

2856-454: Is Wayang wong , which translates to "human wayang." This form of Javanese theatre transforms the wayang stories into live dance drama performances featuring human actors. Wayang wong combines elaborate costumes, expressive gestures, and traditional music to bring to life the mythical tales and moral teachings inherent in the wayang tradition. The performers undergo rigorous training to master the precise movements and expressions required to convey

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2992-515: Is Zabaj (Arabic: الزابج, Indonesian : Sabak), 400 farsakh in length, identified as Java. When John of Marignolli returned from China to Avignon , he stayed at the Kingdom of Saba for a few months, which he said had many elephants and was led by a queen ; Saba may be his interpretation of She-bó. Afanasij Nikitin , a merchant from Tver (in Russia), traveled to India in 1466 and described

3128-542: Is 75%. The northern coastal plains are normally hotter, averaging 34 °C (93 °F) during the day in the dry season . The south coast is generally cooler than the north, and highland areas inland are even cooler. The wet season begins in November and ends in April. During that rain falls mostly in the afternoons and intermittently during other parts of the year. The wettest months are January and February. West Java

3264-523: Is a lake with a miniature of the archipelago in the middle of it, cable cars, museums, Keong Emas IMAX cinema (Indonesia's only IMAX cinema until the 2010s), a theater called the Theatre of My Homeland ( Theater Tanah Airku ) and other recreational facilities which make TMII one of the most popular tourist destinations in the city. In 2007, Taman Mini Indonesia Indah launched a new logo with branding slogan Pesona Indonesia (Indonesian Charm). It received

3400-782: Is a melting pot of diversity. Positioned along ancient trade routes between the Far East , South Asia , and the Middle East , the country has absorbed cultural practices influenced by Hinduism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam , and Christianity . These influences have created a complex cultural tapestry that often differs from the original indigenous cultures. Examples of the fusion of Islam with Hinduism include Javanese Abangan belief. Balinese dances have stories about ancient Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms , while Islamic art forms and architecture are present in Sumatra , especially in

3536-522: Is a significant part of Dayak culture. This dance tells stories of ancient warriors and their battles, using energetic movements and traditional weaponry to convey a sense of valor and strength. Kalimantan is also home to the Banjarese . The Banjar people perform the Baksa kembang dance, a graceful and elegant performance that involves intricate hand movements and beautiful floral arrangements. This dance

3672-593: Is about 1,000 km (620 mi) long and up to 210 km (130 mi) wide. The island's longest river is the 600 km long Solo River . The river rises from its source in central Java at the Lawu volcano, then flows north and eastward to its mouth in the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya . Other major rivers are Brantas , Citarum , Cimanuk and Serayu . The average temperature ranges from 22 °C (72 °F) to 29 °C (84 °F); average humidity

3808-468: Is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains 38 mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. There are 112 volcanoes in all, 35 of which are active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru , 3,676 metres (12,060 ft). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi , 2,930 metres (9,610 ft). In total, Java has more than 150 mountains. Java's mountains and highlands split

3944-454: Is also home to people from all over the nation. East Java is also home to ethnic Balinese, as well as large numbers of Madurans due to their historic poverty. Despite its large population and in contrast to the other larger islands of Indonesia, Java is comparatively homogeneous in ethnic composition. Only two ethnic groups are native to the island—the Javanese and Sundanese . A third group

4080-605: Is also practised in Bali and Lombok . One of the oldest cave paintings in the world dating back more than 44,000 years old ( art of the Upper Paleolithic ), was found in caves in the district of Maros ( Sulawesi , Indonesia). The oldest types of cave painting are hand stencils and simple geometric shapes. In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the then-oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in

4216-1058: Is another prominent Javanese tradition where dancers wear masks portraying characters from Javanese folklore, history, and mythology. Accompanied by traditional gamelan music, the dance combines dramatic and theatrical elements. Gambyong dance, known for its graceful movements, is performed during ceremonies and celebrations in Central Java . This dance conveys messages of joy and cultural pride, showcasing Javanese aesthetics and values influenced by Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic traditions that have shaped Java's artistic landscape over centuries. Folk dances like Kuda Lumping feature performers mimicking riding horses made of woven bamboo. This energetic dance, accompanied by lively gamelan music, highlights rhythmic movements that captivate audiences. Reog , originating from Ponorogo , East Java , combines dance, drama, and elaborate costumes to depict mythical stories and mystical creatures with powerful movements and mesmerizing displays. In Bali , dance forms

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4352-614: Is indirectly connected with Taman Mini LRT Station serving the Cibubur Line of the Jabodebek LRT via a free shuttle service; the LRT Station is located about 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the main entrance gate. It is also indirectly served by Transjakarta BRT services on corridor 9 (Pinang Ranti–Pluit) and 9C (Pinang Ranti–Bundaran Senayan) at Makasar BRT station, which is located 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from

4488-579: Is known as Pop Kroncong. Other notable traditional music genres in Indonesia include Tanjidor from Betawi culture in Jakarta , involving a brass and woodwind ensemble, and Jaipongan from West Java, combining Sundanese music with dance. In the Maluku Islands, Sawat Lenso dance music blends Portuguese and local influences, featuring instruments like the rebana (tambourine) and the ukulele . The music of Nias includes unique instruments such as

4624-458: Is often credited with attracting the attention of Western cultural figures to Balinese culture and art. His works have somehow influenced Balinese artists and painters. Today Bali has one of the most vivid and richest painting traditions in Indonesia. The 1920s to 1940s were a time of growing nationalism in Indonesia. The previous period of the romanticism movement was not seen as a purely Indonesian movement and did not develop. Painters began to see

4760-409: Is often mixed with Arabic , Javanese and Malay folk music. Despite the influences of foreign culture, some remote Indonesian regions still preserve uniquely indigenous culture. Indigenous ethnic groups Batak , Nias , Mentawai , Asmat , Dani , Sumba , Dayak , Toraja and many others are still practising their ethnic rituals, customs and wearing traditional clothes . Indonesia treasures

4896-599: Is often performed at weddings, celebratory events, and to welcome guests, symbolizing beauty and prosperity. In Sulawesi , traditional dances serve as vibrant expressions of cultural heritage, offering unique insights into local traditions and values. One such example is the Poco-poco , originating from North Sulawesi , which has transcended borders to become popular, notably in Malaysia . However, controversy erupted in early April 2011 when Malaysian Islamic clerics banned

5032-505: Is operated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology . At the end of 2011 has 15 sites with about 300 science tools and visited by 341,000 visitors yearly. The sites are Robotic, Electric and Magnet, Mechanics, Mathematics, etc. There are fifteen museums at TMII: Since the 2022 revitalization, visitors are no longer allowed to explore TMII using personal motorcycles or cars. All personal vehicles have to be parked at

5168-442: Is quite well-developed in Indonesia. Other than tribal art woodcarvings of Asmat , Batak , Dayak , Nias , and Toraja area is well known for its refined wood carving culture; they are Jepara in Central Java and Bali. Mas village near Ubud in Bali is renowned for its wood carving art. Balinese woodcarving today has a sustained tourist market in Bali. In South Papua , Asmat art consists of elaborate stylized wood carvings such as

5304-628: Is the Legong , known for its delicate finger movements, intricate footwork, and expressive gestures that narrate mythical stories and cultural themes. Another iconic Balinese dance is the Barong dance , a dramatic performance portraying the eternal battle between good (Barong) and evil ( Rangda ). This dance is not only a cultural ritual but also a captivating theatrical spectacle that mesmerizes audiences with its elaborate costumes, dynamic choreography, and symbolic narrative. The Kecak dance , also known as

5440-567: Is the Madurese , who inhabit the island of Madura off the northeast coast of Java, and have immigrated to East Java in large numbers since the 18th century. The Javanese comprise about two-thirds of the island's population, while the Sundanese and Madurese account for 38% and 10% respectively. The fourth group is the Betawi people that speak a dialect of Malay , they are the descendants of

5576-619: Is the world's most populous island , home to approximately 56% of the Indonesian population . Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta , is on Java's northwestern coast. Many of the best known events in Indonesian history took place on Java. It was the centre of powerful Hindu-Buddhist empires, the Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies . Java was also the center of the Indonesian struggle for independence during

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5712-436: Is wetter than East Java , and mountainous regions receive much higher rainfall. The Parahyangan highlands of West Java receive over 4,000 millimetres (160 in) annually, while the north coast of East Java receives 900 millimetres (35 in) annually. Java is an island with a large amount of biodiversity. The natural environment of Java is tropical rainforest , with ecosystems ranging from coastal mangrove forest on

5848-567: The jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names. There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant". And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous. "Yavadvipa" is mentioned in India 's earliest epic, the Ramayana . Sugriva ,

5984-535: The Dayak people uphold rich cultural traditions through their captivating performances, one of which is the Hudoq dance. This vibrant and intricate dance involves wearing elaborate masks and costumes designed to represent various spirits. The Hudoq is not merely a performance but a profound spiritual ritual aimed at seeking blessings for a bountiful harvest. The Kancet Papatai , which depicts scenes of bravery and heroism,

6120-442: The Dayak people have a rich musical heritage with instruments like the sape (traditional lute) and various gongs. In Papua , traditional music often involves drums and bamboo flutes, reflecting their cultural and spiritual practices. The angklung , a traditional musical instrument from West Java made from bamboo, has also received international recognition from UNESCO as part of the intangible cultural heritage. In contrast,

6256-544: The Denisovans (a species currently recognisable only by their genetic signature) across Southeast Asia, whereupon they interbred with immigrating modern humans 45.7 and 29.8 thousand years ago. A 2021 genomic study indicates that, aside from the Denisovans, modern humans never interbred with any of these endemic human species, unless the offspring were unviable or the hybrid lineages have since died out. Judging by

6392-465: The Dutch colonial rule. Unfortunately, after Indonesia achieving their independence, pencak silat became less popular among Indonesian youth compare to foreign martial arts like Karate and Taekwondo . This probably because silat was not taught openly and only passed down among blood relatives, the other reason is the lack of media portrayal of the art. Efforts have been made to introduce and reintroduce

6528-804: The East Indies . During the short-lived Daendels administration, as French proxy rule on Java, the construction of the Great Post Road was commenced in 1808. The road, spanning from Anyer in Western Java to Panarukan in East Java, served as a military supply route and was used in defending Java from British invasion. In 1811, Java was captured by the British , becoming a possession of the British Empire , and Sir Stamford Raffles

6664-557: The Minangkabau and Aceh regions. Traditional art, music and sport are combined in a martial art form called Pencak Silat . The Western world has influenced Indonesia in science, technology and modern entertainment such as television shows, film and music, as well as political system and issues. India has notably influenced Indonesian songs and movies. A popular type of song is the Indian-rhythmical dangdut , which

6800-505: The Minangkabau people of West Sumatra , usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals. It incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the “silek” or pencak silat martial art, with performances often based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story. Bangsawan , found in Riau and other Malay-speaking regions, combines elements of drama, music, and dance. It often features romantic or historical narratives, showcasing

6936-627: The Sasando from East Nusa Tenggara features an instrument made from a split leaf of the Lontar palm , resembling a harp and producing a soothing sound. Kroncong is traditional music genre in Indonesia, featuring guitars and ukuleles. It was introduced by Portuguese traders in the 15th century. Traditional “Keroncong Tugu” groups can be found in North Jakarta and Maluku , showcasing strong Portuguese influences. A modern variation of kroncong

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7072-543: The Thousand Islands (8.7 km ) – with a combined population of roughly 90,000. Java has been traditionally dominated by an elite class, while the people in the lower classes were often involved in agriculture and fishing. The elite class in Java has evolved over the course of history, as cultural wave after cultural wave immigrated to the island. There is evidence that South Asian emigres were among this elite, as well as Arabian and Persian immigrants during

7208-572: The Yuan dynasty (1271–1368), where they began mentioning 爪哇 ( Zhao-Wa or Chao-Wa ). According to Ma Huan 's book (the Yingya Shenlan ), the Chinese called Java Chao-Wa, and the island was called She-po in the past. Sulaiman al-Tajir al-Sirafi mentioned two notable islands which separated Arabia and China : One is the 800 farsakh long Al-Rami, which is identified as Sumatra, and the other

7344-772: The bisj pole and is designed to honour ancestors. Many Asmat artefacts have been collected by the world's museums, among the most notable of which are those found in the Michael C. Rockefeller Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam . Bisj poles are carved by Asmat religious carvers (wow-ipits) after a member of their tribe or community had been killed and headhunted by an enemy tribe. Carved out of

7480-603: The talempong and saluang of the Minangkabau people , used in ceremonies. The Batak people in North Sumatra play instruments like the gondang (tuned drums), gordang sambilan and the hasapi (traditional lute). In Sulawesi , the Toraja people use bamboo instruments, such as the pa’pompang flute. The Bugis and Makassar people of South Sulawesi play the Kacaping, a plucked string instrument. In Kalimantan ,

7616-609: The 1840s through to the Japanese occupation in the 1940s. However, other sources claimed the Dutch's Cultivation system is linked to famines and epidemics in the 1840s, firstly in Cirebon and then Central Java , as cash crops such as indigo and sugar had to be grown instead of rice. Indonesian nationalism first took hold in Java in the early 20th century, and the struggle to secure the country's independence following World War II

7752-631: The 1930s and 1940s. Java dominates Indonesia politically, economically and culturally. Four of Indonesia's eight UNESCO world heritage sites are located in Java: Ujung Kulon National Park , Borobudur Temple , Prambanan Temple , and Sangiran Early Man Site . Java was formed by volcanic eruptions due to geologic subduction of the Australian Plate under the Sunda Plate . It is the 13th largest island in

7888-481: The 19th century is mostly restricted to the decorative arts, considered to be a religious and spiritual activity, comparable to the pre-1400 European art. Artists' names are anonymous since the individual human creator was seen as far less important than their creation to honour the deities or spirits. Some examples are the Kenyah decorative art, based on endemic natural motifs such as ferns and hornbills, found decorating

8024-490: The 19th century. In the Netherlands, the term "Indonesian Painting" is applied to the paintings produced by Dutch or other foreign artists who lived and worked in the former Netherlands-Indies . The most famous indigenous 19th-century Indonesian painter is Raden Saleh (1807–1877), the first indigenous artist to study in Europe. His art is heavily influenced by Romanticism . In the 1920s Walter Spies settled in Bali, he

8160-644: The 2000s, the original design of TMII consisted of a model of the traditional houses ( rumah adat ) from the 27 provinces of Indonesia, including East Timor . But after the secession of East Timor from Indonesia in 2002, the East Timor pavilion changed its status to become the Museum of East Timor. Since Indonesia consists of 33 provinces (in 2004), the new province pavilions of Bangka Belitung , Banten , West Sulawesi , North Maluku , Gorontalo , Riau Islands , and West Papua have been built in northeast part of

8296-791: The 7th centuries, while the Heling kingdom sent embassies to China starting in 640. However, the first major principality was the Mataram Kingdom that was founded in central Java at the beginning of the 8th century. Mataram's religion centered on the Hindu god Shiva , and the kingdom produced some of Java's earliest Hindu temples on the Dieng Plateau . Around the 8th century, the Sailendra dynasty rose in Kedu Plain and become

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8432-462: The Bengawan Solo River at that time may have been different from what it is today, due to geological factors such as sedimentation, erosion, and changes in sea level over time. Currently, the estuary of the Bengawan Solo is in the Java Sea, but in prehistoric times, the river flow and estuary location may have changed. Geological and paleogeographic studies are often used to understand these changes. The island's exceptional fertility and rainfall allowed

8568-411: The Dutch had extended their influence over the sultanates of the interior through the Dutch East India Company in Indonesia . Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from forming effective alliances against the Dutch. Remnants of the Mataram survived as the Surakarta (Solo) and Yogyakarta principalities. Javanese kings claimed to rule with divine authority and the Dutch helped them to preserve remnants of

8704-404: The Dutch in the 17th century. Java's contact with the European colonial powers began in 1522 with a treaty between the Sunda kingdom and the Portuguese in Malacca . After its failure, the Portuguese presence was confined to Malacca and to the eastern islands. In 1596, a four-ship expedition led by Cornelis de Houtman was the first Dutch contact with Indonesia. By the end of the 18th century

8840-423: The Indonesian government ran transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, sometimes causing conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers . Nevertheless, it has caused Java's share of the nation's population to progressively decline. Jakarta and its outskirts, being the dominant metropolis,

8976-403: The Islamic eras. More recently, Chinese immigrants have also become part of the economic elite of Java. Although politically the Chinese generally remain sidelined, there are notable exceptions, such as the former governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama . Though Java is increasingly becoming more modern and urban, only 75% of the island has electricity. Villages and their rice paddies are still

9112-455: The Poco-Poco dance for Muslims, citing perceived Christian origins and concerns that its steps resembled the sign of the cross, despite this Poco-Poco remains a cherished part of social gatherings and community events in various regions. In Central Sulawesi , the Dero dance promotes community unity through its circular formations and synchronized steps, often accompanied by lively music and chants at local festivals. Meanwhile, in South Sulawesi ,

9248-690: The Prehistoric Era, the Hindu-Buddhist Era, and the Islamic Era, and they fall into two main genres: court dance and folk dance. Sumatra showcases a rich tapestry of traditional dances that highlight its cultural diversity. In West Sumatra , the Tari Piring (Plate Dance) demonstrates skill in balancing plates with graceful movements, symbolizing harmony and elegance. Aceh 's Saman dance captivates with its fast-paced rhythm and synchronized movements performed by groups, embodying communal and spiritual values. In 2011, UNESCO officially recognized Aceh's traditional Saman dance as an Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding . In North Sumatra ,

9384-429: The Sajojo dance is wi In addition to welcoming guests, Serving as both entertainment and a profound expression of Papuan cultural identity. Another notable dance is the War Dance (Tarian Perang), performed by tribes such as the Dani and Yali . This dance symbolizes bravery and valor, accompanied by rhythmic drumming and chanting, with dancers adorned in traditional attire embellished with feathers and shells, enhancing

9520-767: The acknowledgement, UNESCO required Indonesians to preserve the tradition. Another form of local drama is Javanese Ludruk , originating in East Java , blends comedy, drama, and audience interaction with improvised dialogue and local humor, making it a favorite among locals for its lively performances. Ketoprak , another traditional Javanese theater form, integrates drama, music, dance, and comedy, often weaving Javanese folklore and moral teachings into its narratives, commonly staged in village squares or traditional markets. Sundanese Sandiwara , from West Java portrays historical or mythological tales through music, dance, and drama, offering insights into Sundanese culture. Betawi Lenong , from Jakarta , features humorous storytelling in

9656-505: The aramba (a type of gong) and the doli-doli (a type of slit drum). On June 29, 1965, Koes Plus , a leading Indonesian pop group of the 1960s to 1980s, was imprisoned in Glodok , West Jakarta , for playing Western-style music. After the resignation of President Sukarno , the law was rescinded, and in the 1970s, the Glodok prison was dismantled and replaced with a large shopping mall. The story of Koes Plus highlights Indonesia's evolving musical landscape and cultural exchanges. Dangdut ,

9792-410: The available parking lots at the west side of the park. Visitors are diverted to use electric-powered shuttle microbus service called angkutan keliling or angling for free. The shuttle service has two corridors and visitors have to wait the shuttle microbus on bus shelters throughout the park. Apart from that, visitors can also rent bicycles , golf carts , and electric scooters instead. TMII area

9928-459: The available zero-emission vehicles, such as electric microbuses and aeromovels, or renting a bicycle or electric scooters. TMII was reopened to the public on 31 December 2022 after being chosen as one of the venues for the new year celebration 2023. On 1 September 2023, the revitalization of TMII was inaugurated by President Joko Widodo . The revitalization cost IDR 1,7 trillion, with additional budget from InJourney up to IDR 200 billion. TMII

10064-622: The beauty of silat to Indonesian youth and the world. Exhibitions and promotions by individuals as well as state-sponsored groups helped the growing of silat's popularity, particularly in Europe and United States . Indonesian 2009 Silat movie Merantau is one of Indonesian efforts to introduce silat to the international scene. Pencak Silat was recognized as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) on 12 December 2019. Another martial art from Indonesia

10200-526: The cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo . In December 2019, however, figurative cave paintings depicting pig hunting in the Maros-Pangkep karst in Sulawesi were estimated to be even older, at at least 43,900 years old. The finding was noted to be "the oldest pictorial record of storytelling and the earliest figurative artwork in the world". Indonesian painting before

10336-479: The central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta , contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows. Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as

10472-413: The characters' emotions and the story's nuances. Wayang performances are accompanied by a gamelan orchestra, which provides a rich and dynamic musical backdrop. The music, along with the rhythmic narration by the dalang, enhances the overall atmosphere and emotional impact of the story. The dalang, who is both a puppeteer and a storyteller, plays a crucial role in the performance. They not only manipulate

10608-461: The chief of Rama 's army, dispatched his men to Yavadvipa, the island of Java, in search of Sita . It was hence referred to in India by the Sanskrit name "yāvaka dvīpa" (dvīpa = island). Java is mentioned in the ancient Tamil text Manimekalai by Chithalai Chathanar which states that Java had a kingdom with a capital called Nagapuram. Another source states that the word "Java" is derived from

10744-547: The cultural legacy of the ancient Srivijaya Empire through its rhythmic music and intricate choreography. In Java , court dances like Bedhaya and Serimpi are performed in the royal courts of Yogyakarta and Surakarta . Bedhaya, considered sacred, features slow, deliberate movements symbolizing harmony between earthly and divine realms. Serimpi emphasizes grace and refinement, often depicting stories from Javanese mythology and royal traditions with elegant movements and intricate patterns. The topeng dance (Mask Dance)

10880-494: The death of Hayam Wuruk and the coming of Islam to Indonesia , Majapahit went into decline. Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of Demak , Cirebon , and Banten were ascendant. The Mataram Sultanate became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face

11016-412: The development of wet-field rice cultivation, which required sophisticated levels of cooperation between villages. Out of these village alliances, small kingdoms developed. The chain of volcanic mountains and associated highlands running the length of Java kept its interior regions and peoples separate and relatively isolated. Before the advent of Islamic states and European colonialism, the rivers provided

11152-526: The diaspora of Indonesian people. People from various regions like Aceh , Minangkabau , Riau , Bugis , Makassar , Java , Banjar , etc. moved into and settled in Malay Peninsula and other islands. They brought silat and passed it down to their descendants. The Indonesian of half-Dutch descent are also credited as the first to have brought the art into Europe. Pencak silat was used by Indonesian independence fighters during their struggle against

11288-481: The first African exodus. There is evidence that the Java population of H. erectus lived in an ever-wet forest habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a savannah , but was likely regularly inundated ("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass ( Poaceae ), ferns , Ficus , and Indigofera , which are typical of lowland rainforest. H. e. soloensis

11424-672: The gender of the deceased. However, they have become more and more elaborate, actually attempting to imitate the likeness of the deceased. Nowadays, Tau tau has a photographic likeness to the people they represent. Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia . It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 156.4 million people, Java

11560-524: The graceful Pakarena dance captivates audiences with its intricate storytelling conveyed through elegant movements and traditional costumes, preserving Bugis cultural narratives. Additionally, the Paraga dance demonstrates impressive athleticism by blending acrobatic and martial arts-inspired movements, symbolizing cultural pride during festive occasions. In the Maluku Islands , the cakalele dance ,

11696-535: The great population growth include the impact of Dutch colonial rule including the imposed end to civil war in Java, the increase in the area under rice cultivation, and the introduction of food plants such as cassava and maize that could sustain populations that could not afford rice. Others attribute the growth to the taxation burdens and increased expansion of employment under the Cultivation System to which couples responded by having more children in

11832-1206: The homes, but also to create a realistic model of the environment and shelters of the various people of Indonesia. The venues, which are situated around the main lake in a similar fashion to the different islands of the Indonesian archipelago , are thematically divided into six areas in respect to the main islands of Indonesia; Java , Sumatra , Kalimantan ( Borneo ), Sulawesi , the Lesser Sunda Islands , Maluku and Papua . Each pavilions featured in typical vernacular Indonesian architecture of each provinces. Examples of Indonesian traditional vernacular houses are: Joglo and Omah Kudus Javanese houses of Central Java and Yogyakarta pavilion; Minang Rumah Gadang of West Sumatra pavilion; Malay houses of Jambi and Riau provinces; Torajan Tongkonan and Bugis house of South Sulawesi pavilion; and Balinese house compound with intricately carved candi bentar split gate and kori agung gate. It also displays various traditional costumes, wedding costumes, dance costumes, ethnographic artifacts such as weapons and daily tools, and models of traditional architecture to describe

11968-432: The hope of increasing their families’ ability to pay tax and buy goods. Cholera claimed 100,000 lives in Java in 1820. The advent of trucks and railways where there had previously only been buffalo and carts, telegraph systems, and more coordinated distribution systems under the colonial government all contributed to famine elimination in Java, and in turn, population growth. There were no significant famines in Java from

12104-583: The interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world. Java was the first place where Indonesian coffee was grown, starting in 1699. Today, coffea arabica is grown on the Ijen Plateau by small-holders and larger plantations. The area of Java is about 132,011.65 square kilometres (50,969.98 sq mi) (including Madura's 5,408.45 square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi) and minor offshore islands). It

12240-464: The island (West Java, Banten, and DKI Jakarta) has an even higher population density, of roughly 1,563 per square kilometre and accounts for most of the population growth of Java. It is home to three metropolitan areas, Greater Jakarta (with outlying areas of Greater Serang and Greater Sukabumi ), Greater Bandung , and Greater Cirebon . From the 1970s to the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998,

12376-477: The island's most refined and exemplary. The territory from Banyumas in the west through to Blitar in the east and encompasses Indonesia's most fertile and densely populated agricultural land. In the southwestern part of Central Java, which is usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture. In

12512-441: The island. This is somewhat due to the fact that Java is the business, academic, and cultural hub of Indonesia, which attracts millions of non-Javanese people to its cities. The population growth is most intense in the regions surrounding Jakarta and Bandung , which is reflected through the demographic diversity in those areas. Java is the most populous major island in the world and is home to 56% of Indonesia's population, with

12648-470: The land of java, which he called шабайте (shabait/šabajte). Java lies between Sumatra to the west and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north, and Christmas Island is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the Java Sea to the north, the Sunda Strait to the west, the Indian Ocean to the south and Bali Strait and Madura Strait in the east. Java

12784-471: The last open-habitat refuges of East Asia before the rainforest takeover. Before the immigration of modern humans, Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia was also home to H. floresiensis endemic to the island of Flores , Indonesia, and H. luzonensis endemic to the island of Luzon , the Philippines. Genetic analysis of present-day Southeast Asian populations indicates the widespread dispersal of

12920-598: The lively Tor-tor dance , performed by the Batak people, is known for its energetic movements and significant ritualistic role. Riau stands out with the elegant Melayu dance, characterized by graceful gestures often seen at ceremonial occasions. Meanwhile, Jambi and Bangka Belitung celebrates the Zapin dance, seamlessly blending Arabic influences with local traditions. Gending Sriwijaya in South Sumatra preserves

13056-415: The local dialect, often with satire and social commentary reflecting Betawi cultural values. Ondel-ondel , a Betawi folk performance, showcases large puppet figures paraded during festivals, symbolizing Jakarta's Betawi community spirit and cultural heritage. These dramas are known for their humor and audience engagement, bringing communities together in celebration. Randai is a folk theatre tradition of

13192-402: The main entrance gate. Despite that, Transjakarta operate feeder routes that directly serves TMII, which includes corridor 7D (TMII–Tegal Parang) feeder route, JAK-36 (Cilangkap–Cililitan) and JAK-108 (Kramat Jati–Bambu Apus) Mikrotrans routes; using microbus or angkot fleets. In 2011, the operator planned to disburse $ 35 million for building a new Discovery World theme park. A 2-hectare area

13328-460: The main means of communication, although Java's many rivers are mostly short. Only the Brantas river and Solo river could provide long-distance communication and this way their valleys supported the centers of major kingdoms. A system of roads, permanent bridges, and toll gates is thought to have been established in Java by at least the mid-17th century. Local powers could disrupt the routes as could

13464-560: The main room of the house, sometimes more than a hundred. A missionary work in 1930 had recorded the removal of 'over 2000 "idols" from a house of new northern convert.' Some missionaries even recorded houses collapsing under the weight of these ancestor figures. Small adu zatua were bound together horizontally using a rattan and pegs. Many ancestor figures were destroyed in 1916 by Christian missionary movements which saw them as an old blasphemous religious symbol. Some were sold to collectors and can be found in museum or private collections around

13600-400: The majority of the people of Java are Muslim , Java's population comprises people of diverse religious beliefs, ethnicities, and cultures. Java is divided into four administrative provinces: Banten , West Java , Central Java , and East Java , and two special regions, Jakarta and Yogyakarta . The origins of the name "Java" are not clear. The island could possibly have been named after

13736-472: The many ethnic groups that compose the nation of Indonesia. The dances showcase Austronesian roots, Melanesian tribal dance forms, and influences from foreign countries such as Indian subcontinent , Mainland China , and the Middle East , as well as European styles introduced during colonization. With over 3,000 distinct dances, each ethnic group contributes its own unique styles and traditions. Indonesian dances can be categorized into three historical eras:

13872-518: The most spoken. The ethnic groups native to the island are the Javanese in the central and eastern parts and Sundanese in the western parts. The Madurese in the Eastern salient of Java are migrants from Madura Island , while the Betawi in the capital city of Jakarta are hybrids from various ethnic groups in Indonesia . Most residents are bilingual, speaking Indonesian (the official language of Indonesia) as their first or second language. While

14008-578: The natural world for inspiration. Some examples of Indonesian painter during this period are the Balinese Ida Bagus Made and the realist Basuki Abdullah . The Indonesian Painters Association ( Persatuan Ahli-Ahli Gambar Indonesia or PERSAGI, 1938–1942) was formed during this period. PERSAGI established a contemporary art philosophy that saw artworks as reflections of the artist's individual or personal view as well as an expression of national cultural thoughts. The art of wood carving

14144-410: The new concept has an environmental friendly design, more green spaces were added, so TMII would consist of 70% green spaces and 30% buildings – based on its original masterplan in 1972. Apart from that, visitors are no longer allowed to explore the complex using personal cars or motorcycles, because the park is designated as a low-emission zone . As the alternative, visitors can explore the complex using

14280-416: The north and northeast side of the main lake: Taman Burung is divided into five exhibits: Kubah barat (West dome) which include birds from the Greater Sunda Islands (Except Sulawesi ) and the Lesser Sunda Islands , kubah timur (East dome) which include birds from Sulawesi, the Maluku Islands , and New Guinea , a free ranging river exhibit, raptor aviaries, and other aviaries and exhibits scattered around

14416-450: The north coast, rocky coastal cliffs on the southern coast, and low-lying tropical forest to high altitude rainforest on the slopes of mountainous volcanic regions in the interior. The Javan environment and climate gradually alters from west to east; from wet and humid dense rainforest in western parts, to a dry savanna environment in the east, corresponding to the climate and rainfall in these regions. Javan wildlife originally supported

14552-738: The park, although the size and area of these pavilions is much smaller than the previous ones. After the recognition of the Chinese Indonesian culture as an integral part of Indonesian culture in 2000, the Chinese Indonesian pavilion and a confucian temple was built within the park. The religious buildings of several official faiths is meant to showcase the inter-faiths tolerance and religious harmony of Indonesia. The religious buildings are: There are about ten gardens spread within TMII complex, but most are located primarily on

14688-685: The park. The park also owns several birds from outside Indonesia, such as birds from China , Africa , Australia , and South America . Museum Serangga is an invertebrates museum that has collections from around Southeast Asia. The Museum also has live insect exhibits and a small mammal park. It also has a breeding facility for butterflies. Dunia Air Tawar is the second largest freshwater and brackish themed aquarium in Asia. The aquarium has over 6000 animals from 126 species, including reptiles, amphibian, crustaceans, and fish. In April 1994, Dunia Air Tawar, known as Taman Aquarium Air Tawar at that time, acquired

14824-452: The past. At that time, the king of Medang Kamulan Prabu Dewata Cengkar was replaced by Aji Saka. This story is considered as an allegory of the entry of Indians into Java. Referring to the Liang dynasty information, the Javanese kingdom was divided into two: the pre-Hinduism kingdom and the post-Hindu kingdom, which began in 78 AD. The Taruma kingdom of western Java existed from the 5th to

14960-437: The patron of Mahayana Buddhism . This ancient kingdom built monuments such as the 9th century Borobudur and Prambanan in central Java. Around the 10th century, the center of power shifted from central to eastern Java. The eastern Javanese kingdoms of Kediri , Singhasari and Majapahit were mainly dependent on rice agriculture, yet also pursued trade within the Indonesian archipelago, and with China and India. Majapahit

15096-419: The people living around Batavia from around the 17th century. Betawis are creole people , mostly descended from various Indonesian archipelago ethnic groups such as Malay , Sundanese , Javanese , Balinese , Minang , Bugis , Makassar , Ambonese , mixed with foreign ethnic groups such as Portuguese , Dutch , Arab , Chinese and Indian brought to or attracted to Batavia to meet labour needs. They have

15232-472: The people of Nias placed great value on wooden figures or adu . The sole purpose of the Nias figures was to fulfil ritual needs, whether it is to ensure wealth or to perform specific beneficial rite. Niassan figures vary in size, from as small as 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in height to more than 2 metres (6.6 ft) tall. When an elderly person died, the family would make a wooden statue known as adu zatua. The statue

15368-427: The puppets but also provide voices for all the characters, deliver dialogue, and add sound effects, demonstrating remarkable dexterity and vocal versatility. UNESCO designated Wayang the flat leather shadow puppet ( wayang kulit ) and the three-dimensional wooden puppet ( wayang golek or wayang klitik ) theatre, as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity on 7 November 2003. In return for

15504-641: The rainforest, altered the ecosystem, shaped the landscapes and created rice paddy and terraces to support the growing population. Javan rice terraces have existed for more than a millennium and had supported ancient agricultural kingdoms. The growing human population has put severe pressure on Java's wildlife, as rainforests were diminished and confined to highland slopes or isolated peninsulas. Some of Java's endemic species are now critically endangered, with some already extinct; Java used to have Javan tigers and Javan elephants , but both have been rendered extinct. Today, several national parks exist in Java that protect

15640-487: The region's cultural heritage and its connections to wider Malay cultural traditions. Various Balinese dance drama also can be included within the traditional form of Indonesian drama. Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with its distinct style of drama. Notable theatre, dance, and drama troupe such as Teater Koma are gaining popularity in Indonesia as their drama often portray social and political satires of Indonesian society!! The art of Pencak Silat

15776-566: The remnants of its fragile wildlife, such as Ujung Kulon , Mount Halimun-Salak , Gede Pangrango , Baluran , Meru Betiri , Bromo Tengger Semeru and Alas Purwo . Fossilised remains of Homo erectus , popularly known as the " Java Man ", dating back 1.3 million years were found along the banks of the Bengawan Solo River . H. erectus arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be

15912-500: The sheer number of specimens deposited at Ngandong at the same time, there may have been a sizeable population of H. e soloensis before the volcanic eruption which resulted in their interment, but population is difficult to approximate with certainty. This site is quite far from the north coast of Java Island, and it is not always easy to determine the position of the coastline in prehistoric times because of significant geographical changes. The southern coastline and estuary of

16048-447: The valleys surrounding volcanic peaks. The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2020 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant volcanic eruptions during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese, while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well. The western third of

16184-435: The various characteristics of the Indonesian environment. TMII currently has 33 pavilions of the provinces of Indonesia, 7 places of worship, 24 parks/open spaces, 17 museums, and 18 amusement rides and other facilities. Since each Indonesian province maintains its own unique and distinct cultures, shelters, attire and dialects, TMII built a model of each of the houses from the provinces. TMII attempted not only to reconstruct

16320-475: The visual and cultural impact of the performance. The Wayang show, the traditional puppet theatre of the Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese cultures, is a rich and ancient art form that showcases several mythological legends such as the Ramayana , the Mahabharata , and many more. These performances are deeply rooted in the cultural heritage of Indonesia and serve not only as entertainment but also as

16456-442: The walls of Kenyah longhouses. Another notable traditional art is the geometric Toraja wood carvings . Balinese paintings are initially the narrative images to depict scenes of Balinese legends and religious scripts. The classical Balinese paintings are often decorating the lontar manuscripts and also the ceilings of temples pavilion. Under the influence of the Dutch colonial power, a trend toward Western-style painting emerged in

16592-500: The way of life of its people. Each province's pavilion is also equipped with a small stage, amphitheatre or auditorium for traditional dance performances, traditional music performances or traditional ceremonies that are usually held in Sundays. Some of these pavilions are also equipped with cafeterias featuring traditional Indonesian cuisines and also souvenir shops offering various handicrafts, T-shirts and souvenirs. Since 1975 until

16728-468: The western part of Java and Parahyangan as the heartland, the eastern salient of Java also known as Blambangan . Madura makes up a fifth area having close cultural ties with coastal eastern Java. The kejawen of Javanese culture is the island's most dominant. Java's remaining aristocracy is based here, and it is the region from where the majority of Indonesia's army, business, and political elite originate. Its language, arts, and etiquette are regarded as

16864-482: The wet season and road use was highly dependent on constant maintenance. Consequently, communication between Java's population was difficult. The emergence of civilization on the island of Java is often associated with the arrival of Aji Saka in 78 AD. Although Aji Saka is said to be the bearer of civilization on Java, the story received several objections and rebuttals from other historical sources. Valmiki's Ramayana , made around 500 BC, records that Java already had

17000-403: The world and the fifth largest in Indonesia by landmass, at about 132,011.65 square kilometres (50,969.98 sq mi) (including Madura 's 5,408.45 square kilometres (2,088.21 sq mi)). A chain of volcanic mountains is the east–west spine of the island. Four main languages are spoken on the island: Javanese , Sundanese , Madurese , and Betawi . Javanese and Sundanese are

17136-452: The world. In Sulawesi , Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). One of the Toraja wood carvings is Tau tau , Tau tau is a kind of human statue made of wood or bamboo. Torajans believe that the dead can take their possessions with them to the afterlife, the effigies are usually equipped with small possessions. Traditionally, the effigies were simply carved, only to show

17272-404: The “Ramayana Monkey Chant”, is another notable example of Bali's rich dance heritage. This unique dance-drama combines rhythmic chanting and synchronized movements of a large group of male performers, retelling episodes from the Hindu epic Ramayana . The rhythmic chanting of "cak" creates a hypnotic atmosphere, making Kecak a distinctive and memorable cultural experience in Bali. In Kalimantan ,

17408-474: Was appointed as the island's governor. In 1816, under the governorship of John Fendall , Java was returned to the Dutch as per the terms of the Treaty of Paris . In 1815, there may have been five million people in Java. In the second half of the 18th century, population spurts began in districts along the north-central coast of Java, and in the 19th century population grew rapidly across the island. Factors for

17544-704: Was centered in Java. In 1949, Indonesian independence was recognized. Java is divided into four provinces and two special regions: ), the Sapudi Islands (167.41 km ), Talango Island (50.278 km ), Masalembu (40.85 km ) and the Giligenteng Islands (30.32 km ). (2) Other offshore islands are included in this figure, but are comparatively very small in population and area; they include Nusa Barong (100 km ), Bawean (196 km ), Karimunjawa (78 km ), Nusa Kambangan (121 km ), Panaitan (170 km ), and

17680-480: Was created and firstly developed in the islands of Java and Sumatra . It is an art for survival and practised throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Centuries of tribal wars in Indonesian history had shaped silat as it was used by the ancient warriors of Indonesia. Silat was used to determine the rank and position of warriors in old Indonesian kingdoms. Contacts with Indians and Chinese has further enriched silat. Silat reached areas beyond Indonesia mainly through

17816-482: Was established by Wijaya , and by the end of the reign of Hayam Wuruk (r. 1350–89) it claimed sovereignty over the entire Indonesian archipelago, although control was likely limited to Java, Bali, and Madura. Hayam Wuruk's prime minister, Gajah Mada , led many of the kingdom's territorial conquests. Previous Javanese kingdoms had their power based on agriculture, however, Majapahit took control of ports and shipping lanes and became Java's first commercial empire. With

17952-499: Was eventually inaugurated on 20 April 1975. In January 2022, the revitalization of TMII was started to support the side event of the 2022 G20 Bali summit in Jakarta, with its new concept named "Indonesia Opera", designed by Urban+. The revitalization focuses on area readjusments and facility improvements. When the revitalization was executed, TMII was still opened to the public, until it was eventually closed on 17 May 2022. Because

18088-416: Was originally located on a public area of 145 ha, as farms and fields. Later, the team was able to convert these fields into a suitable location for the construction. The topography of TMII is rather hilly, consistent with what the builders required. The team claimed the advantage of utilizing this uneven terrain was the ability to create interesting and diverse landscapes and enclosures, as well as reflecting

18224-457: Was the last population of a long occupation history of the island of Java by H. erectus , beginning 1.51 to 0.93 million years ago at the Sangiran site, continuing 540 to 430 thousand years ago at the Trinil site, and finally 117 to 108 thousand years ago at Ngandong. If the date is correct for Solo Man, then they would represent a terminal population of H. erectus which sheltered in

18360-561: Was to be built and it was predicted to be operated before the end of 2012. It would serve 100 venues/rides and was predicted to attract 1.2 million visitors from Indonesia and Southeast Asia . Culture of Indonesia The culture of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Budaya Indonesia ) has been shaped by the interplay of indigenous customs and diverse foreign influences. With over 1,300 distinct ethnic groups , including significant Austronesian and Melanesian cultures, contributing to its rich traditions, languages , and customs, Indonesia

18496-422: Was unveiled on the fourth day after the death of the person. The shape of the wooden statue reflects the status of the person who used them: the more powerful the owner, the more impressive the statue will be made. Nias people believed that the deceased person's spirits reside in the statue, so all events that occurred in the family were shared with the ancestor statues through prayers. Ancestor statues were placed in

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