Tc1/mariner is a class and superfamily of interspersed repeats DNA (Class II) transposons . The elements of this class are found in all animals, including humans. They can also be found in protists and bacteria.
20-519: TC3 may refer to: Tc3 transposon , a transposon in Caenorhabditis elegans 2008 TC3 , a meteoroid that entered Earth's atmosphere on October 7, 2008 Tha Carter III , a studio album by American rapper Lil Wayne Tompkins Cortland Community College , also abbreviated as TC3, a college in Dryden, New York, United States Time Crisis 3 ,
40-487: A DDE (Asp-Asp-Glu) or DDD catalytic triad . Tc1 (DD34E) is a transposon active in Caenorhabditis elegans . There are also Tc1-like transposons in humans, all inactive. Tc1-like elements are present in other lower vertebrates, including several fish species and amphibians. In C. elegans , it is a 1610 base-pair long sequence. Experiments show that this element "jumps" in human cells, with its transposase as
60-578: A common 20–25 amino acid sequence that facilitates DNA recognition. The helix-turn-helix motif is a DNA-binding motif. The recognition and binding to DNA by helix-turn-helix proteins is done by the two α helices, one occupying the N-terminal end of the motif, the other at the C-terminus . In most cases, such as in the Cro repressor, the second helix contributes most to DNA recognition, and hence it
80-453: A short strand of amino acids , that bind to the major groove of DNA. The HTH motif occurs in many proteins that regulate gene expression . It should not be confused with the helix–loop–helix motif. The discovery of the helix-turn-helix motif was based on similarities between several genes encoding transcription regulatory proteins from bacteriophage lambda and Escherichia coli : Cro, CAP , and λ repressor , which were found to share
100-516: Is a family found in Ceratitis rosa . Pogo/Fot1 (DDxD) is yet another family in this superfamily, x indicating a variable length. IS630, a mobile element in Shigella sonnei , also belongs to this superfamily. A few additional new families with different lengths between the triads have been reported. Pogo, also known as Tigger in humans, has been domesticated by humans and yeast alike into
120-478: Is formed by a 3-helical bundle and a 3- or 4-strand beta-sheet (wing). The topology of helices and strands in the wHTH motifs may vary. In the transcription factor ETS wHTH folds into a helix-turn-helix motif on a four-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet scaffold arranged in the order α1-β1-β2-α2-α3-β3-β4 where the third helix is the DNA recognition helix . Other derivatives of the helix-turn-helix motif include
140-555: Is found in the transcriptional activator Myb . The tetra-helical helix-turn-helix motif has an additional C-terminal helix compared to the tri-helical motifs. These include the LuxR-type DNA-binding HTH domain found in bacterial transcription factors and the helix-turn-helix motif found in the TetR repressors. Multihelical versions with additional helices also occur. The winged helix-turn-helix (wHTH) motif
160-595: Is named after its two best-studied members, the Tc1 transposon of Caenorhabditis elegans and the mariner transposon of Drosophila . The transposon consists of a transposase gene, flanked by two terminal inverted repeats (TIR). Two short tandem site duplications (TSD) are present on both sides of the insert. Transposition happens when two transposases recognize and bind to TIR sequences, join together and promote DNA double-strand cleavage. The DNA-transposase complex then inserts its DNA cargo at specific DNA motifs elsewhere in
180-448: Is often called the "recognition helix". It binds to the major groove of DNA through a series of hydrogen bonds and various Van der Waals interactions with exposed bases . The other α helix stabilizes the interaction between protein and DNA, but does not play a particularly strong role in its recognition. The recognition helix and its preceding helix always have the same relative orientation. Several attempts have been made to classify
200-491: Is responsible for binding to the DR sequences in the mirrored IR/DR sequences of the transposon, a nuclear localization sequence (NLS), and a DDE domain that catalyzes the cut-and-paste set of reactions that comprise transposition. The DNA-recognition domain has two paired box sequences that can bind to DNA and are related to various motifs found on some transcription factors; the two paired boxes are labeled PAI and RED, both having
220-452: The CENPB gene. Other human domestications of pogo include TIGD1 , TIGD2 , TIGD3 , TIGD4 , TIGD5 , TIGD6 , TIGD7 , JRK , JRKL , POGK , and POGZ . Helix-turn-helix#Winged helix-turn-helix Helix-turn-helix is a DNA-binding domain (DBD). The helix-turn-helix ( HTH ) is a major structural motif capable of binding DNA . Each monomer incorporates two α helices , joined by
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#1732793011895240-581: The SETMAR gene is under selection as it provides DNA-binding for the histone-modifying protein. Hsmar2 has been reconstructed multiple times from the fossil sequences. Mos1 (for Mosaic element ) was discovered in Drosophila mauritiana . The Himar1 element has been isolated from the horn fly, Haematobia irritans and can be used as a genetic tool in Escherichia coli . The rosa (DD41D) family
260-504: The genome, creating short TSDs upon integration. In the IS630/Tc1/mariner system, the motif used is a "TA" dinucleotide, duplicated on both ends after insertion. When the transposase gene is not carried by the transposon, it becomes a non-autonomous in that it now requires the gene to be expressed elsewhere to move around. The 360-amino acid polypeptide has three major subdomains: the amino-terminal DNA-recognition domain that
280-407: The helix-turn-helix motif common for DNA-binding domains. The catalytic domain has the hallmark DDE (sometimes DDD) amino acids that are found in many transposase and recombinase enzymes. In addition, there is a region that is highly enriched in glycine (G) amino acids. Several signatures for the superfamily of transcriptases have been given in various domain databases given the multi-domain nature of
300-403: The helix-turn-helix motifs based on their structure and the spatial arrangement of their helices. Some of the main types are described below. The di-helical helix-turn-helix motif is the simplest helix-turn-helix motif. A fragment of Engrailed homeodomain encompassing only the two helices and the turn was found to be an ultrafast independently folding protein domain. An example of this motif
320-459: The only protein required. Another example of this family is Tc3, also a transposon found in C. elegans . Mariner (DD34D) elements are found in multiple species, including humans. The Mariner transposon was first discovered by Jacobson and Hartl in Drosophila in 1986. A classification of the group was published in 1993, which divided such sequences in insects into the mauritiana, cecropia, mellifera, irritans, and capitata subfamilies, after
340-418: The protein. In addition, each domain are often represented by multiple entries, such as PF17906 / PF01710 / PF11427 among others for the "PAI" half of the box. The RED box is similarly diverse ( PF08279 / PF13412 / PF01498 , etc.) and is often in a winged HTH form for DNA recognition. The Tc1/mariner superfamily is generally subdivided by the catalytic domains of its transposase. It generally use
360-512: The same title formed as a letter–number combination. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TC3&oldid=1221593666 " Category : Letter–number combination disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tc3 transposon The class
380-526: The third instalment of the Time Crisis arcade game series TC3 Touring Car , a touring car racing specification TC3 International Series , an international touring car series Tactical Combat Casualty Care , a standard of care in prehospital battlefield medicine Plymouth Horizon TC3 , an automobile manufactured by Chrysler Corporation [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
400-628: The types of insects they are found in. The classification does extend to other species. This transposable element is known for its uncanny ability to be transmitted horizontally in many species. There are an estimated 14,000 copies of Mariner in the human genome comprising 2.6 million base pairs. The first mariner-element transposons outside of animals were found in Trichomonas vaginalis . Human Mariner-like transposons are divided into Hsmar1 (cecropia) and Hsmar2 (irritans) subfamilies. Although both types are inactive, one copy of Hsmar1 found in
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