37-610: TDF may refer to: Rebel group [ edit ] Tigray Defense Forces , a rebel group against the Ethiopian government situated in Tigray. Defense force [ edit ] Territorial Defense Forces (Ukraine) , the reserves of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Technology [ edit ] Tab delimited files, a tabular data file format Télé Distribution Française ,
74-535: A Tigrayan , that is a native of Tigray , who also speaks the Tigrinya language, is referred to in Tigrinya as təgraway (male), təgrawäyti (female), tägaru (plural). Bəher roughly means "nation" in the ethnic sense of the word in Tigrinya, Tigre , Amharic and Ge'ez. The Jeberti in Eritrea also speak Tigrinya. Tigrinya is the most widely spoken language in Eritrea (see Demographics of Eritrea ), and
111-646: A dhol troupe from the UK Other [ edit ] Tour de France , a prestigious cycle race in France TDF Group , a major French media and telecommunications conglomerate Theatre Development Fund , a non-profit corporation dedicated to assisting the theatre industry in New York City Theoretical Domains Framework , an implementation tool for Behavioural change theories Total dietary fiber ,
148-495: A radio clock signal transmitter in France TenDRA Distribution Format , a design of abstract machine Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, an antiretroviral drug Testis determining factor , a gene (or product thereof) that results in maleness Tire-derived fuel , recycled chipped tires burned for fuel Trusted Data Format , a data tagging and protection standard used both commercially and by
185-618: A standard. Even though the most spread and used in, for example books, movies and news is the Asmara dialect. For the representation of Tigrinya sounds, this article uses a modification of a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages , but differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet . Tigrinya has a fairly typical set of phonemes for an Ethiopian Semitic language. That is, there
222-514: A type of mutual fund whose asset mix becomes more conservative as the target date approaches Tierra del Fuego , an archipelago off the southernmost tip of the South American mainland See also [ edit ] Tour de Force (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title TDF . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
259-512: A word, the cluster is broken up with the introduction of an epenthetic vowel -ə- , and when two consonants (or one geminated consonant) would otherwise end a word, the vowel -i appears after them, or (when this happens because of the presence of a suffix) -ə- is introduced before the suffix. For example, Stress is neither contrastive nor particularly salient in Tigrinya. It seems to depend on gemination, but it has apparently not been systematically investigated. Grammatically, Tigrinya
296-405: Is ä, the first column in the table. However, since the pharyngeal and glottal consonants of Tigrinya (and other Ethiopian Semitic languages) cannot be followed by this vowel, the symbols in the first column for those consonants are pronounced with the vowel a, exactly as in the fourth column. These redundant symbols are falling into disuse in Tigrinya and are shown with a dark gray background in
333-646: Is Commander of Army. "Before the outbreak of hostilities, the Tigray regional forces (forerunner of the TDF) functioned as a more traditional military force that was well-supplied and trained in the use of heavy weapons. However, the Ethiopian Army and the Ethiopian Air Force successfully targeted the TDF's heavy equipment during the first weeks of the war. However, much of this equipment was abandoned by
370-488: Is a set of ejective consonants and the usual seven-vowel system. Unlike many of the modern Ethiopian Semitic languages, Tigrinya has preserved the two pharyngeal consonants which were apparently part of the ancient Geʽez language and which, along with [ xʼ ] , voiceless velar ejective fricative or voiceless uvular ejective fricative , make it easy to distinguish spoken Tigrinya from related languages such as Amharic, though not from Tigre, which has also maintained
407-518: Is a typical Ethiopian Semitic (ES) language in most ways: Tigrinya grammar is unique within the Ethiopian Semitic language family in several ways: Tigrinya is written in the Geʽez script , originally developed for Geʽez. The Ethiopic script is an abugida : each symbol represents a consonant+vowel syllable, and the symbols are organized in groups of similar symbols on the basis of both
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#1732772643409444-522: Is an Ethio-Semitic language commonly spoken in Eritrea and in northern Ethiopia 's Tigray Region by the Tigrinya and Tigrayan peoples respectively. It is also spoken by the global diaspora of these regions. Although it differs markedly from the Geʽez (Classical Ethiopic) language, for instance in having phrasal verbs, and in using a word order that places the main verb last instead of first in
481-525: Is especially clear from verb roots in which one consonant is realized as one or the other allophone depending on what precedes it. For example, for the verb meaning ' cry ' , which has the triconsonantal root √b-k-y, there are forms such as ምብካይ /məbkaj/ ( ' to cry ' ) and በኸየ /bɐxɐjɐ/ ( ' he cried ' ), and for the verb meaning ' steal ' , which has the triconsonantal root √s-r-kʼ, there are forms such as ይሰርቁ /jəsɐrkʼu/ ( ' they steal ' ) and ይሰርቕ /jəsɐrrəxʼ/ ( ' he steals ' ). What
518-453: Is especially interesting about these pairs of phones is that they are distinguished in Tigrinya orthography. Because allophones are completely predictable, it is quite unusual for them to be represented with distinct symbols in the written form of a language. A Tigrinya syllable may consist of a consonant-vowel or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence. When three consonants (or one geminated consonant and one simple consonant) come together within
555-464: Is indicated in brackets. Gemination , the doubling of a consonantal sound, is meaningful in Tigrinya, i.e. it affects the meaning of words. While gemination plays an important role in the morphology of the Tigrinya verb, it is normally accompanied by other marks. But there is a small number of pairs of words which are only differentiable from each other by gemination, e.g. /kʼɐrrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he brought forth ' ); /kʼɐrɐbɐ/ , ( ' he came closer ' ). All
592-715: The Tigray Army ( ሰራዊት ትግራይ ), is a paramilitary group located in the Tigray region of Ethiopia . It was founded by former generals of the Ethiopian Military in 2020 to combat federal forces enforcing national government mandates in the Tigray region, culminating in 2020 with the outbreak of the Tigray War . The TDF has made use of guerilla tactics and strategies. Human rights groups including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have reported that
629-534: The extrajudicial killings of civilians, indiscriminate shelling and shooting, rape as a weapon of war , use of civilians as human shields , and widespread looting and destruction of civilian infrastructure and private property. Multiple international news organizations reported that the TDF has razed a village near Kobbo, North Wollo These reports show satellite imagery of the village before and after being burned. Tigrinya language Tigrinya ( ትግርኛ , Təgrəñña ), sometimes spelled Tigrigna ,
666-462: The pharyngeal consonants . The charts below show the phonemes of Tigrinya. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography is indicated in brackets. The sounds are shown using the same system for representing the sounds as in the rest of the article. When the IPA symbol is different, the orthography
703-425: The uvular place of articulation (although it is represented in this article as [xʼ] ). All of these possible realizations – velar ejective fricative , uvular ejective fricative , velar ejective affricate and uvular ejective affricate – are cross-linguistically very rare sounds. Since these two sounds are completely conditioned by their environments, they can be considered allophones of /k/ and /kʼ/ . This
740-635: The 13th century. In Eritrea, during British administration , the Ministry of Information put out a weekly newspaper in Tigrinya that cost 5 cents and sold 5,000 copies weekly. At the time, it was reported to be the first of its kind. Tigrinya (along with Arabic) was one of Eritrea's official languages during its short-lived federation with Ethiopia . In 1958, it was replaced by the Southern Ethiopic language Amharic prior to its annexation. Upon Eritrea's independence in 1991, Tigrinya retained
777-761: The ENDF and soldiers from the Eritrean Army took over Tigray’s major towns, TDF forces retreated to strongholds in the mountainous central interior of the region. There, the TDF consolidated forces and re-organized for a transition to guerrilla-style combat... Following what was a strategic retreat to the rugged interior, TDF forces re-organized into small, highly-mobile, lightly armed, detachments of ten to eighty fighters. These detachments were then further divided into mission-specific units." The TDF have been implicated in numerous war crimes in Afar and Amhara Regions to include
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#1732772643409814-504: The TDF before it was targeted. The TPLF leadership knew that such equipment would be useless for the kind of war that they would have to wage." According to the Jamestown Foundation; "Young men and women—many of whom fear being raped or murdered—are fleeing to areas under the nominal control of the TDF. The TDF is also accused of carrying out attacks on Amhara civilians." Members of Tigrayan civil society have also joined
851-541: The TDF has committed war crimes against civilians including gang rape and extrajudicial killing during their occupation of both the Afar and Amhara regions. According to the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice , TDF combatants have been found liable for upwards of 540 civilians casualties. as of 28 December 2021 . The Tigray Defense Forces consist of former members of the gendarmerie Regional Special Forces in
888-400: The TDF, including Professor Kindeya Gebrehiwot , previous president of Mekelle University ; Desta Gebremedhin, previous journalist of BBC World , numerous popular musicians , and Professor Mulugeta Gebrehiwot , a peace researcher. The TDF has been accused of forced recruitment, including the usage of child soldiers . According to Tigrayan administrative officials, each household in Tigray
925-450: The TDF. Many TDF officers and non-commissioned officers defected from the ENDF in the lead up to and during the Tigray War . In a Zoom meeting with Tigray diaspora activists in June 2021, President of the Tigray region, Debretsion Gebremichael , stated that the TDF is led by a central command which coordinates their military actions. Lieutenant General Tsadkan Gebretensae , who was
962-524: The Tigray Region, ENDF defectors, local militia, members of Tigrayan regional political parties including the TPLF , National Congress of Great Tigray , Salsay Weyane Tigray , Tigray Independence Party and others, as well as numerous youth who fled to the mountains . Internally, analysts believe that the relative influence of the TPLF has been weakened to the benefit of newer elements within
999-666: The United States Intelligence Community and US Department of Defense Arts [ edit ] The Dayton Family , an American horrorcore group Thessaloniki Documentary Festival , a documentary film festival affiliated with the International Thessaloniki Film Festival Totally Dysfunctional Family , known as TDF, the group pseudonym of Eric Clapton and other musicians for a one-off 1997 album The Dhol Foundation ,
1036-531: The chief of staff of Ethiopian National Defense Forces until 2001, became the TDF commander in chief and remained in that post until March 2021, when he became a member of the Central Command. Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay is part of the command and Commander-in-Chief of the TDF since March 2021. Brigadier General Migbey Haile is Commander of the Army. Brigadier General Abraha Tesfay
1073-457: The consonant and the vowel. In the table below the columns are assigned to the seven vowels of Tigrinya; they appear in the traditional order. The rows are assigned to the consonants, again in the traditional order. For each consonant in an abugida, there is an unmarked symbol representing that consonant followed by a canonical or inherent vowel . For the Ethiopic abugida, this canonical vowel
1110-432: The consonants, with the exception of the pharyngeal and glottal , can be geminated. The velar consonants /k/ and /kʼ/ are pronounced differently when they appear immediately after a vowel and are not geminated . In these circumstances, /k/ is pronounced as a velar fricative . /kʼ/ is pronounced as a fricative, or sometimes as an affricate . This fricative or affricate is more often pronounced further back, in
1147-709: The fourth most spoken language in Ethiopia after Amharic , Oromo , and Somali . It is also spoken by large immigrant communities around the world, in countries including Sudan , Saudi Arabia , Israel, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. In Australia, Tigrinya is one of the languages broadcast on public radio via the multicultural Special Broadcasting Service . Tigrinya dialects differ phonetically, lexically, and grammatically. No dialect appears to be accepted as
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1184-504: The indigestible portion of food derived from plants TDF, ticker of Templeton Dragon Fund on the New York Stock Exchange, see Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange (T) The Dawood Foundation , a Pakistani non-profit foundation founded by Ahmed Dawood The Document Foundation , a non-profit organization that promotes open-source document handling software, particularly LibreOffice Target date fund ,
1221-458: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TDF&oldid=1230829432 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tigray Defense Forces The Tigray Defense Forces ( TDF ; Tigrinya : ሓይልታት ምክልኻል ትግራይ ), colloquially called
1258-595: The sentence, there is a strong influence of Geʽez on Tigrinya literature, especially with terms relating to Christian life, Biblical names, and so on. Ge'ez, because of its status in Eritrean and Ethiopian culture, and possibly also its simple structure, acted as a literary medium until relatively recent times. The earliest written example of Tigrinya is a text of local laws found in the district of Logosarda, Debub Region in Southern Eritrea, which dates from
1295-468: The status of working language in the country. Eritrea was the only state in the world to officially recognize Tigrinya until 2020, when Ethiopia made changes to recognize Tigrinya on a national level. There is no general name for the people who speak Tigrinya. In Eritrea, Tigrinya speakers are officially known as the Bəher-Təgrəñña ( ' nation of Tigrinya speakers ' ) or Tigrinya people . In Ethiopia,
1332-552: The table. When it is necessary to represent a consonant with no following vowel, the consonant + ə form is used (the symbol in the sixth column). For example, the word ʼǝntay 'what?' is written እንታይ , literally ʼǝ-nǝ-ta-yǝ. Since some of the distinctions that were apparently made in Ge'ez have been lost in Tigrinya, there are two rows of symbols each for the consonants ‹ḥ›, ‹s›, and ‹sʼ›. In Eritrea, for ‹s› and ‹sʼ›, at least, one of these has fallen into disuse in Tigrinya and
1369-493: Was required to enlist one member in the TDF, and those who refused detained and jailed, including the parents of children who refused enlistment. As well as forced recruitment and enlistment quotas, the Jamestown Foundation has said, "The Ethiopian government 's scorched earth strategy in Tigray has all but ensured the alienation of most Tigrayans . It has also ensured that the TDF will have no shortage of committed fighters and sympathetic supporters within Tigray." and that, "After
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