94-712: (Redirected from TEDA ) Teda or TEDA may refer to: Teda people , Toubou ethnic group that lives mostly in Chad Teda language , or Tedaga language, spoken by Teda people Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area , abbreviated as TEDA, free market zone in Tianjin, China TEDA Holding , state-owned enterprise based in Tianjin, China Tianjin Teda F.C. , Chinese football club,
188-798: A colony of France , into a family of shepherds . He was a member of the Anakaza branch of the Daza Gourane ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the Toubou ethnic group. After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France at the Institute of Higher International Studies in Paris. He completed
282-571: A bulwark against the Gaddafi government in neighboring Libya . Under President Ronald Reagan , the United States gave covert CIA paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his rule, providing his regime with massive amounts of military aid. The United States also used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it
376-589: A euphemistic expression. After the abolition of slavery in 1953, the chief Kellei Chahami admitted the descendants of former captives to the canton, where they were recognized as full members and can move around freely and in this way, the last fraction of the Kamaya canton thus was established. Not only the captives were attached to the Kamaya canton, but along with all foreigners who resided in Faya, including Fezzanais (Libyan refugees who fled Italian brutality in 1929 before
470-571: A group under his command attacked the town of Bardaï in Tibesti , on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician, Christoph Staewen (whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens, Françoise Claustre , an archeologist, and Marc Combe , a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials. Combe escaped in 1975, but despite
564-646: A matter of weeks. In December 1980 Habré was driven into exile in Sudan . In 1982 he resumed his fight against the Chadian government. FAN won control of N'Djamena in June and appointed Habré as head of state. Habré seized power in Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party régime was characterized by widespread human rights abuses and atrocities. He denied killing and torturing tens of thousands of his opponents, although in 2012
658-723: A rate of 5%. The study also found that 20–30% of Toubou autosomal DNA was Eurasian in origin, and their African ancestral component was best represented by Laal-speaking populations. The most likely source of this Eurasian DNA, according to the analysis, was central European Neolithic farmers ( Linearbandkeramik culture ). Other ethnic groups in the Chad , such as the Sara people and the Laal speakers had considerably lower Eurasian admixture, at only 0.3–2% (Sara) and 1.25–4.5% (Laal). In 2019, B Lorente-Galdos using whole genome analysis, found that in
752-455: A semi-nomadic pastoralist lifestyle. Those who prefer a settled life typically live in palm-thatched, rectangular or cylindrical mud houses. The Toubou are patrilineal, with an elder male heading the lineage. The second order of Toubou kinship is to the clan . According to Jean Chapelle, a colonial officer of history specializing in Chadian ethnic groups (although his book in Borkou has caused
846-411: A significant degree of wrongdoing), the clan system developed out of necessity. Nomadic life means being scattered throughout a region; therefore, belonging to a clan means that the individual is likely to find hospitable clan people in most settlements or camps of any size. A second factor is the maintenance of ties with the maternal clan. Although the maternal clan does not occupy the central place of
940-531: A subsidiary of TEDA Holding TEDA Football Stadium , in Tianjin, China TEDA Group , a subsidiary of TEDA Holding Tianjin TEDA Co. , a subsidiary of TEDA Group triethylenediamine , also known as DABCO or 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, a chemical compound. Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency also known TEDA, a state governmental agency in Indian state of Tamil Nadu . Topics referred to by
1034-727: A symbol of opposition to the Chadian government. This role enhanced the position of the Derde from the Tumagra tribe of Toubou. After 1967 the derde hoped to rally the Toubou to the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT). Moral authority became military authority shortly thereafter when his son, Goukouni Oueddei , became one of the leaders of the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT. Goukouni
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#17327725324571128-638: A third-party country to stand trial for human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under pressure from the African Union. On 8 April 2008, the National Assembly of Senegal voted to amend the nation's constitution to clear the way for Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal; Ibrahima Gueye was appointed trial coordinator in May 2008. A joint session of
1222-507: A university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect, he visited Tripoli and joined the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with Goukouni Oueddei . After Abba Siddick assumed
1316-399: Is a derde (spiritual head) who is recognized as the clan judge, and arbitrates conflict and levies sanctions. The Toubou people, states Jean Chapelle, have been socially stratified with an embedded caste system. The three strata have consisted of the freemen with a right to own property, the artisanal castes and the slaves. The endogamous caste of Azza (or Aza ) among Toubou have
1410-589: Is a mispronunciation of Kamaya, and the Teda are grudgingly attempting to sabotage the Toubou Gorane Kamaya clans' federation reputation since the Kamaya's history was fabricated by the French colonists and Teda took advantage of the situation by misleading their freed slave descendants and the general public. The linguistic analysis reveals that the term "Kamadja" does not exist in either the Dazaga or Tedaga languages. The tone terms, namely "Kamadja" for
1504-619: Is an option offered to the State. Senegal was found to have failed international obligations by 1.) failing to make immediately a preliminary inquiry into the fact relating to the alleged crimes; and 2.) failing to submit the case to its competent authorities for prosecution (obligations according to UN Convention on Torture and Other Cruel, inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) that Senegal had bound itself to). The ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of insufficient funds and opposition by domestic law, instead unanimously ordering Senegal to submit
1598-715: Is clan-based, with each clan having certain oases, pastures and wells. The Toubou are generally divided into two closely related groups: the Teda (or Tuda, Téda, Toda, Tira) and the Daza (or Dazzaga, Dazagara, Dazagada). They are believed to share a common origin and speak the Tebu languages , which are from the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. Tebu is divided further into two closely related languages, called Tedaga (Téda Toubou) and Dazaga (Daza Toubou). Of
1692-565: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Teda people The Toubou or Tubu (from Old Tebu , meaning "rock people" ) are an ethnic group native to the Tibesti Mountains that inhabit the central Sahara in northern Chad , southern Libya , northeastern Niger , and northwestern Sudan . They live either as herders and nomads or as farmers near oases . Their society
1786-666: Is limited to events that took place after that date. In December 2012, the Parliament of Senegal passed a law allowing for the creation of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges of the tribunal would be appointed by the African Union , and come from elsewhere in Africa. On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in Senegal by the Senegalese police. Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his arrest that it
1880-409: Is losing its relevance of the Kamaya ethnic group due to its lack of self-identification and it is important to note that this term was introduced and propagated by Europeans, and there is a belief that it has inaccurately misquoted, misconstrued, and distorted the sound of "y" to "dj" or "j" in the names of various clans, tribes, communities, rural areas, organisms, and numerous other entities throughout
1974-422: Is only somewhat prevalent in Toubou society. The ownership of land, animals, and resources takes several forms. Within an oasis or settled zone belonging to a particular clan, land, trees (usually date palms), and nearby wells may have different owners. Each family's rights to the use of particular plots of land are recognized by other clan members. Families also may have privileged access to certain wells and
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#17327725324572068-469: Is settled directly between the families of the victim and the murderer. Toubou honour requires that someone from the victim's family try to kill the murderer or a relative; such efforts eventually end with negotiations to settle the matter. Reconciliation follows the payment of the Goroga (Islamic tenet of Diyya ), or blood money . Among the Tumagra clan of the Teda people in the Tibesti region, there
2162-522: The Aozou Strip . The United States and France responded by aiding Chad in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi . In 1980, the unity government signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Libya. The treaty allowed the Chadian government to call on Libya for assistance if Chad's independence or internal security was threatened. The Libyan army
2256-613: The Bahr el Gazel in the south and also the Tibesti mountains and the neighbouring countries. There is a diaspora community of several thousand Daza living in Omdurman , Sudan and a couple of thousand working in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The ancient history of the Toubou people is unclear. They may be related to the 'Ethiopians' mentioned by Herodotus in 430 BCE, as a people being hunted by
2350-564: The European Parliament demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgium to be tried. Senegal did not comply, and it at first refused extradition demands from the African Union which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights expressed its approval of the decision. If he had been turned over, he would have become the first former dictator to be extradited by
2444-557: The Extraordinary African Chambers found Habré guilty of rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people during his tenure as Chadian president and sentenced him to life in prison in the Prison du Cap Manuel in Senegal. The verdict marked the first time an African Union -backed court convicted a former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time that the courts of one country have prosecuted
2538-644: The Garamantes , but this is speculative, as Jean Chapelle argues. Furthermore, scholars such as Laurence P. Kirwan stress that the Garamantes and the Toubou seem to occupy the same lands. Which spans from the Fezzan (Phazania) as far south as Nubia. Further evidence is given by Harold MacMichael states that the Bayuda desert was still known as the desert of Goran; a name as MacMichael has shown, connected with
2632-586: The Saharawi , and 76.0% for the Libyan. North African samples were closer to Eurasian populations than to Sub-Saharan populations, implying that the Sahara Desert might have represented a major barrier within Africa. In contrast, the three Khoisan groups presented significantly small proportions of a Eurasian component (3.83–4.11%). Toubou life centers on raising and herding their livestock , or on farming
2726-623: The Tibesti Mountains, sending a military garrison and administrators to Bardaï , the capital of Tibesti Sub-prefecture. Within a year, abuses of authority had roused considerable opposition among the Toubou. The derde , Oueddei Kichidemi , recognized but little respected up to that time, protested the excesses, went into exile in Libya , and, with the support of Toubou students at the Islamic University of Bayda , became
2820-654: The Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya (TFSL) staged an uprising in November 2008 which lasted for five days and claimed 33 lives before being crushed by government security forces. Despite resistance and public condemnation, the Gaddafi regime continued its persecution of the Toubou minority in Libya. Beginning in November 2009, the government began a program of forced eviction and demolition of Toubou homes, rendering many Toubou homeless. Several dozens who protested
2914-539: The artisanal occupations, such as metal work, leather work, salt mining, well digging, dates farming, pottery and tailoring, and they have traditionally been despised and segregated by other strata of the Toubou, much like the Hadahid caste in southeastern Chad among the Zaghawa people . According to Paul Lovejoy – a professor of African History, the 19th century records show that these segregated Toubou castes followed
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3008-585: The "black nomads of the Sahara". They are distributed across a large area in the central Sahara, as well as the north-central Sahel . They are particularly found north of the Tibesti mountains , which in Old Tebu means "Rocky Mountains". The first syllable "Tu" refers to the Tibesti mountains, as known by the natives (Tuda), and the second syllable "bo" refers to blood in the Kanembou language; thus, people from
3102-541: The 1980s, the United States was pivotal in bringing Hissène Habré to power, seeing him as a stalwart defense against expansion by Libya's Muammar Qaddafi, and therefore provided critical military support to his insurgency and then to his government, even as it committed widespread and systematic human rights violations—violations of which, as this report shows, many in the US government were aware. — Human Rights Watch The United States and France supported Habré, seeing him as
3196-616: The DDS' meticulous archives describe training programs by U.S. instructors for DDS agents and officials, including a course in the United States that was attended by some of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the Chadian Truth Commission , the United States also provided the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled
3290-434: The Daza and Teda regions into corresponding territorial units called cantons and appointing chiefs to administer them and in 1936, the French created cantons, and appointed al-haj Kelleï Chahami from the Kamaya canton in Borkou region's Faya city the first highest official chief who executed great noble missions. Toubou legal customs are generally based on Islamic law, that allows restitution and revenge. Murder, for example,
3384-587: The Daza, or Gouran , include the Alala, Altafa, Anakaza , Ankorda, Ayya, Sharara, Sharfada, Shuna, Daza, Djagada, Dogorda, Donza, Gadwa, Gaeda, Howda, Kamaya, Kamsoulla, Kara, Ketcherda, Kokorda, Maghya, Medelea, Mourdiya, Nara, Salma, Tchiroua, Tchoraga, Wandala, Wandja, Warba, Warda, Yira and many more. The Daza cover the northern regions of Chad such as the Bourkou , the Ennedi Plateau , the northern Kanem,
3478-652: The Dazagara. The majority of Teda speak and understand Dazaga, however, the Dazagada do not always clearly grasp Tedaga. Dazaga is the most commonly used language in BET by all its inhabitants. The lowest social strata were the slaves ( Agara ). Slaves entered the Toubou Teda and Daza societies from raids and warfare on other ethnic groups in lands to their south. All slaves were the property of their masters, their caste
3572-422: The Faya palm grove oasis valley, since the suffix "dé" is appended to the solitary form of "yé". Therefore, the designation "Kamaya" refers to the natives of the valley that is situated in the palm grove of Faya oasis. In Dazaga, the community is called "Kama-yanga" which means the Kamaya canton and together with the suffix "ga" implies the dialect spoken by the Dazagada. In the linguistic context under consideration,
3666-488: The Italian colonialists' progression into southern Libya, the Fezzan region), Ouadaens from the Chad's Waddai region, prostitutes, blacksmiths etc, were also attached to the Kamaya canton. All of these individuals' concerns were conveyed to the colonizers via the Kamaya canton. The descendants of freed slaves who located in the Tibesti region for many years approach their former masters inquiring about their past. In response,
3760-490: The Kura'án of today. This reaffirms that the Kura'án (Goran) of today, occupy much of the same territory as the Garamantes once did. In Islamic literature , the earliest mention as the Toubou people is perhaps that along with the Zaghawa people in an 8th-century text by Arabic scholar Ibn Qutaybah . The 9th century al-Khwarizmi mentions the Daza people (southern Teda). During the expansive era of Trans-Saharan trade ,
3854-628: The National Assembly and the Senate voted in July 2008 to approve a bill empowering Senegalese courts to try people for crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Minister of Justice Madicke Niang appointed four investigative judges on this occasion. A 2007 movie by director Klaartje Quirijns , The Dictator Hunter , tells
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3948-456: The Teda deliberately allege their identity as "Kamadja" to their freed captives, who question about the significance of this designation. The Teda respond that they know the freed captives' people led them to assume this title. However, once the descendants of freed slaves embrace this belief and depart, the Teda proceed to use insulting terms such as "blind," "stupid," and "unintelligent," as well as other terms that are demeaning. The term "Kamadja"
4042-521: The Tibesti region are referred to as Tubou." Their name is derived from this. The Teda are found primarily in the Sahara regions around the borders of southeast Libya, northeast Niger and northern Chad . They consider themselves a warrior people. The Daza live towards the Sahel region and are spread over much of north-central Chad. The Daza consist of numerous clans. Some major tribes, clans, societies of
4136-713: The Toubou inhabited lands which were frequently used by merchant caravans, specifically along the Kufra oasis routes. It is unknown if the Toubou enganged with the caravans. According to a study published in The American Journal of Human Genetics (Haber et al. 2016) that examined Y-DNA haplogroups from samples obtained from 75 Toubou men, haplogroups associated with paternal Eurasian ancestry were present at rates of 34% for R1b (R1b-V88), 31% for T1a , and 1% for J1 . The North African associated haplogroup E-M78 were present at rates of 28%, while E-M81 appeared at
4230-650: The United Nations' International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas. Following his rise to power Habré created a secret police force known as the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed. Some methods of torture commonly used by the DDS included burning the body of the detainee with incandescent objects, spraying gas into their eyes, ears and nose, forced swallowing of water, and forcing
4324-721: The Yira clan as Jira, the Yenoa clans as Jenoa, the Yin oasis as Jin, the Yarda oasis as Jarda, the Faya oasis as Faja, the Bidayet community as Bidajet, and the Goli Yeskou as Goli Jeskou (Black snake), many more other carelessness. These oversights and misinterpretations are notable in the exploration literatures. The term "Kamadja" has become somewhat entrenched a certain level of permanence but
4418-452: The accusation on which the trial was based was previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification of the trial. 14 victims filed new complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor on 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture. The Senegalese government added an amendment in 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in court. Senegal later changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from
4512-400: The case to authorities for prosecution or extradite him without delay. In November 2010, the court of justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the matter through local court only, and asked for the creation of a special tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution. In April 2011, after initial reticence, Senegal agreed to
4606-442: The challenges faced by French colonists while attempting to articulate the phoneme represented by the letter "y" in the alphabet. As a replacement, they frequently resorted to apply the phonetic sounds of "dj" or "j". Moreover, the explorers who visited Borkou before the French colonization made contributions to the misinterpretation of various expressions, as evidenced by Gustav Nichtigal's works. These inaccuracies include referring to
4700-419: The citizens of the aforementioned canton are referred to as "Kamay" in the singular form for males, while the singular form for females may be either "Kamaydo" or "Kamayro", with the vocalization of the suffix varying across specific regions and individuals' accents, ranging from "do" to "ro" which is only the "d" and "r". The plural form of the female noun may be expressed as either "Kamayda" or "Kamayra", whereas
4794-440: The convictions for which were upheld. On 7 April 2020, a judge in Senegal granted Habre two months' leave from prison, as the jail is being used to hold new detainees in COVID-19 quarantine . After finishing his home freedom he returned to prison on 7 June. Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, a week after his 79th birthday, after being hospitalized in Dakar's main hospital with COVID-19 . He had fallen ill while in jail
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#17327725324574888-430: The country. In the summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and threatened to topple Habré, France sent paratroops with air support, while the Reagan administration provided two AWACS electronic surveillance planes to coordinate air cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated. "Habré was a remarkably able man with a brilliant sense of how to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. official said. "He
4982-546: The creation of an ad hoc tribunal in collaboration with the African Union, the Chadian state and with international funding. Senegal changed their position again however, walking out during discussions on establishing the court on 30 May 2011 without explanation. The African union commission on Habré, in preparation for their next summit on 30 June, published a report which urged pressing Senegal to extradite Habré to Belgium. On 8 July 2011, Senegal officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July, but this
5076-469: The destruction were arrested, and families who refused to leave their homes were beaten. In the Libyan Civil War , Toubou tribespeople in Libya sided with the rebel anti-Gaddafi forces and participated in the Fezzan campaign against forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi , briefly capturing the town of Qatrun and claiming to capture Murzuk for the rebel movement a month later. In March 2012, bloody clashes broke out between Toubou and Arab tribesmen in
5170-431: The entirety of Chad. On the other end of the spectrum, the nomenclature of Kamaya has signification, value, and historical origins rooted in the expression "Kama-dro-yédé". This expression pertains to the inhabitant of the Faya oasis in the accent of Kanem Dazaga, where "Kama" describes a valley, "dro" implies interior, and "yédé" denotes an occupant. In this context, "yé" indicates the act of dwelling, while "dé" stands as
5264-401: The former ruler of another country for crimes against humanity. In May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all convictions against him, except rape. The court emphasized this was a procedural matter, as the facts the victim offered during her testimony came too late in the proceedings to be included within charges of mass sexual violence committed by his security agents,
5358-400: The indicator of a singular form. Thus, the expression "Kama-dro-yédé" may be interpreted as "the individual who dwells in the valley" of the palm grove situated in the Faya oasis. The ancient designation for the clans of Kamaya was "Kamayada", with "ya" denoting habitation and "da" indicating plurality. Conversely, "Kamayédé" is the singular and authentic noun used to refer to an occupant of
5452-422: The international community before going through with the trial. This prompted Belgium to pressure the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or to proceed with the trial. The ICJ declined to force extradition, finding that prosecution is an international obligation the violation of which is a wrongful act engaging the responsibility of the State, while extradition
5546-435: The intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France). In August 1978 Habré was given the posts of Prime Minister of Chad and Vice President of Chad as part of an alliance with Gen. Félix Malloum . However,
5640-580: The leadership of Muammar Gaddafi as well as after the Libyan civil war . In a report released by the UNHCR , the Society for Threatened Peoples (STP) reported "massive discrimination" against the Toubou minority, which resides in the southeastern corner of the country around the oasis town of Kufra . In December 2007, the Gaddafi government stripped Toubou Libyans of their citizenship, claiming that they were not Libyans, but rather Chadians. In addition, local authorities denied Toubou people access to education and healthcare. In response, an armed group called
5734-496: The leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named Armed Forces of the North ( Forces Armées du Nord or FAN) from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of People's Armed Forces ( Forces Armées Populaires or FAP). Habré first came to international attention when
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#17327725324575828-498: The male plural and as general and "Kamadji" for the male singular, are used as generic phrases. It is worth noting that these terms lack inherent significance. The solitary form of the female term, "Kamadjedo" or "Kamadjero", might be seen as implausible and without coherence, whilst the plural form of the female term, "Kamadjeda", has an exceptionally peculiar and irrational quality. These terms are devoid of any discernible significance. The mispronunciation in question may be attributed to
5922-545: The most serious violations of human rights to be tried in national as well as international courts, without any direct connection to the country of the alleged perpetrator, the victims or where the crimes took place. Despite the repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes, and other human rights violations. Senegal, where Habré had been in exile for 17 years, had Habré under nominal house arrest in Dakar . On 17 March 2006,
6016-419: The mouths of detainees around the exhaust pipes of running automobiles. Habré's government also periodically engaged in ethnic cleansing against groups such as the Sara , Hadjerai and the Zaghawa , killing and arresting group members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime. Habré fled, with $ 11 million of public money, to Senegal after being overthrown in 1990. He
6110-438: The parental clan, it provides ties. The third factor is protective relationships at the primary residence. Despite shared linguistic heritage, few institutions among the Toubou generate a broader sense of identity than the clan. Regional divisions do exist, however. During the colonial period (and since independence in 1960), Chadian administrations have conferred legality and legitimacy on these regional groupings by dividing
6204-519: The plural form for males and as a general reference is "Kamaya". The Teda, in particular, forbids marriage between cousins, up to 9 generations unrelated, a tradition prevalent with many Muslim ethnic groups in Africa, however, the Daza of Kanem, Bahr el-Ghazal, and certain clans of Borkou and Ennedi marry close cousins since it is not prohibited in the Quran, they also doubt the origins of individuals and misalliance. A man may marry and have multiple wives according to Islamic tenets, however, this practice
6298-410: The power-sharing alliance did not last long. In February 1979 Habré's forces and the national army under Malloum fought in N'Djamena . The fighting effectively left Chad without a national government. Several attempts were made by other nations to resolve the crisis, resulting in a new national government in November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense. However, fighting resumed within
6392-413: The protection of the Kamaya canton and they were subsequently emancipated by the esteemed chief, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, who granted them land that enabled them to settle, and this district was formerly referred to as "Ni-Agaranga" in Dazaga, which literally translates to "country of slaves" in the Faya-Largeau city. However, the Borkou municipality opted to rechristen it as "Quartier Huit" (Eighth Quarter) as
6486-437: The reasons for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of a policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré towards U.S. rather than French companies with regard to oil development. Habré fled to Cameroon , and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal. In
6580-416: The right to a part of the harvest from the fields irrigated by their water. Within the clan and family contexts, individuals also may have personal claims to palm trees and animals. Much of the political class of Chad are drawn from Dazzaga. During the First Chadian Civil War (1966–1979), the derde came to occupy a more important position. In 1965 the Chadian government assumed direct authority over
6674-433: The same customs and traditions as the rest of the Toubou, but they were independent in their politics and beliefs, much like the artisan castes found in many ethnic groups of western Chad such as the Kanembou , Yedina , Arab, Kouri and Danawa. Marriage between a member of the Azza and a member from a different strata of the Toubou people has been culturally unacceptable. The Azza are Dazaga-speaking people who sprang from
6768-404: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Teda . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teda&oldid=926594366 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
6862-413: The scattered oases where they cultivate dates , grain and legumes . Their herds include dromedaries , goats, cattle, donkeys and sheep. Livestock is a major part of their wealth, and trade. Livestock is also used as a part of dowry payment during marriage, either as one where the groom's family agrees to pay to the bride's family in exchange for the bride, or it is given by the bride's kin to supply
6956-481: The southern city of Sabha, Libya . In response, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, the leader of the Toubou tribes in Libya threatened a separatist bid, decrying what he saw as "ethnic cleansing" against Toubou and declaring "We announce the reactivation of the Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya to protect the Toubou people from ethnic cleansing." The TFSL was the opposition group active in the unrest of 2007–2008 that
7050-444: The story of the activists Souleymane Guengueng and Reed Brody who led the efforts to bring Habré to trial. On 15 August 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death in absentia for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with allegations that he had worked with rebels inside Chad to oust Déby. François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized this trial on 22 August for unfairness and secrecy. According to Serres,
7144-404: The trial started. Waiting for the trial to open, Habré shouted: "Down with imperialists. [The trial] is a farce by rotten Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was taken out of the courtroom and the trial began without him. On 21 July 2015 Habré's trial was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to participate in court. On 30 May 2016,
7238-533: The two Northeastern Sub-Saharan samples, this Western Eurasian ancestry in their Toubou sample was 31.4%, and it was 14.9% for the East African Bantu. The Toubou also maintained similar genetic distance to other Sub-Saharan samples, but was also genetically close to North African and non-African samples. The Eurasian component in the North African individuals was present at high rates of 84.9% for
7332-611: The two groups, the Daza, found to the south of the Teda, are more numerous. The Toubou people are also referred to as the Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, 'Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, or Gorane people. The Daza are sometimes referred to as Gouran (or Gorane, Goran, Gourane), an Arabian exonym. Many of Chad's leaders have been Toubou (Gouran), including presidents Goukouni Oueddei and Hissène Habré . The Toubou people have historically lived in northern Chad, northeastern Niger, and southern Libya. They have sometimes been called
7426-409: The young couple with economic resources in order to start a family. In a few places, the Toubou also mine salt and natron , a salt-like substance which is essential in nearly all components of Toubou life from medicine, as a mixture in chewing tobacco, preservation, tanning, soap production, textiles and for livestock. Literacy rates among the Toubou are quite low. Many Toubou people still follow
7520-443: Was "ruthlessly persecuted" by the Gaddafi government. Hiss%C3%A8ne Habr%C3%A9 Hissène Habré ( Arabic : حسين حبري Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī , Chadian Arabic : pronounced [hiˈsɛn ˈhabre] ; French pronunciation: [isɛn abʁe] ; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled Hissen Habré , was a Chadian politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th president of Chad from 1982 until he
7614-470: Was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, an Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the African Union, charged him with crimes against humanity and torture. That year he was also sentenced to death in absentia for crimes against humanity by a Chadian court. The Tribunal that judged Hissène Habré in Sénégal is said to have a huge range of specificities. On 20 July 2015
7708-756: Was accused of personally participating in torture and rape. According to some leading experts, the tribunal that judges him constituted an "internationalized tribunal", even if it is the most 'national' within this category". The government of Idriss Déby established a Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories in 1990, which reported that 40,000 people had been killed, but did not follow up on its recommendations. Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had universal jurisdiction legislation (the Belgian War Crimes Law ) allowing
7802-805: Was also a bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer. It is fair to say we knew who and what he was and chose to turn a blind eye." Human rights groups hold Habré responsible for the killing of thousands of people, but the exact number is unknown. Killings included massacres against ethnic groups in the south (1984), against the Hadjerai (1987), and against the Zaghawa (1989). Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens of thousands of political murders and physical torture . Habré had been called "the African Pinochet," in reference to former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet . Habre would personally sign death warrants and oversee torture sessions, and
7896-654: Was brought to power with the support of France and the United States, who provided training, arms, and financing throughout his rule due to his opposition to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi . He led the country during the Libyan-Chadian conflict , culminating in victory during the Toyota War from 1986 to 1987 with French support . He was overthrown three years later in the 1990 Chadian coup d'état by Idriss Déby and fled into exile in Senegal . In May 2016, Habré
7990-458: Was deposed in 1990. A Muslim from northern Chad, Habré joined FROLINAT rebels in the first Chadian Civil War against the southern-dominated Chadian government. Due to a rift with fellow rebel commander Goukouni Oueddei , Habré and his Armed Forces of the North rebel army briefly defected to Felix Malloum 's government against Oueddei before turning against Malloum, who resigned in 1979. Habré
8084-484: Was endogamous, and their status was inherited by birth. In the year 1953, Al-Haj Kellei Chahami, a highly esteemed privileged chieftain of the Kamaya canton, an agreement with the French colonizers decreed the emancipation of all slaves and suppressed the use of captives in the Borkou region, while slaves from the contiguous regions, such as Tibesti and Ennedi, uncovered the liberation center situated in Borkou. Several of these slaves escaped and sought refuge in Borkou under
8178-496: Was found guilty by an international tribunal in Senegal of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery , and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He was the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation. He died on 24 August 2021, after testing positive for COVID-19 . Habré was born in 1942 in Faya-Largeau , northern Chad, then
8272-535: Was organizing into an anti-Qaddafi force. "The CIA was so deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't conceive they didn't know what was going on," said Donald Norland , U.S. ambassador to Chad from 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy and virtually no discussion of the wisdom of doing what we did." Documents obtained by Human Rights Watch show that the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, arms, and other support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in
8366-562: Was placed under house arrest in 2005 until his arrest in 2013. He was accused of war crimes and torture during his eight years in power in Chad, where rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed under his rule. Human Rights Watch claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a domestic Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that more than 200,000 were subjected to torture. Human Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's Pinochet ." Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing
8460-492: Was soon assisting the government forces, under Goukouni, and ousted FAN from much of northern Chad, including N'Djamena on 15 December. Libyan troops withdrew in November 1981. Without their support, Goukouni's government troops were weakened and Habré capitalized on this and his FAN militia entered N'Djamena on 7 June 1982. In 1983, Libyan troops returned to Chad and remained in the country, supporting Goukouni's militia, until 1988. Despite this victory, Habré's government
8554-582: Was subsequently halted. In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay". Amnesty International called on Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory for victims that's long overdue". A trial by the International Criminal Court (ICC) was ruled out, because the crimes took place before the ICC was fully established in 2002, and its jurisdiction
8648-408: Was then given the position of Minister of Defense under Chad's new transitional coalition government , with Oueddei as President. Their alliance quickly collapsed, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982. Having become the country's new president, Habré created a one-party dictatorship ruled by his National Union for Independence and Revolution notorious for widespread human rights abuses. He
8742-539: Was to become a national figure; he played an important role in the battles of N'Djamena in 1979 and 1980 and served as head of state for a time. Another northerner, Hissène Habré of the Dazagra, replaced Goukouni of the Teda in 1982, and eventually lost power to the Zaghawa Idriss Déby after 8 years. The Toubou minority in Libya suffered what has been described as "massive discrimination" both under
8836-448: Was weak, and strongly opposed by members of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A rebel offensive in November 1990, which was led by Idriss Déby , a Zaghawa former army commander who had participated in a plot against Habré in 1989 and subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not to assist Habré on this occasion, allowing him to be ousted; it is possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding
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