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121-587: The group consists of: As of August 30, 2006, the group represented a sales volume of around €2.2 billion and had a workforce of 8,400 people. It is said that ThyssenKrupp wants to sell its Yards' Business in Emden, Kiel and Hamburg. The corporation opened a branch office in Karachi , Pakistan on 25 July 2007. By January 2009, it had become one of the biggest private shipbuilding companies in Pakistan . In 2017

242-571: A desert climate , dominated by a long "Summer Season" while moderated by oceanic influence from the Arabian Sea . The city has annual average precipitation levels (approx. 296 mm (12 in) per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the late June–September monsoon season. Summers are hot and humid, and Karachi is prone to deadly heatwaves. Over the past 20 years, rainfall has become more abundant. Tropical storms and thunderstorms, as well as flooding are becoming more common, especially during

363-738: A 2005 Pakistani Ministry of States and Frontier Regions report, the ethnic breakdown of Afghans in Pakistan was Pashtuns (81.5 percent), Tajiks (7.3 percent), Uzbeks (2.3 percent), Hazara (1.3 percent), Turkmen (2.0 percent), Baloch (1.7 percent) and others (3.9 percent). Khyber Pakhtunkhwa hosts the largest population of Afghan citizens with 52.6%, followed by Balochistan (24.1%), Punjab (14.3%), Sindh (5.5%), Islamabad (3.1%), and Azad Kashmir (0.3%). According to latest UNHCR report, around 701,358 registered citizens of Afghanistan reside in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. During

484-518: A 2018 Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) survey, this is how the Afghan refugees themselves have judged their host community in terms of positive or negative response, by province: Many Afghan refugees in Pakistan lack formal education. At least 71 percent of registered Afghans had no formal education, and only 20 percent were in the labour market. Despite economic hardships and challenges in Pakistan, many Afghans are unwilling to return in

605-546: A coastal plain with scattered rocky outcroppings, hills and marshlands. Mangrove forests grow in the brackish waters around the Karachi Harbour (see: Chinna Creek ), and farther southeast towards the expansive Indus River Delta . West of Karachi city is the Cape Monze , locally known as Ras Muari , which is an area characterised by sea cliffs, rocky sandstone promontories and beaches. Karachi lies very close to

726-505: A large portion of Karachi's economy, with the city home to several of Pakistan's largest companies dealing in textiles, cement, steel, heavy machinery, chemicals, and food products. The city is home to approximately 30 percent of Pakistan's manufacturing sector, and produces approximately 42 percent of Pakistan's value added in large scale manufacturing. At least 4500 industrial units form Karachi's formal industrial economy. Karachi's informal manufacturing sector employs far more people than

847-610: A large portion of its manufacturing base, Karachi contributes a large share of Pakistan's collected tax revenue. As most of Pakistan's large multinational corporations are based in Karachi, income taxes are paid in the city even though income may be generated from other parts of the country. As home to the country's two largest ports, Pakistani customs officials collect the bulk of federal duty and tariffs at Karachi's ports, even if those imports are destined for one of Pakistan's other provinces. Approximately 25% of Pakistan's national revenue

968-924: A large-scale deportation of Afghan refugees from the province. The Afghan minister of refugees and repatriation announced that his ministry would establish 48 towns in Afghanistan for refugees returning from Pakistan and Iran. Between 2010 and the end of 2012, a reported 229,000 Afghan refugees returned from Pakistan. Some Pakistani officials have estimated that 400,000 non-registered Afghans may be residing in their country. A total of 380,884 Afghan refugees left Pakistan for Afghanistan in 2016. Most were born and raised in Pakistan but are still counted as citizens of Afghanistan . The UNHCR reported in June 2023 that 1,333,749 registered Afghan refugees still remained in Pakistan. As registered refugees, they are permitted by law to work, rent homes, travel, and attend schools in

1089-698: A major fault line, where the Indian tectonic plate meets the Arabian tectonic plate . However, Karachi lies near the western edge of the Indian Plate, on the Indo Gagnetic Plain. Within the city of Karachi are two small ranges: the Khasa Hills and Mulri Hills , which lie in the northwest and act as a barrier between North Nazimabad and Orangi . Karachi's hills are barren and are part of

1210-487: A major port increased even further. In 1878, the British Raj connected Karachi with the network of British India's vast railway system . In 1887, Karachi Port underwent radical improvements with connection to the railways, along with expansion and dredging of the port, and construction of a breakwater. Karachi's first synagogue was established in 1893. By 1899, Karachi had become the largest wheat-exporting port in

1331-517: A majority stake in TKMS. By October 2024, Carlyle abandoned the negotiations. Karachi Karachi ( / k ə ˈ r ɑː tʃ i / ; Urdu : کراچی ; Sindhi : ڪراچي ‎ ; IPA: [kəˈraːtʃi] ) is the capital city of the Pakistani province of Sindh . It is the largest city in Pakistan and 12th largest in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It

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1452-512: A natural harbour west of the Indus where Alexander the Great sailed his fleet for Achaemenid Assyria , may have been located near the mouth of Karachi's Malir River , though some believe it was located near Gizri . No other natural harbour exists near the mouth of the Indus that could accommodate a large fleet. Nearchus , who commanded Alexander's naval fleet, also mentioned a hilly island by

1573-539: A number of households (1.3 million households) with annual income above $ 20,000 measured at PPP exchange rates by 2025. The Global FDI Intelligence Report 2017/2018 published by Financial Times ranks Karachi amongst the top 10 Asia pacific cities of the future for FDI strategy. According to Anatol Lieven the economic growth of Karachi is a result of the influx of Muhajirs to Karachi during late 1940s and early 50s. Most of Pakistan's public and private banks are headquartered on Karachi's I. I. Chundrigar Road , which

1694-457: A population of over 400,000. The city had a slight Hindu majority, with around 51% of the population being Hindu. Partition resulted in the exodus of much of the city's Hindu population, though Karachi, like most of Sindh, remained relatively peaceful compared to cities in Punjab. Riots erupted on 6   January 1948, after which most of Sindh's Hindu population fled to India, with assistance of

1815-467: A result of the operation, Karachi went from being ranked the world's 6th most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022. In 2022 at least one million flood affectees from Sindh and Balochistan took refuge in Karachi. Karachi is located on the coastline of Sindh province in southern Pakistan, along the Karachi Harbour , a natural harbour on the Arabian Sea . Karachi is built on

1936-440: A small group who arrived [had] assets that they could bring with them such as trucks, cars and limited funds and who have done relatively well in Pakistan integrating into the new society and engaging successfully in commerce; those refugees who came from the ranks of the well-educated and include professionals such as doctors, engineers and teachers; refugees who escaped with household goods and herds of sheep, cattle and yaks but for

2057-517: A yearly growth rate of 5.5%. Karachi contributes 90% of Sindh's GDP and accounts for approximately 25% of the total GDP of Pakistan. The city has a large informal economy which is not typically reflected in GDP estimates. The informal economy may constitute up to 36% of Pakistan's total economy, versus 22% of India's economy, and 13% of the Chinese economy. The informal sector employs up to 70% of

2178-610: Is generated in Karachi. Afghans in Pakistan Afghans in Pakistan ( Urdu : افغان مهاجرين , Afghān muhājirīn , lit.   ' Afghan migrants ' ) are temporary residents from Afghanistan , some of who are registered in Pakistan as refugees and asylum seekers . The registered fall under the jurisdiction of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Many of them were born and raised in Pakistan during

2299-412: Is 6.67/1000. Stress is an important risk factor as migration involves the breaking of relation with family, friends, culture and social interactions. Most prevalent infections in the refugee population in Pakistan are the respiratory tract infections (48.05%). Whereas, skin diseases and diarrhea collectively affect 21.08% of the Afghan refugees. The table below shows the number of deaths per year due to

2420-678: Is amongst the top five countries having high rate of tuberculosis (TB). In 2011, the National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP) achieved 64% detection rate for tuberculosis cases in Pakistan. In Afghan refugees a total of 541 new TB cases were reported during years 2012–2015, however, no case has been reported between 2016 and 2018. Various parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are malarial endemic regions. Malarial control remains challenging as it develops resistance against insecticides and antimalarials in use. Migration of 3 million afghan refugees to Pakistan

2541-570: Is double on Pakistan as it is presently passing through an epidemiological transition. According to the Commissionerate Afghan Refugees (CAR), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), most of the deaths amongst the Afghan refugees occur due to cardiovascular problems.Risk of various health conditions, like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, is expected to be more among refugees due to starvation. The total rate of cardiac patients

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2662-591: Is known as "Pakistan's Wall Street", with a large percentage of the cash flow in the Pakistani economy taking place on I. I. Chundrigar Road. Most major foreign multinational corporations operating in Pakistan have their headquarters in Karachi. Karachi is also home to the Pakistan Stock Exchange , which was rated as Asia's best-performing stock market in 2015 on the heels of Pakistan's upgrade to emerging-market status by MSCI . Karachi has been

2783-607: Is not the case for the Tajiks from Afghanistan. Most Afghan immigrants are fluent in Urdu , Pakistan's national language, as their second or third language. Many call Pakistan their home because they were born there. They participate in national festivities and other occasions, including Independence Day celebrations. Afghan communities retain and preserve their cultural values, traditions and customs, despite years of fighting and difficult socioeconomic conditions in Afghanistan. As per

2904-455: Is now Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre. The city has a formal economy estimated to be worth $ 190 billion as of 2021 , which is the largest in the country. Karachi collects 35% of Pakistan's tax revenue , and generates approximately 25% of Pakistan's entire GDP . Approximately 30% of Pakistani industrial output is from Karachi, while Karachi's ports handle approximately 95% of Pakistan's foreign trade . Approximately 90% of

3025-658: Is now the Serai Quarter . British troops, known as the "Company Bahadur" established a camp to the east of the captured city, which became the precursor to the modern Karachi Cantonment . The British further developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War . The Portuguese Goan community started migrating to Karachi in

3146-758: Is popular on AVT Khyber and other stations. Some Afghans drive taxicabs or sell fruit and other products, and others work in five-star hotels such as the Serena and the Marriott . Many work in factories or as employees of Pakistani shop owners. According to a 2007 report, Afghans were willing to work for lower wages than the average Pakistani. Afghan labour is common in transport and construction. Most Afghans did not pay taxes while living in Pakistan, an economic concern; in Peshawar, 12,000 Afghan nationals were in business without paying taxes. To address these concerns,

3267-477: Is relatively small in parts of northwestern province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the northern parts of Balochistan. In 1997-2001, Pakistan was very bias towards Afghan refugees that they threatened to shut down the border and forcibly return Afghan who had the right to be there under asylum. Similarly, Hazaras from Afghanistan can easily assimilate due to the presence of Hazaras in Balochistan. However, this

3388-405: Is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast and formerly served as the country's capital from 1947 to 1959. Ranked as a beta-global city , it is Pakistan's premier industrial and financial centre , with an estimated GDP of over $ 200 billion ( PPP ) as of 2021 . Karachi is a metropolitan city and is considered Pakistan's most cosmopolitan city, and among

3509-653: Is very small in Karachi", said a senior Karachi police official. Approximately 41,520 registered Afghan citizens reside in Islamabad. Before 2006 about 25,000 lived in a refugee camp in the Islamabad Capital Territory . The camp was closed, its refugees relocated and 7,335 Afghans were reportedly living in Rawalpindi . In 2009, it was reported that the UNHCR helped about 3,000 refugees move from

3630-491: The "Muhajir Qaumi Movement" (MQM), though also referred to as the "Refugee National Movement," this party sought to gain rights for the 'muhajir' refugees on which 'Pakistan had been built.' Yet, Afghan refugees were not included in this representation, and instead were made a target by the political leaders of the MQM. Included in the MQM's 'Charter of Demands', they requested the immediate placement of Afghan refugees in camps, and

3751-468: The 2010 Pakistan floods . By this point Karachi had become widely known for its high rates of violent crime, usually in relation to criminal activity, gang-warfare, sectarian violence, and extrajudicial killings. Recorded crimes sharply decreased following a controversial crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM party, and Islamist militants initiated in 2013 by the Pakistan Rangers . As

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3872-564: The Federal Board of Revenue implemented measures to tax Afghan traders. Cricket in Afghanistan was popularised by Afghan expatriates who learnt the sport while living in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s, during the post-Soviet invasion era. Most members of the early Afghanistan national cricket team grew up in Pakistan and participated in the country's domestic cricket structure, making use of cricket facilities in Peshawar with

3993-592: The Manora Fort in 1797, which was used to protect Karachi's Harbour from al-Qasimi pirates. In 1799 or 1800, the founder of the Talpur dynasty, Mir Fateh Ali Khan, allowed the East India Company under Nathan Crow to establish a trading post in Karachi. He was allowed to build a house for himself in Karachi at that time, but by 1802 was ordered to leave the city. The city continued to be ruled by

4114-622: The Mulri Hills along Karachi's northern outskirts. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been hunter-gatherers , with ancient flint tools discovered at several sites. The expansive Karachi region is believed to have been known to the ancient Greeks , and may have been the site of Barbarikon , an ancient seaport which was located at the nearby mouth of the Indus River . Karachi may also have been referred to as Ramya in ancient Greek texts. The ancient site of Krokola ,

4235-419: The Pakistan Rangers . As a result of the operation, Karachi dropped from being ranked the world's 6th-most dangerous city for crime in 2014, to 128th by 2022. Modern Karachi was reputedly founded in 1729 as the settlement of Kolachi-jo-Goth during the rule of Kalhora dynasty . The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi , whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile in

4356-616: The Soviet–Afghan War . This was followed by refugees escaping from post-revolution Iran . At this time, Karachi was also rocked by political conflict, while crime rates drastically increased with the arrival of weaponry from the War in Afghanistan . Conflict between the MQM party , and ethnic Sindhis , Pashtuns , Punjabis and Balochis was sharp. The party and its vast network of supporters were targeted by Pakistani security forces as part of

4477-766: The United Kingdom , Finland , Canada , etc. The first wave of Afghan Hazaras arrived during the 1980s Soviet war, and more arrived fleeing persecution by the Taliban regime in the 1990s. They forged closer links with their Pakistani Hazara patrons, whose ancestors had arrived during Amir Abdur Rahman Khan 's reign in the late 1800s; these Pakistani Hazaras have some influence in the Balochistan government . Instead of living in settlement camps, many Hazaras have settled in cities. The province of Punjab has roughly 191,053 citizens of Afghanistan. In June 2007,

4598-458: The "City of Lights" in the 1960s and 1970s for its vibrant nightlife, Karachi was beset by sharp ethnic, sectarian, and political conflict in the 1980s with the large-scale arrival of weaponry during the Soviet–Afghan War . The city had become well known for its high rates of violent crime, but recorded crimes sharply decreased following a crackdown operation against criminals, the MQM political party , and Islamist militants, initiated in 2013 by

4719-592: The 1820s as traders. The majority of the estimated 100,000 who came to Pakistan are primarily concentrated in Karachi. Sindh's capital was shifted from Hyderabad to Karachi in 1840 when Karachi was annexed to the British Empire after Major General Charles James Napier captured the rest of Sindh following his victory against the Talpurs at the Battle of Miani . Following the 1843 annexation, on 17 February

4840-511: The 1980s Soviet–Afghan War , Peshawar was a center for Afghan refugees. The Jalozai refugee camp alone had over 100,000 residents in 1988. Peshawar assimilated many Afghans with relative ease, and the city became home to many Afghan musicians and artists. About 321,677 Afghan citizens reside in Balochistan. After Peshawar, Quetta has the second-highest percentage of Afghan refugees. Most Afghans in Quetta are engaged in business and work in

4961-521: The 1990s. The Afghanistan national team was coached by former Pakistani cricketers Kabir Khan and Rashid Latif in its initial years. During this period, a number of Afghan international cricketers made appearances for Pakistani domestic outfits in the first-class circuit. Afghan cricket teams such as the Afghan Cheetahs frequently participate in domestic Pakistani tournaments. Afghan refugees in Pakistan are looked upon and helped by

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5082-531: The Afghan amir Abdur Rahman Khan . The single-page agreement in 1947 ending political interference beyond the frontier between Afghanistan and the British Indian Empire , inherited by Pakistan in 1947, divided the indigenous Pashtun tribes. The treaty was ratified in 1905 and 1919 again at the treaty of Rawalpindi . One of the most notable periods of migration began in 1979. As the Soviet–Afghan War began, many Afghan citizens began to flee

5203-718: The East. In 1901, Karachi's population was 117,000 with a further 109,000 included in the Municipal area. Under the British, the city's municipal government was established. Known as the Father of Modern Karachi , mayor Seth Harchandrai Vishandas led the municipal government to improve sanitary conditions in the Old City, as well as major infrastructure works in the New Town after his election in 1911. In 1914, Karachi had become

5324-473: The German and Norwegian navies. In 2023, the German government signalled that it was prepared to back a sale of TKMS by taking a supporting minority stake. Since 2024, ThyssenKrupp has been running a dual-track process for TKMS, which could result in either a sale or spin-off of the division. In June 2024, private equity firm Carlyle and German development bank KfW entered into negotiations to jointly acquire

5445-527: The Indian government. Karachi became the focus for the resettlement of middle-class Muslim Muhajir refugees who fled India, with 470,000 refugees in Karachi by May 1948, leading to a drastic alteration of the city's demography . In 1941, Muslims were 42% of Karachi's population, but by 1951 made up 96% of the city's population. The city's population had tripled between 1941 and 1951. Urdu replaced Sindhi as Karachi's most widely spoken language; Sindhi

5566-557: The Interior Minister of Pakistan Sarfraz Bugti ordered that all undocumented immigrants, mainly nearly 1.73 million Afghan nationals, to voluntarily leave the country by 1 November 2023, or face deportation in a crackdown . Afghans have been migrating back and forth between Afghanistan and what is now Pakistan since at least the times of the Ghaznavids in the 10th century. Before the mid-19th century, Afghanistan

5687-467: The Israeli government and TKMS signed a deal for three Dakar-class submarines . Allegations of corruption surrounding the deal have led to the formation of an Israeli governmental committee of inquiry and subsequent prosecution for corruption. In 2021, TKMS received the biggest order in its history, worth €5.5 billion for six identical Type 212CD submarines (in partnership with Kongsberg Gruppen ) for

5808-490: The MQM hoped to create within Pakistan. This 'extremist' rhetoric resurfaced after 9/11 , and was evidence of the final shift in the attitudes held by Pakistan toward Afghan refugees. Prior to 9/11, the Pakistani government had already stopped the issuing of food rations to refugee villages, yet following the attacks on the World Trade center, and the subsequent global focus on Afghanistan, Pakistan decided to move toward

5929-606: The National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) registered 16,439 Afghans in the eastern Pakistani city of Lahore ; their number was reported at about 7,000 in October 2004. Sindh has a total of 73,789 registered citizens of Afghanistan. In 2009, their number was approximately 50,000. A UNHCR spokesman said, "Sindh is home to some 50,000 Afghan refugees and most of them are staying in Karachi". "The police can move only against unregistered Afghans, whose number

6050-505: The Pakistani Computerised National Identity Card (CNIC) but with "Afghan Citizen" on its front. More than 357,000 Afghans were repatriated from Pakistan in 2007, and Afghans were repatriated between March and October of each subsequent year. Returnees were reportedly to be given land by the Afghan government to build a home, and each person received a travel package worth about $ 100 (which

6171-608: The Pakistani government to “reconsider the decision“. The United Nations and human rights groups have also expressed concerns over Pakistani plans to evict illegal Afghan migrants. Most citizens of Afghanistan are found in the Pashtun -dominated areas of Pakistan, which include Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Quetta - Chaman region of Balochistan . Smaller communities exist in Karachi , Rawalpindi , Islamabad , Lahore , and Azad Kashmir . According to Census of Afghans in Pakistan ,

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6292-648: The Persian provinces of Khorassan and Kohistan , together with Herat , Beluchistan , Cashmere , and Sinde , and a considerable part of the Punjab ... Its principal cities are Kabul, the capital, Ghuznee , Peshawer , and Kandahar. Interaction and migration by the region's native people were common. After the Second Anglo-Afghan War , the late-19th-century Durand Line demarcated the spheres of influence of British India 's Mortimer Durand and

6413-608: The Talpurs until it was occupied by forces under the command of John Keane in February 1839. The British East India Company captured Karachi on 3   February 1839 after HMS  Wellesley opened fire and quickly destroyed Manora Fort , which guarded Karachi Harbour at Manora Point . Karachi's population at the time was an estimated 8,000 to 14,000, and was confined to the walled city in Mithadar , with suburbs in what

6534-743: The UNHCR, UNICEF , the World Health Organization (WHO), USAID and other aid agencies. Most refugees live on the outskirts of the cities in Pakistan due to cheaper costs of living. They also have limited access to health care facilities, making them more at risk of various infections and diseases. Also, movement of people from one place to another serves as a source of dispersal of infections to new areas. When refugees transit from non-endemic region to an endemic region, they are more susceptible to local diseases as compared to indigenous population, as they are not immune to native strains. The communicable and non-communicable disease burden

6655-481: The United Nations estimates that nearly 3.7 million Afghans, registered and illegals, reside in Pakistan, while Pakistani authorities believe the number to be as high as 4.4 million. Of these, only a few hold the required documentation allowing them to legally stay in Pakistan. As of June 2023 , approximately 1,333,749 registered refugees still remain in Pakistan according to UNHCR . On 3 October 2023,

6776-406: The actual number could be high. The global drive to eliminate polio, which has gone on for 31 years and consumed over $ 16 billion, has been set back again by the new reported cases in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In 2019 there were a total of 42 polio paralysis cases in the two countries. Pakistan and Afghanistan form a single epidemiological block with a regular cross-border movement, which maintains

6897-407: The border between their countries without passports or visas. But in recent years this illegal travel has been restricted. Pakistan has introduced a "visa regime for different categories of Afghan nationals." In 2023, the Pakistani government announced a plan to evict all illegal immigrants, including Afghan nationals, in a phased and orderly manner. This decision has led to a strong reaction from

7018-518: The capital of Sindh shifted again Hyderabad to Karachi until the national capital was shifted to Rawalpindi in 1958. While foreign embassies shifted away from Karachi, the city is host to numerous consulates and honorary consulates. Between 1958 and 1970, Karachi's role as capital of Sindh was ceased due to the One Unit programme enacted by President Iskander Mirza . Karachi of the 1960s

7139-625: The city into a major seaport, and connect it with the extensive railway network of the Indian subcontinent . At the time of Pakistan's independence in 1947, the city was the largest in Sindh with an estimated population of 400,000 people. Afterwards, the city experienced a dramatic shift in population and demography with the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Muslim immigrants from India, coupled with an exodus of most of its Hindu residents. The city experienced rapid economic growth following Pakistan's independence, attracting migrants from throughout

7260-488: The city's most desirable properties. The aforementioned historic areas form the oldest portions of Karachi, and contain its most important monuments and government buildings, with the I. I. Chundrigar Road being home to most of Pakistan's banks, including the Habib Bank Plaza which was Pakistan's tallest building from 1963 until the early 2000s. Situated on a coastal plain northwest of Karachi's historic core lies

7381-430: The city's workforce. In 2018 The Global Metro Monitor Report ranked Karachi's economy as the best performing metropolitan economy in Pakistan. Today along with Pakistan's continued economic expansion Karachi is now ranked third in the world for consumer expenditure growth with its market anticipated to increase by 6.6% in real terms in 2018 It is also ranked among the top cities in the world by an anticipated increase of

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7502-507: The city, resulting in major flooding. Karachi's highest recorded temperature is 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) which was recorded on 22 and 23 April 2017, and the lowest is 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on 21 January 1934. The city first developed around the Karachi Harbour, and owes much of its growth to its role as a seaport at the end of the 18th century, contrasted with Pakistan's millennia-old cities such as Lahore , Multan , and Peshawar . Karachi's Mithadar neighbourhood represents

7623-977: The city. Following the Rebellion, British colonial administrators continued to develop the city's infrastructure, but continued to neglect localities like Lyari , which was home to the city's original population of Sindhi fishermen and Balochi nomads. At the outbreak of the American Civil War , Karachi's port became an important cotton-exporting port, with Indus Steam Flotilla and Orient Inland Steam Navigation Company established to transport cotton from rest of Sindh to Karachi's port, and onwards to textile mills in England. With increased economic opportunities, economic migrants from several ethnicities and religions, including Anglo-British, Parsis , Marathis , and Goan Christians , among others, established themselves in Karachi, with many setting-up businesses in

7744-408: The city. A 2005 census of Afghans in Balochistan indicated that the overwhelming majority were Pashtun, followed by Uzbeks, Tajiks, Baluchis, Hazaras and Turkmen. Quetta has the largest concentration of Hazara people outside Afghanistan, based in areas such as Hazara Town . Due to social unrest and Hazara persecution, the Afghan refugees are trying to resettle in other countries such as Australia ,

7865-423: The complete repatriation of Afghan refugees. Claiming that these refugees were to blame for the growing security concerns within the country, along with the subsequent branding of these individuals as terrorists, Pakistan, with support of the UNHCR, began to facilitate 'voluntary repatriation'. From March to December 2002, Pakistan 'voluntarily repatriated' nearly 1.52 million refugees, and an additional 5 million over

7986-709: The controversial Operation Clean-up in 1992 – an effort to restore peace in the city that lasted until 1994. Anti-Hindu riots also broke out in Karachi in 1992 in retaliation for the demolition of the Babri Mosque in India by a group of Hindu nationalists earlier that year. In 1996, two (02) more districts created in the Karachi division named Central and Malir districts. The 2010s saw another influx of hundreds of thousands of Pashtun refugees fleeing conflict in North-West Pakistan and

8107-427: The country and other regions in South Asia. According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan , Karachi's total population was 20.3 million. Karachi is one of the world's fastest-growing cities, and has significant communities representing almost every ethnic group in Pakistan . Karachi holds more than two million Bengali immigrants , a million Afghan refugees , and up to 400,000 Rohingyas from Myanmar . Karachi

8228-489: The country's most linguistically, ethnically, and religiously diverse regions, as well as one of the country's most progressive and socially liberal cities. The region has been inhabited for millennia, but the city was formally founded as the fortified village of Kolachi as recently as 1729. The settlement greatly increased in importance with the arrival of the East India Company in the mid-19th century. British administrators embarked on substantial projects to transform

8349-508: The country. The ensuing decade of violence at the hands of Soviet forces encouraged thousands more to follow, escaping what some considered to be "difficult, if not impossible, situations," which included the threat of mass arrests, executions, attacks on public gatherings, the destruction of Afghan infrastructure, as well as the targeting of Afghanistan's agricultural and industrial sectors. In total, nearly three million Afghan refugees escaped to Pakistan and about two million to Iran throughout

8470-460: The country. A small number of Afghans are waiting to be resettled in countries of North America , Europe , Oceania and elsewhere. A number of Afghan passport holders travel to Pakistan with a visa for a variety of reasons, including tourism, family visit, business, medical treatment, education, or sport competition. The visa, free of charge, is usually valid for three months. Throughout history, most Afghans and Pakistanis have been crossing

8591-453: The decade, though some figures estimate that by 1990, nearly 4.5 million undocumented Afghan refugees resided throughout Pakistan. Aided by the UNHCR, and primarily funded by the United States government, Pakistan continued to accept and support the inclusion of these Afghan refugees throughout the decade. In late 1988, roughly 3.3 million Afghan refugees were housed in 340 refugee camps along the Afghan-Pakistan border in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa . It

8712-461: The disease burden from the year 2012 to 2016. Maternal deaths account for a substantial burden of mortality among Afghan refugee women. Due to pregnancy or childbirth related complications, deaths of more than half million women occur every year. According to the deaths record census, between January 20, 1999, and August 31, 2000, most of the women of reproductive age died due to maternal causes. 1/([maternal deaths/women aged 15–49]) Pakistan

8833-443: The eastern US transfer money every month to their extended families in Pakistan. Self-employed Afghans in Pakistan are usually involved in the Afghan rug business, Afghan restaurants and bakeries (making and selling Afghan bread ), international trade, auto sales or small shops. A number of Afghans are involved in Pakistani media and entertainment as television hosts, actors and news anchors. Najiba Faiz , originally from Kunduz ,

8954-552: The entire province was amalgamated into the Bombay Presidency for the next 93 years, and Karachi remain the divisional headquarter. A few years later in 1846, Karachi suffered a large cholera outbreak, which led to the establishment of the Karachi Cholera Board (predecessor to the city's civic government). The city grew under the administration of its new Commissioner, Henry Bartle Edward Frere , who

9075-433: The extent of Kolachi prior to British rule. British Karachi was divided between the "New Town" and the "Old Town", with British investments focused primarily on the New Town. The Old Town was a largely unplanned neighbourhood which housed most of the city's indigenous residents and had no access to sewerage systems, electricity, and water. The New Town was subdivided into residential, commercial, and military areas. Given

9196-399: The flow of the poliovirus in both directions of the border. The movement of people crossing the border has largely been unchecked or uncontrolled. In 2015, most reported cases of polio in Afghanistan were from Nangarhar province , which borders Pakistan, and were genetically linked to cases in Pakistan. All cases of polio in these border areas are reported in the mobile population, especially

9317-421: The following six years. Yet, there is sufficient reasoning to believe that these were not as 'voluntary' as advertised, as a joint report from the UNHCR and Pakistan suggested 82% of refugees reported to 'not wish to repatriate'. Regardless, millions of refugees were subsequently deported, and returned to a country in which they had little-to-no ability to earn a livelihood, which was only further complicated due to

9438-635: The formal sector, though proxy data suggest that the capital employed and value-added from such informal enterprises is far smaller than that of formal sector enterprises. An estimated 63% of the Karachi's workforce is employed in trade and manufacturing. Karachi Export Processing Zone, SITE, Korangi , Northern Bypass Industrial Zone, Bin Qasim and North Karachi serve as large industrial estates in Karachi. The Karachi Expo Centre also complements Karachi's industrial economy by hosting regional and international exhibitions. As home to Pakistan's largest ports and

9559-514: The government of President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from 1972 onwards. To appease conservative forces, Bhutto banned alcohol in Pakistan, and cracked-down of Karachi's discotheques and cabarets - leading to the closure of Karachi's once-lively nightlife. The city's art scene was further repressed during the rule of dictator General Zia-ul-Haq . Zia's Islamization policies lead the Westernized upper-middle classes of Karachi to largely withdraw from

9680-698: The greater Defence Housing Authority project. Karachi's city limits also include several islands, including Baba and Bhit Islands , Oyster Rocks, and Manora , a former island which is now connected to the mainland by a thin 12-kilometre long shoal known as Sandspit . Gulistan-e-Johar , Gulshan-e-Iqbal , Federal B. Area , Malir , Landhi and Korangi areas were all developed after 1970. The city has been described as one divided into sections for those able to afford to live in planned localities with access to urban amenities, and those who live in unplanned communities with inadequate access to such services. 35% of Karachi's residents live in unplanned communities. Being

9801-535: The hands of their host country—Pakistan. The subsequent decade saw considerable change in regard to the attitudes and feelings toward Afghan refugees throughout Pakistan. Though the nation initially welcomed these migrants, utilizing "terms from Islamic discourse to justify welcoming [these] refugees in their time of need", ,hat feeling ended as issues like Kashnikov culture terrorism and ethno nationalism took root in Afghan refugees camps. In order to migrate to Pakistan, Afghan refugees were required to register to one of

9922-442: The lack of resources in comparison to the number of individuals being repatriated. Since 2002, the UNHCR has repatriated 4,388,058 Afghan refugees from Pakistan to Afghanistan. In 2005 the government of Pakistan began registering all Afghans, and the number of registered Afghans was reported at 2.15 million in February 2007. They received computer-generated "proof of registration" (PoR) cards with biometric features—similar to

10043-563: The larger Kirthar Range , and have a maximum elevation of 528 metres (1,732 feet). Between the hills are wide coastal plains interspersed with dry river beds and water channels. Karachi has developed around the Malir River and Lyari Rivers , with the Lyari shore being the site of the settlement for Kolachi . To the east of Karachi lies the Indus River flood plains. Karachi has a tropical semi arid climate ( Köppen : BSh ), formerly

10164-494: The largest city, Karachi is also Pakistan's financial and commercial capital. Since Pakistan's independence, Karachi has been the centre of the nation's economy, and remain's Pakistan's largest urban economy despite the economic stagnation caused by sociopolitical unrest during the late 1980s and 1990s. The city forms the centre of an economic corridor stretching from Karachi to nearby Hyderabad , and Thatta . As of 2021 , Karachi had an estimated GDP (PPP) of $ 190 billion with

10285-713: The largest wheat-exporting port of the entire British Empire, after large irrigation works in Sindh were initiated to increase wheat and cotton yields. By 1924, the Drigh Road Aerodrome was established, now the Faisal Air Force Base . Karachi's increasing importance as a cosmopolitan transportation hub leads to the influence of non-Sindhis in Sindh's administration. Half the city was born outside of Karachi by as early as 1921. Native Sindhis were upset by this influence, and so on 1 April 1936, Sindh

10406-558: The last four decades. Additionally, there are also Special Immigrant Visa applicants awaiting to immigrate to the United States . The Pakistani government began admitting Afghans after the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War in 1979; by the end of 2001, there were over four million of them on the Pakistani side. About 35% of them have returned to their native country of Afghanistan since 2002 but millions also have illegally settled in Pakistan. As of October 2023 ,

10527-500: The local clinic are medically unexplained aches and pains. Observed rate of psychological disturbances in Afghan refugees is equivalent to 0.22 per 1,000 persons. Afghans living in Pakistan are vulnerable to torture , persecution and mistreatment. They have often been targeted by Pakistani authorities. After the 2014 Peshawar school massacre by members of Tehrik-i-Taliban , the militants, all of whom were foreign nationals, comprising one Chechen , three Arabs and two Afghans and

10648-427: The mid-18th century, known as Kharak Bander. 19th century Karachi historian Seth Naomal Hotchand recorded that a small settlement of 20–25 huts existed along the Karachi Harbour that was known as Dibro , which was situated along a pool of water known as Kolachi-jo-Kun. In 1725, a band of Baloch settlers from Makran and Kalat had settled in the hamlet after fleeing droughts and tribal feuds. A new settlement

10769-537: The mid-1960s, Karachi began to attract large numbers of Pashtun , Punjabis and Kashmiris from northern Pakistan. The 1970s saw a construction boom funded by remittances and investments from the Gulf States , and the appearance of apartment buildings in the city. Real-estate prices soared during this period, leading to a worsening housing crisis. The period also saw labour unrest in Karachi's industrial estates beginning in 1970 that were violently repressed by

10890-406: The most part must be helped to maintain themselves; the fifth and the largest group, constituting about 60 per cent of the refugees, are ordinary Afghans who arrived with nothing and are largely dependent on Pakistan and international efforts for sustenance." Though through migration many Afghan refugees avoided immense violence, they were still subject to political injustice and discrimination at

11011-485: The multinational corporations and 100% of the banks operating in Pakistan are headquartered in Karachi. It also serves as a transport hub, and contains Pakistan's two largest seaports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim , as well as Pakistan's busiest airport, Jinnah International Airport . Karachi is also considered to be Pakistan's fashion capital, and has hosted the annual Karachi Fashion Week since 2009. Known as

11132-407: The name of Morontobara and an adjacent flat island named Bibakta , which colonial historians identified as Karachi's Manora Point and Kiamari (or Clifton ), respectively, based on Greek descriptions. Both areas were island until well into the colonial era, when silting in led to them being connected to the mainland. In 711 CE, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley and

11253-649: The near future and cite security concerns and the lack of housing and jobs in Afghanistan. About 6,500 Afghans studied at Pakistani universities in 2011, with 729 exchange students receiving scholarships from the government of Pakistan. A number of Afghan schools throughout Pakistan educate thousands of Afghan refugee children. Wealthier Afghans live in cities, renting houses, driving cars and working in offices or running their own businesses; their children are enrolled in better schools and universities. Many receive remittances from family or friends living abroad ; thousands of Kennedy Fried Chicken owners and workers in

11374-487: The nearby town of Kharak Bandar after the harbour there silted in 1728 after heavy rains. Kolachi was fortified, and defended with cannons imported from Muscat, Oman . Under the Talpurs, the Rah-i-Bandar road was built to connect the city's port to the caravan terminals. This road would eventually be further developed by the British into Bandar Road, which was renamed Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road . The name Karachee

11495-533: The new commercial district of Saddar . Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the founder of Pakistan, was born in Karachi's Wazir Mansion in 1876 to such migrants from Gujarat . Public building works were undertaken at this time in Gothic and Indo-Saracenic styles, including the construction of Frere Hall in 1865 and the later Empress Market in 1889. With the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Karachi's position as

11616-622: The pioneer in cable networking in Pakistan with the most sophisticated of the cable networks of any city of Pakistan, and has seen an expansion of information and communications technology and electronic media . The city has become a software outsourcing hub for Pakistan. Several independent television and radio stations are based in Karachi, including Business Plus , AAJ News , Geo TV , KTN , Sindh TV , CNBC Pakistan , TV ONE , Express TV , ARY Digital , Indus Television Network, Samaa TV , Abb Takk News , Bol TV , and Dawn News , as well as several local stations. Industry contributes

11737-588: The port of Debal , from where he launched his forces further into the Indus Valley in 712. Some have identified the port with Karachi, though some argue the location was somewhere between Karachi and the nearby city of Thatta . Under Mirza Ghazi Beg , the Mughal administrator of Sindh, the development of coastal Sindh and the Indus River Delta was encouraged. Under his rule, fortifications in

11858-466: The public sphere, and instead form their own social venues that became inaccessible to the poor. This decade also saw an influx of more than one million Bihari immigrants into Karachi from the newly made country Bangladesh which separated from Pakistan in 1971. In 1972, the Karachi district divided into three districts, East , West and South districts. The 1980s and 1990s saw an influx of almost one million Afghan refugees into Karachi fleeing

11979-466: The region acted as a bulwark against Portuguese incursions into Sindh . In 1553–54, Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis , mentioned a small port along the Sindh coast by the name of Kaurashi which may have been Karachi. The Chaukhandi tombs in Karachi's modern suburbs were built around this time between the 15th and 18th centuries. The first port was established by the Kalhoras near Karachi in

12100-586: The returning displaced population. Among Afghan refugees in Pakistan, only one case of polio was reported in June 2016. The percentage coverage of immunization in children among Afghan refugees was 100% from 2012 to 2018. It was only possible due to the efforts of Pakistan Government immunization program. Large number of Afghans are suffering from mental illness. The commonest among these are: depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder, psychosomatic disorder and PTSD . Prevalence of mental issues among refugee children has also been reported. Most common presentations in

12221-711: The sea maintains humidity levels at near-constant levels year-round. Thus, the climate is similar to a humid tropical climate, except for the low precipitation and occasional temperatures well over 100 F (38 C) due to the influence of the Thar Desert nearby, close to the border with India. The city's highest annual rainfall was about 750-850 mm, recorded in the late 1970s. The city's highest monthly rainfall, 19 in (480 mm), occurred in July 1967. The city's highest rainfall in 24 hours occurred on 7   August 1953, when about 278.1 millimetres (10.95 in) of rain lashed

12342-449: The seven Islamic parties pre-approved by the Pakistani government. In doing so, the Pakistani government hoped to prevent the emergence of a single, political entity on behalf of the Afghan refugees, and thus, prevent a "Palestinization" of Pakistan by a foreign settler population. By the mid-1980s, the political injustice toward Afghan refugees began to escalate to violence. In 1986, a new political party began to emerge. Known primarily as

12463-912: The slums of Islamabad to an undeveloped plot of land in a green belt on the edge of the city. Azad Kashmir has 4,352 Afghans and Gilgit-Baltistan merely 5. During the 1980s, about 13,000 Afghans migrated to cities in Azad Kashmir. According to a 2011 article in The News International , Afghans and other foreigners in Azad Kashmir were perceived as a security risk. In 2015, there were 11,000 unregistered Afghan refugees in Azad Kashmir who faced possible expulsion or deportation. Due to historical, ethnic, religious, and linguistic connections, Afghan immigrants in Pakistan find it relatively easy to adapt to local customs and culture. There are few obstacles to transition and assimilation into mainstream society; culture shock for Afghan Pashtuns

12584-506: The sprawling district of Orangi . North of the historic core is the largely middle-class district of Nazimabad , and upper-middle-class North Nazimabad , which were developed in the 1950s. To the east of the historic core is the area known as Defence , an expansive upscale suburb developed and administered by the Pakistan Army . Karachi's coastal plains along the Arabian Sea south of Clifton were also developed much later as part of

12705-494: The strategic value of the city, the British developed the Karachi Cantonment as a military garrison in the New Town to aid the British war effort in the First Anglo-Afghan War . The city's development was largely confined to the area north of the Chinna Creek prior to independence, although the seaside area of Clifton was also developed as a posh locale under the British, and its large bungalows and estates remain some of

12826-428: The subsequent expropriation of their property, causing a number of riots by Afghan refugees to erupt throughout Pakistan. As the MQM continued to grow throughout the decade, so too did the exclusion and violence toward Afghan refugees. In addition to the violence, the MQM created a rhetoric that largely altered the perception of Afghan refugees, as they were labeled as extremist and alien to the 'secular' Islamic state that

12947-536: The summer monsoon. On the other hand, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months. A text message-based early warning system alerts people to take precautionary measures and helps prevent fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave or thunderstorm. The winter climate is dry and lasts between December and February. It is dry and pleasant in winter relative to the warm hot season that follows, which starts in March and lasts until October. Proximity to

13068-666: The support of the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). It was during this time that the Afghanistan Cricket Federation (now ACB) was also founded, in 1995. The ACF received recognition from the International Cricket Council (ICC) in 2001. Several future cricketers representing Afghanistan emerged from Peshawar's club cricket scene, establishing an Afghan cricket club to compete against other local Pakistani sides in

13189-434: The unrecognized interim Taliban government. The Islamabad police has finished the process of marking the locations of Afghan individuals residing in various areas of the federal capital. A survey regarding the properties of illegal Afghan nationals was also underway. The interim Taliban government has called Pakistan’s decision to expel Afghans living in the country without approval ‘unacceptable’. They have raised alarms for

13310-540: The value of goods traded through Karachi reached £855,103, leading to the establishment of merchant offices and warehouses. The population in 1856 is estimated to have been 57,000. During the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, the 21st Native Infantry, then stationed in Karachi, mutinied and declared allegiance to rebel forces in September 1857, though the British were able to quickly defeat the rebels and reassert control over

13431-409: The village after his elder brothers had already been killed by it. The name Karachee, a shortened and corrupted version of the original name Kolachi-jo-Goth , was used for the first time in a Dutch report from 1742 about a shipwreck near the settlement. The region around Karachi has been the site of human habitation for millennia. Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic sites have been excavated in

13552-404: Was appointed in the 1850s. Karachi was recognized for its strategic importance, prompting the British to establish the Port of Karachi in 1854. Karachi rapidly became a transportation hub for British India owing to newly built port and rail infrastructure, as well as the increase in agricultural exports from the opening of productive tracts of newly irrigated land in Punjab and Sindh . By 1856,

13673-485: Was built in 1729 at the site of Dibro , which came to be known as Kolachi-jo-Goth ("The village of Kolachi"). The new settlement is said to have been named in honour of Mai Kolachi , a resident of the old settlement whose son is said to have slain a man-eating crocodile. Kolachi was about 40 hectares in size, with some smaller fishing villages scattered in its vicinity. The founders of the new fortified settlement were Sindhi Baniyas , and are said to have arrived from

13794-562: Was established as a province separate from the Bombay Presidency with Karachi was once again made capital of Sindh. In 1941, the population of the city had risen to 387,000. At the dawn of independence following the success of the Pakistan Movement in 1947, On 15 August 1947 Capital of Sindh shifted from Karachi to Hyderabad and Karachi was made the national capital of Pakistan. Karachi was Sindh's largest city with

13915-536: Was increased to $ 400). About 80 percent of the returnees came from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 11 percent from Balochistan, 3 percent from Sindh and the remaining 4 percent from rest of the country. In June 2010 Pakistan ratified the United Nations Convention against Torture , which forbids member states from deporting, extraditing or returning people where they will be tortured . The government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has increased its efforts toward

14036-704: Was recognized as the Durrani Empire and ruled by a succession of Afghan kings with their capitals in Kandahar , Kabul , and Peshawar . In his 1857 review of John William Kaye 's The Afghan War , Friedrich Engels described Afghanistan as: ... an extensive country of Asia ... between Persia and the Indies, and in the other direction between the Hindu Kush and the Indian Ocean. It formerly included

14157-571: Was regarded as an economic role model around the world, with Seoul , South Korea, borrowing from the city's second "Five-Year Plan". Several examples of Modernist architect were built in Karachi during this period, including the Mazar-e-Quaid mausoleum, the distinct Masjid-e-Tooba , and the Habib Bank Plaza (the tallest building in all of South Asia at the time). The city's population by 1961 had grown 369% compared to 1941. By

14278-809: Was reported by The New York Times in November 1988 that about 100,000 refugees lived in Peshawar and more than two million lived in KP (known as the North-West Frontier Province at the time). On the outskirts of Peshawar, the Jalozai camp was one of the largest refugee camps in the NWFP. According to one researcher, the refugees consisted of various groups of migrants. Some were individuals "who came from politically prominent and wealthy families with personal and business assets outside Afghanistan;

14399-419: Was the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi in 1941, but only 8.5% in 1951, while Urdu grew to become the mother tongue of 51% of Karachi's population. 100,000 Muhajir refugees arrived annually in Karachi until 1952. Muhajirs kept arriving from different parts of India till 2000. Karachi was selected as the first capital of Pakistan, and was administered as a federal district separate from Sindh beginning in 1948,

14520-468: Was used for the first time in a Dutch document from 1742, in which a merchant ship de Ridderkerk is shipwrecked near the settlement. In 1770s, Karachi came under the control of the Khan of Kalat , which attracted a second wave of Balochi settlers. In 1795, Karachi was annexed by the Talpurs , triggering a third wave of Balochi settlers who arrived from central Sindh and southern Punjab. The Talpurs built

14641-435: Was vulnerable because they settled in malaria endemic regions. A total of 10710 malarial cases were reported from the year 2012 to 2018, with a total of 3 deaths from malaria. P. Vivax was most prevalent in the reported cases. Surprisingly, only three malaria-related deaths were reported in the 7 years span, although the number of positive cases was quite high. This may be because of underreporting of deaths caused by malaria and

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