The TK (TK-3) and TKS were Polish tankettes developed during the 1930s and used in the Second World War .
28-594: The TK (also known as the TK-3) tankette was a Polish design produced from 1931 based on the chassis of the British Carden Loyd tankette , with an improved hull and more powerful engine, and armour up to 8 mm (0.31 in) thick (10 mm or 0.39 in on the TKS). In 1939, up-arming of the tankettes with nkm wz. 38 FK 20 mm (0.79 in) autocannons began, but only 24 of these were completed before
56-474: A 20 mm gunned TKS commanded by Podchorąży (officer cadet) Roman Orlik destroyed two German Panzer 35(t) tanks and a Panzer IV ausf B tank which was commanded by Victor IV Albrecht von Ratibor. After the conquest of Poland, captured tankettes were used by the German army in various support roles, mostly for training, security duties or as artillery tractors. Many captured tankettes were also used by
84-521: A classic tankette design worldwide, was licence-built by several countries and became the basis of several designs produced in various countries. The Carden Loyd tankette came about from an idea started, as a private project, by the British military engineer and tank strategist Major Giffard LeQuesne Martel . He built a one-man tank in his garage from various parts and showed it to the War Office in
112-419: A completely unstable gun-laying platform. In consequence the 76 mm prototype was rebuilt into the 47 mm-equipped tank destroyer version, but this was not found satisfactory either. Recoil from firing the 47 mm anti-tank gun was too much for the 3-ton vehicle, though less than with the 76 mm version, manning the gun with a two-man team was considered too labour-intensive, the ammunition storage
140-567: A training role at Canadian Armoured Fighting Vehicle School, pending the arrival of newer, larger tanks. Eventually, they were supplemented with the Vickers VI B light tank in 1938. Until then, they had been the only armoured equipment in the Canadian Army, apart from some armoured cars. Canada never used them in a combat role. Carden Loyd Tankettes were also supplied in small numbers to France, India, Italy, Latvia (18 Mk.s IV in 1935),
168-541: Is a initial of Carden Loyd ( カーデン ロイド , Kāden Roido ) Italy bought Carden Loyd Mark VIs, built a few licence copies designated CV-29, and then developed this design further into the L3/35 tankette. The Canadian Army acquired 12, in two batches of six, in 1930-31. After being evaluated by Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry and the Royal Canadian Regiment , the Canadian Army used them in
196-482: Is also given ) in several variants, mostly as machine gun carriers, but also as light gun tractors , mortar carriers or smoke projector vehicles. In 1929, Poland bought 10 or 11 Mark VI tankettes with a licence and used them for development of their own TK tankette series, which was followed by the Polish TKS tankette. Czechoslovakia also bought three Mark VI tankettes in 1930 with a licence, and then improved
224-639: The T-27 tankette, a modernised and enlarged variant of the British design. A total of 3,228 T-27 tankettes were built between 1931 and 1933. Bolivia purchased between two and five tankettes in 1931. They saw action in the Chaco War , where they proved to be ill-suited for the bush environment. The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) bought six Mark VIb tankettes from the UK, along with some French Renault UE Chenillette vehicles and field tested them. The IJA determined that
252-780: The British and French vehicles were too small to be practical, and started planning for a larger version, the Tokushu Keninsha (TK, meaning "Special Tractor"), which developed into its own Type 94 Te Ke . The design based in part on the Carden Loyd. Carden Loyd Tankettes were operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy Land Forces in Shanghai and designated the Type Ka Machine Gun Car ( カ式機銃車 , Ka-shiki Kijūsha ) . "Ka"
280-561: The Carden Loyd Mk VI tankette. In 1931, after acquiring six Carden Loyd Mk VI tankettes, two prototype vehicles were modified. One carried the F.R.C. Herstal 47 mm Model 1931 anti-tank gun and one the Canon de 76 FRC , a low-velocity 76 mm infantry gun, in a fixed, forward-facing structure. Pre-production tests of the 76 mm-equipped version found that the large recoil caused a high pitch movement after firing, leading to
308-769: The German Panzer I light tank was influenced by the Carden Loyd Tankette, due to the German military cooperation with the Soviet Union . Romania had bought the license to locally produce the Carden Loyd at the Reșița works , but no examples are known to have been built there. Since the Belgian Armed Forces were looking to upgrade their anti-tank capability in the early 1930s, and due to
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#1732771934755336-880: The Luftwaffe for airfield security and snowplowing. Some were later sold to the puppet state of Croatia . In spring 1941, the National Police received 18 TK-3 tankettes, some with the 20mm gun, while in summer 1941 the Army received 18 TKS, 4 of them being sent to the Ustashe Militia . A smaller Polish force retreated to (then neutral) Hungary from the German and Soviet troops occupying Poland. This mixed formation had 30 tracked vehicles, of which 15-20 were TKS (contemporary sources did not officially distinguish between TK-3 and TKS). These vehicles were used for training in tank driving and machine gun handling drills. By
364-737: The Netherlands (5), and Siam. The five Dutch tankettes were involved in fighting German paratroopers during the May 1940 invasion of the Netherlands. The French unarmed Renault UE carrier was based on the Carden Loyd design. A small number were acquired by Greece prior to 1935. Thailand had about 60 in the French-Thai War . Carden Loyd Tankettes were also used by Chile, the Republic of China , Manchukuo (20 Mk. VI), Finland (Mk. IVs and Model 33s), Portugal (6) and Ethiopia (3). The design of
392-660: The VA D50 model, which was a prototype of the Bren Carrier . Carden's interest in flying also led him to build an ultralight plane based on the French " Flying Flea ", using a modified Ford engine uprated from 10 bhp to 31 bhp. In 1935, Carden started Carden Aero Engines Ltd., an aircraft engine manufacturer. A partnership with L.E. Baynes led to the founding of Carden Baynes Aircraft Ltd., which produced gliders of Baynes' design fitted with auxiliary engines. John Carden
420-539: The design, producing 74 Tančík vz. 33 tankettes in the ČKD (Praga) works; the original British construction was evaluated as unusable in modern warfare. The Soviet Union bought 20 Mark VI tankettes, which they designated K-25, as well as a licence. However, the final project was significantly modernised and the licence was dropped. Instead, the Bolshevik Factory in Leningrad started the production of
448-581: The elite Chasseurs Ardennais mountain division, the vehicles were deemed next to useless in mountainous areas and quickly passed on to the Cyclistes Frontière/Grenswielrijders , a border guard regiment. They were still in use when the Battle of Belgium started in May 1940, albeit from fixed, ambush positions on the west-bank of the river Meuse (Maas) between Vivegnis and Lixhe . They are known to have fired some rounds on
476-523: The end of 1919 sold the design to E. A. Tamplin who continued manufacture as the Tamplin car. A further design followed with a two-seat fibreboard body. Carden even sold one of these to King Alfonso XIII of Spain before selling the company to new owners in 1922 who renamed it the New Carden . Aside from tanks, Carden and Loyd also developed several light artillery tractors and carriers, including
504-475: The end of the war, they were worn out due to the lack of spare parts, so there is no trace of them after early 1944. The crew was able to travel to England with the help of the Hungarian government during 1940. Experimental models: A list of registration numbers [1] (might be incomplete): There are only two fully operational TKS tankettes and one TK-3 surviving. All of them were reconstructed from wrecks in
532-549: The first decade of 21st century, using non-original parts. The other survivors are not in working order. Background: History of the tank , Tank classification , interwar period Carden Loyd tankette The Carden Loyd tankettes were a series of British tankettes of the period between the World Wars , the most successful of which was the Mark VI, the only version built in significant numbers. It became
560-623: The latter type worldwide. Considered a reconnaissance vehicle and a mobile machine gun position, the Mark VI was the final stage of development of the Carden Loyd series of tankettes. The Carden Loyd tankette was the prototype for the Universal Carrier . Production started in 1927 and lasted until 1935. From 1933 to 1935 production was by the Royal Ordnance Factories . Some 450 were made in all. The British Army used at least 325 Mark VI tankettes (a value of 348
588-432: The mid-1920s. With the publication of the idea, other companies produced their own interpretations of the idea. One of these was Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd , a firm founded by Sir John Carden and Vivian Loyd and later purchased by Vickers-Armstrongs . Besides one-man vehicles they also proposed two-man vehicles which turned out to be a more effective and popular idea. Vickers-Armstrongs manufactured and marketed vehicles of
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#1732771934755616-577: The morning of 10 May 1940, the day of the German invasion. Due to the suspension design, riding the tankette for 10–20 minutes cross-country caused a headache, while longer journeys often resulted in motion sickness and physical exhaustion. In the Polish TK tankette, the suspension was much improved. Vivian Loyd, who visited Warsaw during the TK's development, called its suspension the best of all vehicles based on his original idea. Background: History of
644-590: The outbreak of World War II. On 6 November 1934 Estonia purchased 6 vehicles from Poland , with the contract deal worth over 180,000 krones . The deal also included one additional tracked-lorry, and a motorcycle was given free as a bonus. After the Soviet Union occupied Estonia, these vehicles were put into service with the Red Army . 575 TK/TKS tankettes formed the bulk of the Polish armoured forces before
672-536: The outbreak of war. They suffered heavy losses during the invasion of Poland , often being the only armoured fighting vehicles available. Their small size suited them for reconnaissance and infantry support, but with their light armament of a single machine gun they stood no chance in combat against German tanks, except against the Panzer I . The handful of tankettes armed with 20 mm guns were more effective against enemy tanks; in one instance on 18 September 1939
700-455: The popularity of the tankette concept, the Carden Loyd Mk VI tankette was chosen as the basis for a first attempt to developing a fully mechanized anti-tank capability. After experimenting with a rather straightforward tractor concept for the Belgian 47 mm Model 1931 anti-tank gun in 1931 , a more integrated approach was chosen, resulting in what has probably been the heaviest armed version of
728-487: The tank , Tank classification , interwar period Sir John Carden Sir John Valentine Carden, 6th Baronet MBE (6 February 1892 – 10 December 1935) was an English tank and vehicle designer. He was the sixth baronet of Templemore, County Tipperary , from 1931. Born in London , Carden ran a company from 1914 to 1916 that manufactured light passenger-cars under the brand Carden . The company's first model
756-611: Was a cyclecar , with seating only for the driver. During the First World War , Carden served in the Army Service Corps and gained the rank of captain, acquiring experience with vehicles such as tracked Holt tractors . After the war, he returned to car manufacturing but sold his original design and factory to Ward and Avey who renamed it the AV . He then designed a new cyclecar and started manufacture at Ascot but at
784-496: Was too small; and, apart from the thin armoured frontal shield, the crew was completely exposed. The added weight of the gun also overtaxed the small engine, and the wear and tear on the whole vehicle was deemed too high. Nevertheless, the experiment provided some valuable experience for the Belgian army. This culminated in the successful T-13 tank destroyer , whose production started in 1935. The six prototype tank destroyer vehicles were also used operationally. After being fielded by
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