Misplaced Pages

#678321

134-605: The first five games were developed for the Japanese NEC PC-9800 computer series, with the first, Highly Responsive to Prayers , released in August 1997; the series' signature danmaku (弾幕, lit. 'bullet curtain') mechanics were introduced in the second game, Story of Eastern Wonderland (also 1997). The release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil in August 2002 marked a shift to Microsoft Windows . Numerous sequels followed, including several spin-offs departing from

268-456: A JIS level 1 kanji (2,965 characters) font ROM, and was priced at 398,000 yen (about US$ 1,700 in 1983). It was positively received by engineers and businesses. Ozawa explained the reason why the PC-9801F used a 640 KB floppy drive, "For Japanese business softwares, 320 KB is small, 640 KB is just barely enough, and 1 MB is preferable. We want to choose a 1 MB floppy drive, but its 8-inch drive

402-548: A personal computer because they assumed microprocessors were not suitable for computing as they suffered from a lack of performance and reliability. However, the Electronic Device Sales Division developed the microprocessor evaluation kit TK-80 , which became unexpectedly popular among hobbyists. Tomio Gotō ( 後藤 富雄 ) , a developer of the TK-80, observed the rise in popularity of personal computers at

536-426: A waveform is changed by modulating its frequency with a modulator. The (instantaneous) frequency of an oscillator is altered in accordance with the amplitude of a modulating signal. FM synthesis can create both harmonic and inharmonic sounds. To synthesize harmonic sounds, the modulating signal must have a harmonic relationship to the original carrier signal. As the amount of frequency modulation increases,

670-443: A 128-voice sample-based engine with a 128-voice FM engine. This iteration of FM is called FM-X, and features 8 operators; each operator has a choice of several basic wave forms, but each wave form has several parameters to adjust its spectrum. It was then followed by the more affordable Yamaha MODX in 2018, with 64-voice, 8 operators FM-X architecture in addition to a 128-voice sample-based engine. The MODX+ released in 2022 increased

804-454: A BASIC that is compatible with the previous ones." They could not make an agreement. Hamada could not decide which plan they should develop, a small business computer or a personal computer, because the possibilities of Watanabe's plan was uncertain. While they were visiting software companies to collect and research applications for the PC-8001 and PC-8801, Hamada and Watanabe discovered that

938-714: A V30. The PC-9801DA (1990) does not have this, but its clock speed is configurable. NEC focused heavily on financing advertisements and exhibitions, from ¥1,000,000,000 in the 1970s, to over ¥25,000,000,000 in 1985. While NEC did not market these specific machines in the West, it sold the NEC APC III , which had similar hardware as early PC-98 models. However, NEC began selling an IBM clone (APC IV) outside Japan in 1986. By 1990, 2 million PC-9800/9801 units were sold in Japan. Toshiba had developed laptop computers since

1072-683: A booklet written by ZUN documenting the activities of the "Secret Sealing Club" ( 秘封倶楽部 , Hifū Kurabu ) , a self-described "club of necromancers" in Kyoto, Japan . In the loose collection of stories, club members Renko Usami and Maribel Hearn research and discuss various topics related to Gensokyo and the paranormal; Dolls in Pseudo Paradise includes an unrelated story about the fate of eight thieves spirited away to Gensokyo. In 2006 and 2007, ZUN released Akyu's Untouched Score ( 幺樂団の歴史 , Yōgakudan no Rekishi , "History of Yougakudan") ,

1206-425: A bullet (called a "deathbomb") to avoid loss of a life. The amount of time the player has available to deathbomb is usually around 0.3 seconds (8 frames). Bosses have attack phases, which are also referred to as spell cards, but with bosses the term applies to a prolonged pattern of movements and shots that last until the player depletes the boss' health by a certain amount or the time runs out. Each individual game of

1340-457: A commercial digital synthesizer, adding improvements such as the "key scaling" method to avoid the introduction of distortion that normally occurred in analog systems during frequency modulation , though it would take several years before Yamaha released their FM digital synthesizers. In the 1970s, Yamaha were granted a number of patents, under the company's former name "Nippon Gakki Seizo Kabushiki Kaisha", evolving Chowning's work. Yamaha built

1474-582: A custom chipset GRCG ( GRaphic CharGer ) to access several planar memory in parallel. The PC-9801VX introduced a blitter chip called the EGC ( Enhanced Graphic Charger ). It had raster operations and bit shifting. In 1993, NEC introduced a 2D Windows accelerator card for PC-98, called the Window Accelerator Board , which employed a S3 86C928. Video cards for C-bus, local bus and PCI are also available from other manufacturers. DirectX 7.0a

SECTION 10

#1732772572679

1608-538: A disfigured attempt to draw the main characters Reimu and Marisa with Shift JIS art . Yukkuris became so popular that the phrase "Yukkuri shite itte ne!!!" won bronze for 2008's "Net Slang of the Year" in Japan. Yukkuris also appear in Internet advertisements, the anime Natsu no Arashi! and Pani Poni , and most notably, the front page of 2channel , one of the most visited Japanese websites. Another meme popular on

1742-431: A five-volume collection of PC-98 soundtracks that includes several unused themes. The albums respectively cover Lotus Land Story , Mystic Square , Story of Eastern Wonderland , Phantasmagoria of Dim.Dream , and Highly Responsive to Prayers . Each track in the collection was enhanced with the addition of a sixth FM synthesis channel, which was originally reserved for sound effects in the games: Original soundtracks for

1876-467: A game developer and also composed music for various games created by members of Amusement Makers. He left the group in 2001 to focus on game development for Microsoft Windows , forming the one-man dōjin circle Team Shanghai Alice and self-publishing all subsequent games. According to ZUN, the Windows games represent a "clean slate" for the series canon, albeit with many carry-overs and references from

2010-711: A hard drive. If the OS was installed on the hard drive, MS-DOS would assign the hard drive as drive "A:" and the floppy as drive "B:"; this would cause incompatibility among Windows PC applications, although it can be resolved with the SETUP command in Windows 95 by turning on the "/AT" switch to assign the Windows system drive to the standard "C:" drive. The PC-98 uses several different interfaces of hard drives. Early models used Shugart Associates System Interface (SASI) or ST506 , and later models used SCSI or IDE drives. A standard PC-98 has two μPD7220 display controllers (a master and

2144-463: A major incident occurs, the spirits and fairies are affected by the incident and experience an increase in power for the duration of the incident. Though each game features a collection of different characters, the main protagonist of the series is always Reimu Hakurei , joined by Marisa Kirisame after the second game. Exceptions to this include Shoot the Bullet and Double Spoiler ( Aya Shameimaru

2278-586: A mid-range Windows PC, the PC-9821 which contained an Intel 386SX processor, a CD-ROM drive, 16-bit PCM audio playback, MS-DOS 5.0A, and Windows 3.0A. In January 1993, PC-98 desktops were expanded into three lines: a high-performance Windows-based line named "98MATE", a low-priced MS-DOS line named "98FELLOW", and an all-in-one desktop line named "98MULTi". PC-98s were still popular among Japanese users because they had many applications. NEC managed to adopt industrial standards and reduce costs. From 1993 to 1995,

2412-589: A noise source rather than an oscillator as its sound source. By adding in tuneable noise sources the FS1R could model the sounds produced in the human voice and in a wind instrument, along with making percussion instrument sounds. The FS1R also contained an additional wave form called the Formant wave form. Formants can be used to model resonating body instrument sounds like the cello, violin, acoustic guitar, bassoon, English horn, or human voice. Formants can even be found in

2546-555: A number of MS-DOS applications, but there is no difference between PC-98 and PC/AT clones for using Windows 95. The status of the PC-98 series is not based on its hardware feature or the number of softwares and peripherals, but its strength in promotion, parts procurement and faith in the NEC brand." In 1997, NEC introduced the PC98-NX series as a main personal computer line that conformed to

2680-478: A particular source of interest, and many arrangement CDs are sold at Comiket and other Japanese conventions. Among the most popular derivatives are the series of Flash music videos created by the dōjin music circle IOSYS , which are often shared on otaku internet forums and Nico Nico Douga . One such song, Marisa Stole the Precious Thing , was parodied in derivative anime music videos . Marisa Stole

2814-511: A plot of land in Japan that is separated by a barrier, it is Japan that is immediately outside of this barrier. As a result of the seal, Gensokyo became inaccessible from the outside world, and similarly, those in Gensokyo were unable to leave. Gensokyo's existence could not be confirmed from the outside world, nor could the outside world be confirmed within Gensokyo. As a result, the isolated community developed its own civilization, separate from

SECTION 20

#1732772572679

2948-674: A promotional video for the store combining Touhou with Animate's mascot, Meito Anizawa. The Touhou Project was nominated for the 11th annual Media Arts Awards held by Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs , under the Entertainment category, where Touhou Project eventually lost to Nintendo 's Wii Sports for the Grand Prize award. The series was inducted into the Guinness World Records in October 2010 as

3082-569: A proposal from New Nippon Electric. In April 1981, NEC decided to expand their personal computer lines into three groups: New Nippon Electric, the Information Processing Group, and the Electronic Devices Group, with each specializing in a particular series. New Nippon Electric made 8-bit home computers ( PC-6000 series ), while the Information Processing Group made 16-bit business personal computers and

3216-578: A similar (but slightly differently derived) sound quality to the DX series. With the expiration of the Stanford University FM patent in 1995, digital FM synthesis can now be implemented freely by other manufacturers. The FM synthesis patent brought Stanford $ 20 million before it expired, making it (in 1994) "the second most lucrative licensing agreement in Stanford's history". FM today

3350-466: A slave ) with 12 KB and 256 KB of video RAMs respectively. The master display controller provides video timings and the memory address for the character generator , and the character generator generates a video signal from two bytes of the character code and a single byte of the attribute. The font ROM contains over 7,000 glyphs including the single-byte character set JIS X 0201 and the double-byte character set JIS X 0208 , although early models provided

3484-444: A smaller capacity 320 KB 5¼-inch floppy drive. The basic system can display JIS X 0201 characters including numbers, English characters, and half-width kana , so most users added an optional kanji ROM board for using a Japanese word processor . Its successor, the PC-9801F, employs an 8086-2 CPU, which can selectively run at a speed of either 5 or 8 MHz. The F2 model contains two 640 KB 5¼-inch 2DD (quad density) floppy drives,

3618-578: A subset of MS-DOS 2.11 without a license fee between 1983 and 1987. ASCII and Microsoft allowed it to enter the market and compete with CP/M-86. NEC also let users buy a self-contained application package. It occupied half of the Japanese personal computer market at the end of 1983. As of March 1984, 700 software packages were available for PC-98. In 1987, NEC announced one million PC-98s were shipped, and about 3,000 software packages were available. Masayoshi Son recalled in 1985 that: The gap in share of

3752-487: A total of 885 circles had Touhou derivative works on display or for sale, out of a total of 35,000 circles participating at Comiket. At Comiket 77 (December 2009), 2,372 circles were dedicated to Touhou , breaking the previous record held by The Prince of Tennis at Comiket 66 (August 2004), which had 2,130 circles. At Comiket 85 (December 2013), Touhou was still in the lead, with 2,272 participating circles selling Touhou derivatives, compared to Kuroko's Basketball ,

3886-507: A wide range of users, and the PC-98 dominated the Japanese PC market with more than 60% market share by 1991. IBM clones lacked sufficient graphics capabilities to easily handle Japan's multiple writing systems, in particular kanji with its thousands of characters. In addition, Japanese computer manufacturers marketed personal computers that were based on each proprietary architecture for the domestic market. Global PC manufacturers, with

4020-535: Is Windows 2000 . The PC-98 is different from the IBM PC in many ways; for instance, it uses its own 16-bit C-bus ( Cバス ) instead of the ISA bus; BIOS, I/O port addressing, memory management and graphics output are also different. However, localized MS-DOS, Unix, OS/2, or Windows will still run on PC-9801s. All PC-98 desktop models use a 100-pin expansion slot. It has 16 data lines and 24 address lines. The bus frequency

4154-467: Is a lineup of Japanese 16-bit and 32-bit personal computers manufactured by NEC from 1982 to 2003. While based on Intel processors, it uses an in-house architecture making it incompatible with IBM clones ; some PC-98 computers used NEC's own V30 processor. The platform established NEC's dominance in the Japanese personal computer market, and, by 1999, more than 18 million units had been sold. While NEC did not market these specific machines in

Touhou Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

4288-460: Is a non-IBM compatible x86 -based computer and is thus capable of running ported (and localized) versions of MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows . However, as Windows spread, software developers no longer had to code their software separately for each specific platform. An influx of cheaper clone computers by American vendors, and later the popularity of Windows 95 reducing the demand for PC-98 legacy applications, led to NEC abandoning compatibility with

4422-507: Is another Reitaisai held in Taiwan that started in 2015. The 17th Reitaisai in 2020, which was originally going to run on March 22 before being postponed to May 17, was ultimately cancelled due to safety concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic , making it the first Reitaisai to be cancelled. PC-98 The PC-9800 series , commonly shortened to PC-98 or 98 ( キューハチ , Kyū-hachi ) ,

4556-474: Is based around these features, although in some PC-9801 models it is integrated with the motherboard. It was replaced by the PC-9801-26K to support the 80286 CPU. This became the most common sound card for playing in-game music on the PC-98. FM synthesis [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Frequency modulation synthesis (or FM synthesis ) is a form of sound synthesis whereby the frequency of

4690-464: Is divided into pages (2 pages × 4 planes × 32 KB in 640 × 400 with 16 colors), and the programmer can control which page is written to and which page is output. The slave display controller synchronizes with the master, so the text screen can be overlapped onto the graphics. The high-resolution machines (PC-98XA, XL and PC-H98) offered an 1120 × 750 display mode and aimed for tasks such as CAD and word processing. The PC-9801U (optional) and VM introduced

4824-702: Is expensive, and its 5-inch drive lacks reliability. So, we think 640 KB is the best choice. Also, it can read a 320 KB floppy disk". The Electronic Devices Group launched the PC-100 in October 1983 and attempted to present a GUI similar to the Apple Lisa . The PC-100 did not sell well due to its time and high cost. Moreover, the marketing competed with the PC-98 of the Information Processing Group, which did not assure distributors. In December 1983, Ouchi decided that NEC would consolidate their personal computer business into two divisions: NEC Home Electronics to deal with

4958-708: Is fixed at 5, 8 or 10 MHz. The PC-H98 and PC-9821A series computers use a proprietary 32-bit local bus slot along with 16-bit slots. The 16-bit expansion bus was also called C-bus (Compatible Bus). The PC-9821Xf introduced in 1994 shipped with C-bus slots and PCI slots on the motherboard, replacing the proprietary local bus slot. Many PC-9801 models can increase system memory by installing expansion boards, daughterboards, or proprietary SIMMs. They are limited to 14.6 MB, due to 24-bit address pins and reserve space. EMS memory boards for C-bus are also available. The PC-9821Af introduced in 1993 shipped with standard 72-pin SIMMs, broke

5092-450: Is joined by Marisa Kirisame after the second game. Touhou Project has become more particularly notable as a prominent source of Japanese dōjin content, with the series spawning a vast body of fan-made works such as artwork , music , print works , video games , and Internet memes . Because of this, it has gained a cult following outside of Japan. The popularity of the series and its derivative works has been attributed in part to

5226-514: Is mostly found in software-based synths such as FM8 by Native Instruments or Sytrus by Image-Line , but it has also been incorporated into the synthesis repertoire of some modern digital synthesizers, usually coexisting as an option alongside other methods of synthesis such as subtractive , sample-based synthesis , additive synthesis , and other techniques. The degree of complexity of the FM in such hardware synths may vary from simple 2-operator FM, to

5360-498: Is playable on both, and Hatate Himekaidou can become playable in Double Spoiler ), Fairy Wars (which has Cirno as the sole playable character), Impossible Spell Card and Gold Rush (where only Seija Kijin is playable), Violet Detector (where only Sumireko Usami is playable) and 100th Black Market (where only Marisa Kirisame is playable). The Touhou Project is a one-man project by Jun'ya Ōta (usually under

5494-604: Is reflected in today's share. NEC took care to maintain compatibility and inheritance. The PC-9801VM can select a clock frequency between 8 and 10 MHz and also offers an optional 8086 card because the V30 has different instruction cycles. The V30 has unique instructions which are not implemented in other Intel x86 processors. Some PC-98 applications use them, so the PC-9801VX (1986) was designed to run Intel 80286 and V30 selectively. The PC-9801RA (1988) has an Intel 80386 and

Touhou Project - Misplaced Pages Continue

5628-432: Is regarded as a typical example of database consumption . These dōjin activities are mostly responsible for adding original attributes to characters that ZUN may not have intended. ZUN, for the most part, had acknowledged, appreciated, and even encouraged these derivative works by imposing very few restrictions on the use of his works. The major restrictions are on unauthorized commercial distribution (as opposed to dōjin) and

5762-435: Is the largest of the many dōjin conventions hosting only Touhou content. Although the coordinator of this convention has nothing to do with Team Shanghai Alice officially, the name "Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai" was given by ZUN himself. It first started in 2004 as a way for Team Shanghai Alice to publicly distribute the trial version for their upcoming games, Imperishable Night and Immaterial and Missing Power . In addition,

5896-495: Is the last official supported version for PC-98. The first generation of PC-9801s (the E, F and M models) only have an internal buzzer. PC-9801U2 and later models can change the sound frequency by controlling the programmable interval timer , like the PC speaker . The PC-8801mkIISR home computer, introduced in 1985, has a Yamaha YM2203 FM synthesis , an Atari joystick port and BASIC sound commands. The optional PC-9801-26 sound card

6030-512: The Alone in the Dark series. The higher display resolution and higher storage capacity allowed better graphics, but because of the PC-98's lack of hardware sprites, most of the games made for the system were slow-paced. As a result of this limitation, adult dating sims and visual novels appeared as a revival of 1980's adventure games and gained popularity, such as Dōkyūsei and YU-NO . After

6164-883: The Castlevania games with the title being a play on the Japanese game of the series, Akumajō Dracula ), Age of Ethanols (based on the Age of Empires series), and Touhou Puppet Dance Performance (based on the Pokémon games). At Tokyo Game Show 2014, ZUN announced a collaborative project with PlayStation bringing unofficial, fan-made Touhou Project dōjin games to the PlayStation 4 (PS4) and PlayStation Vita platforms. Yuyuko Saigyouji and Reimu Hakurei also made cameo character appearances in Square Enix 's game Lord of Vermilion Re:2 . The music of Touhou has been

6298-658: The Romance of the Three Kingdoms series were particularly popular and they established PC-98 as a PC game platform. Towards the end of the 1980s, the Japanese PC game platform slowly shifted from PC-88 to PC-98, as the X68000 and the FM Towns also had a niche market. In the 1990s, many computer role-playing games were developed for the PC-98 or imported from other platforms, such as Brandish , Dungeon Master and

6432-596: The OPP sound chip. The NEC PC-88 and PC-98 computers use either the OPN and OPNA sound chips. For arcade systems and game consoles, OPM was used in many arcade boards from the 1980s and 1990s (including Sega 's System 16 and Capcom 's CP System arcade boards), while OPN was used in some arcade boards in the 1980s. OPNB was notably used in SNK 's Neo Geo arcade (MVS) and home console (AES) machines, as well as being used as

6566-557: The PC Open Architecture Developer Group (OADG) organized by IBM Japan and Microsoft. In October 1992, Compaq released a DOS/V computer priced at ¥128,000 compared to the lowest priced PC-98 at ¥248,000 , causing a price war in the Japanese PC market. In 1993, Toshiba introduced DOS/V computers, Epson founded Epson Direct Corporation to sell DOS/V computers, and Fujitsu started selling DOS/V computers branded as FMV. In November 1992, NEC introduced

6700-640: The PC System Design Guide and was Windows-based IBM PC compatible but not DOS/V compatible. The PC-9801's last successor was the Celeron -based PC-9821Ra43 (with a clock frequency of 433 MHz, using a 440FX chipset-based motherboard design from 1998), which appeared in 2000. NEC announced that the PC-98 would be discontinued in 2003. 18.3 million of PC-98s shipped by the end of shipments in March 2004. The last version of Windows to support PC-98

6834-516: The PC-8001 in 1979, and it dominated 40% of the Japanese personal computer market in 1981. The vice president of NEC, Atsuyoshi Ōuchi ( 大内 淳義 ) , stated: It is sure that we cannot deny contributions of Electronic Devices Group as a parent of the personal computer. However, if personal computers are considered computers, Information Processing Group should handle them in NEC. Also, if personal computers are considered home electronics, we cannot deny

SECTION 50

#1732772572679

6968-521: The Touhou Project revolve around the strange phenomena that occur in the fictional realm of Gensokyo ( 幻想郷 , Gensōkyō , literally Fantasy Village or Fantasy Land) , which ZUN designed as a human village in some remote mountain recesses in Japan. Originally, it was simply called "a remote separated land of a human village in an eastern country." Long before Touhou Project' s story begins, many non-humans like yōkai lived with some humans in

7102-461: The Yamaha SMAF format. Don Buchla implemented FM on his instruments in the mid-1960s, prior to Chowning's patent. His 158, 258 and 259 dual oscillator modules had a specific FM control voltage input, and the model 208 (Music Easel) had a modulation oscillator hard-wired to allow FM as well as AM of the primary oscillator. These early applications used analog oscillators, and this capability

7236-582: The spoiling of endings ; proper attribution to Team Shanghai Alice is a requirement; creators of derivative works are asked to refrain from crowdfunding their projects. ZUN stated himself that he did not want the Touhou Project game series to be officially commercialized. The first publication of Touhou derivative doujinshi occurred during December 2003, following the release of Perfect Cherry Blossom ; seven circles sold Touhou derivative works at Comiket 65 in December 2003. At Comiket 74 in August 2008,

7370-401: The "boundary of phantasm and substance," which was favored by the yōkai and protected the balance. This was called the "Yōkai Expansion Project" and made Gensokyo a phantasmal world that automatically called out to the weakened yōkai of the outside world. Other things that disappear from the outside world, like extinct animals, lost tools, and architecture, appear in Gensokyo. Since Gensokyo was

7504-509: The "most prolific fan-made shooter series". In 2018, a Beijing Forestry University variant of the flower Lagerstroemia indica was named "Reimu" ( Chinese : 灵梦 ) for its similarities to Reimu Hakurei's outfit. A major internet meme based on Touhou is "Yukkuri shite itte ne!!!" ( ゆっくりしていってね!!! , often translated as "You should be taking it easy!!!") , which centers around the disembodied, deformed heads of Touhou characters, often referred to as "yukkuris". This meme originated from

7638-634: The 14.6 MB barrier, and supported memory up to 79.6 MB. Later desktop models shipped with standard SIMM or DIMM memory. The PC-98XA (1985) and its successors, called high-resolution machine or simply hi-reso machine , are capable of 768 KB base memory , but their I/O ports and memory addressing are quite different from normal PC-98s. Early PC-9801 models supported 1232 KB 8-inch floppy drives and/or 640 KB 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch floppy drives. Each used different IRQ lines and I/O ports. Later models support both interfaces. High density 5 + 1 ⁄ 4 -inch and 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -inch floppy disks use

7772-539: The 1973 NEAC System 100. Kazuya Watanabe stated that the personal computer must have Microsoft BASIC , considered compatibility of peripheral devices with previous NEC PCs, and disclosed specifications of its expansion slot. In September 1981, Hamada requested ASCII 's Kazuhiko Nishi to rewrite N88-BASIC to run on the Intel 8086 processor, and Nishi replied, saying that he wanted to talk with Bill Gates . Three months later, Nishi rejected Hamada's request because Microsoft

7906-514: The 1977 West Coast Computer Faire in San Francisco . Goto and his section manager, Kazuya Watanabe ( 渡邊 和也 ) , decided to develop a personal computer despite criticism from the Information Processing Group. The division only had a small distribution network of electronic parts stores, so they asked New Nippon Electric to sell the personal computers through their consumer distribution network. The Electronic Device Sales Division launched

8040-566: The 2004 Reitaisai featured a total of 114 participating circles. Since then, many Touhou derivative works are gathered and sold there. Commencing every year in April or May, the convention has been hosted in Ōta, Tokyo , in 2004; Naka-ku, Yokohama , in 2005; Sunshine City, Tokyo , in 2006 and 2007; and the Tokyo Big Sight from 2008 onwards. In 2010 Reitaisai SP, an additional Reitaisai to be held every autumn due to increasing popularity,

8174-510: The 8-bit home computer line, and Nippon Electric's Information Processing Group to deal with the 16-bit personal computer line. The Electronic Device Group passed off their personal computer business to NEC Home Electronics. Fujitsu released the FM-16β  [ ja ] in December 1984. It has an Intel 80186 CPU at 8 MHz and a 1.2 MB 5¼-inch 2HD (high density) floppy drive. The FM-16β failed because it bundled CP/M-86 , not MS-DOS, and

SECTION 60

#1732772572679

8308-633: The Electronic Devices Group made other personal computers such as the PC-8000 , the PC-8800 and the PC-100 series . In the Information Processing Small Systems Division, Shunzō Hamada ( 浜田 俊三 ) directed the project and Noboru Ozawa ( 小澤 昇 ) did the product planning. The development team initially planned for the new personal computer to be a small version of the business computer line which originated from

8442-402: The Information Processing Group also launched the personal computer series N5200  [ ja ] , which was branded as the "personal terminal". It used an Intel 8086 processor and a μPD7220 display controller. Its architecture was similar to that of the PC-98, but it mostly ran the proprietary operating system PTOS . NEC introduced it as an intelligent terminal or a workstation and

8576-660: The J-3100SS branded as the DynaBook , a true laptop computer which was light and battery operated. It made annual sales of 170,000 units. Four months later, NEC released the PC-9801N and branded it as the "98NOTE". The DynaBook started off well but the 98NOTE outsold it in 1990. Microsoft and other PC manufacturers developed the AX specification in 1987. It allowed IBM PC clones to handle Japanese text by using special video chips,

8710-647: The Japanese PC market. In October 1987, Epson released the PC-286L which was a PC-98 compatible laptop before NEC started development of their own laptop. In March 1988, NEC released the PC-9801LV which was a 100% PC-98 compatible laptop. It was accomplished by three custom VLSI chips. These chipsets are also used in other desktops such as the PC-9801UV11 and the PC-9801RA. In July 1989, Toshiba released

8844-464: The Japanese keyboard, and software written for it. However, the AX could not break into the Japanese PC market due to its higher cost and less compatible software. Sharp X68000 and Fujitsu FM Towns intended to offer a multimedia platform for home users. Both have rich graphics and sound capabilities in comparison to the basic configuration of PC-98. They enjoyed modest success, but not enough to threaten

8978-476: The PC-98 adopted 72-pin SIMMs , the 3.5-inch 1.44 MB floppy format , IDE storage drives, a 640×480 DOS screen mode, 2D GUI acceleration GPUs , Windows Sound System , PCI slots, and PCMCIA card slots. NEC had outsourced manufacturing of motherboards to Taiwanese companies such as ECS and GVC (acquired by Lite-On ). Aside from other Japanese domestic platforms which had disappeared, Windows 95 overturned

9112-572: The PC-98 declined, many Japanese PC game developers shifted the game platform to video game consoles , except for eroge distributed by computer stores. In the 1980s and early 1990s, NEC dominated the Japanese domestic PC market with more than 60% of the PCs sold as PC-9801 or PC-8801. In 1990, IBM Japan introduced the DOS/V operating system which enabled displaying Japanese text on standard IBM PC/AT VGA adapters. Other Japanese PC manufacturers joined

9246-549: The PC-98 era. Games numbered with decimals are spin-offs from the main series that vary in genre. Between 2002 and 2016, ten music CDs were released as part of "ZUN's Music Collection". They are numbered from Volume 1 to 9 by release date, with Unknown Flower, Mesmerizing Journey being numbered as 5.5 due to its small size. Each album contains arrangements of music from the games as well as new compositions: Each album (except Dolls in Pseudo Paradise, Unknown Flower, Mesmerizing Journey, and Rainbow-Colored Septentrion ) includes

9380-573: The PC-98 platform in 1997 and releasing the PC98-NX series of Wintel computers, based on the PC System Design Guide . NEC developed mainframes since the 1950s. By 1976, the company had the 4th highest mainframe sales (10.4%) in Japan after IBM (29.6%), Fujitsu (20.1%) and Hitachi (15.8%). NEC did not have a presence in the consumer market, and its subsidiary, New Nippon Electric (later NEC Home Electronics), had limited success with consumer products. NEC's Information Processing Group, which developed mainframes and minicomputers , had not developed

9514-553: The PC-9801M2 that has two 5¼-inch 2HD floppy drives against the release of FM-16β. This model cannot read 2DD floppy disks. The PC-9801VM uses an NEC V30 CPU clocked at 10 MHz, and was released in July 1985. The VM2 model shipped with two 5¼-inch 2HD floppy drives and supports both 2DD and 2HD floppy disks. It became the best-selling computer in Japan, with annual sales of 210,000 units. NEC permitted software companies to bundle

9648-522: The Precious Thing , alongside Cirno's Perfect Math Class , Night of Nights , and Bad Apple were included in the dōjin game Touhou Spell Bubble. Toby Fox , the creator of Undertale , cited Touhou as one of his musical influences. Several fanmade anime have been made for Touhou . Albeit created by amateur studios, the projects have sometimes included appearance by professional voice actors, such as Rie Tanaka . Dōjin anime of note include Fantasy Kaleidoscope ~ The Memories of Phantasm ( 幻想万華鏡 ) by

9782-479: The West, it sold the NEC APC series , which had similar hardware to early PC-98 models. The PC-98 was initially released as a business-oriented personal computer which had backward compatibility with the successful PC-8800 series . The range of the series was expanded, and in the 1990s it was used in a variety of industry fields including education and hobbies. NEC succeeded in attracting third-party suppliers and

9916-429: The area. After a few humans disappeared into Gensokyo, many humans became afraid of approaching this area, while others settled there to exterminate yōkai . However, as time went on, humans developed civilization and multiplied in number, and thus yōkai worried about how the balance between humans and yōkai would be affected. 500 years before Embodiment of Scarlet Devil (EoSD), the yōkai sage Yukari Yakumo developed

10050-541: The autumn of 1983, while their desktops were a failure in the Japanese PC market. In October 1986, they introduced the J-3100  [ ja ] which allowed the T3100 to handle Japanese text. NEC did not expect it to become the first successful laptop computer. In Japan, a typical office layout is an open office that is made up of rows of tight desks, so laptop computers received a good reception from corporate customers. In

10184-415: The basic of these variations, we analyze the spectrum of 2 operators (linear FM synthesis using two sinusoidal operators) on the following. The spectrum generated by FM synthesis with one modulator is expressed as follows: For modulation signal m ( t ) = B sin ⁡ ( ω m t ) {\displaystyle m(t)=B\,\sin(\omega _{m}t)\,} ,

10318-893: The carrier signal is: If we were to ignore the constant phase terms on the carrier ϕ c = B / ω m {\displaystyle \phi _{c}=B/\omega _{m}\,} and the modulator ϕ m = − π / 2 {\displaystyle \phi _{m}=-\pi /2\,} , finally we would get the following expression, as seen on Chowning 1973 and Roads 1996 , p.  232 : where ω c , ω m {\displaystyle \omega _{c}\,,\,\omega _{m}\,} are angular frequencies ( ω = 2 π f {\displaystyle \,\omega =2\pi f\,} ) of carrier and modulator, β = B / ω m {\displaystyle \beta =B/\omega _{m}\,}

10452-542: The circle Manpuku Jinja in 2011, A Summer Day's Dream ( 夢想夏郷 ) by the dōjin circle Maikaze, and Hifuu Club Activity Record ~ The Sealed Esoteric History ( 秘封活动记录 ) by the Chinese dōjin circle Kyoto Fantasy Troupe. A derivative anime from a commercial anime studio came in the form of Anime Tenchou x Touhou Project ( アニメ店長 x 東方Project ) by Ufotable to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Japanese goods chain Animate as

10586-589: The claim that its BIOS infringed their copyright. Epson canceled their PC-286 model 1-4 and released the PC-286 model 0 whose BIOS was made by another team under a clean room design ; it did not have a built-in BASIC interpreter . NEC countered that the PC-286 model 0 lacked compatibility with the PC-98. Although it seemed NEC would not be able to win the lawsuit, Epson settled with NEC in November 1987 after considering

10720-546: The consumer market wanted a 16-bit machine compatible with both PCs. Hamada decided to adopt two plans for different markets. In April 1982, the small business personal computer became the NEC System 20 model 15, which used a proprietary 16-bit microprocessor. The machine was introduced as a new model of traditional business computers, so it was not notable. In February 1982, the software development team started reverse engineering N88-BASIC and designing N88-BASIC(86). After

10854-460: The damage that would be done to their reputation. The PC-286 model 0 employs an Intel 80286 processor operating at 10 MHz - 25% faster than NEC's PC-9801VX using the same CPU at 8 MHz. In June 1987, NEC released a 10 MHz version of the PC-9801VX (VX01, VX21 and VX41 models). They added a BIOS signature check to their operating systems to prevent non-NEC machines from booting the OSes; it

10988-550: The dominance of the PC-98. The difference in the architecture was not only ineffective for platform-independent environments but also increasing development resources to adopt them. During the development of Windows 95, NEC sent an average of 20 engineers to Microsoft's office in Seattle . Even though the PC-98 uses some IBM clone components, Windows requires the special driver or HAL to support its IRQ, I/O and C-Bus. The Nikkei Personal Computing magazine wrote, "The PC-98 features

11122-611: The domination of the PC-98. The Nikkei Personal Computing magazine stated in January 1992 that "users choose a PC with considering compatibility and expandability. The PC-9800 compatibles is the most popular, and the IBM PC/AT compatibles also gains their strong support. PC users are stubborn and conservative. We conclude these opinions are related to the slump in other PC sales including Fujitsu FMR, Sharp X68000, AX machines, Canon Navi and rapidly declining 8-bit machines like MSX." In

11256-402: The double-byte character set as an option. Each character has a variety of display options, including bits for secret, blinking, reverse, underline, and three intensity bits ( grayscale or RGB ). The other display controller is set to slave mode and connected to 256 KB of planar video memory, allowing it to display 640 × 400 pixel graphics with 16 colors out of a palette of 4096. This video RAM

11390-622: The early 1980s, home users chose 8-bit machines rather than 16-bit machines because 16-bit systems were expensive and designed exclusively for business. By the mid-1980s, the Japanese home computer market was dominated by the NEC PC-88 , the Fujitsu FM-7 , and the Sharp X1 . In this era, simulation games was the most popular genre for PC-98, which took advantage of higher clock speed and larger memory reserves. The Daisenryaku series and

11524-408: The exception of Apple , had failed to overcome the language barrier , and the Japanese PC market was isolated from the global market. By 1990, average CPUs and graphics capabilities were sufficiently improved. The DOS/V operating system enabled IBM clones to display Japanese text by using a software font only, giving a chance for global PC manufacturers to enter the Japanese PC market. The PC-98

11658-443: The few restrictions placed by ZUN on the use of his content. Unofficial works are frequently sold at fan conventions , including Comiket , where the franchise has frequently held the record for circle participation, and the official convention Reitaisai, where trial versions of the official games are typically distributed prior to release. Jun'ya "ZUN" Ōta , who was then a mathematics student at Tokyo Denki University working under

11792-485: The first prototype FM digital synthesizer in 1974. Yamaha eventually commercialized FM synthesis technology with the Yamaha GS-1, the first FM digital synthesizer, released in 1980. FM synthesis was the basis of some of the early generations of digital synthesizers , most notably those from Yamaha, as well as New England Digital Corporation under license from Yamaha. Yamaha's DX7 synthesizer, released in 1983,

11926-623: The forefront of synthesis in the mid-1980s. FM synthesis also became the usual setting for games and software up until the mid-nineties. Sound cards for IBM PC compatible systems like the AdLib and Sound Blaster popularized Yamaha chips like the OPL2 and OPL3 . Other computers such as the Sharp X68000 and MSX ( Yamaha CX5M computer unit ) use the OPM sound chip, with later CX5M units using

12060-476: The games, the player's bullet power increases on a linear scale as the player collects power-ups dropped by enemies, and eventually maxes out. The player can also collect "point" icons to earn extra lives; the amount needed grows exponentially as the player's score rises. The player can enter "focus mode" by holding the shift key by default, which slows down the player's movement, makes their hitbox visible (from Perfect Cherry Blossom onwards), and generally focuses

12194-612: The harmonic spectrum of several brass instruments. In 2016, Korg released the Korg Volca FM, a, 3-voice, 6 operators FM iteration of the Korg Volca series of compact, affordable desktop modules. Korg has also released the opsix (2020) and opsix SE (2023), integrating 6 operators FM synthesis with subtractive, analogue modeling, additive, semi-modular and Waveshaping. Yamaha released the Montage in 2016, which combines

12328-516: The highly flexible 6-operator engines of the Korg Kronos and Alesis Fusion , to creation of FM in extensively modular engines such as those in the latest synthesisers by Kurzweil Music Systems . The Yamaha SY99 and FS1R synthesizers marketed their highly powerful FM abilities as counterparts to sample-based synthesis and formant synthesis respectively. New hardware synths specifically marketed for their FM capabilities disappeared from

12462-482: The internet is "Fumofumo" ( ふもふも ) , referring to a line of plush dolls of characters from Touhou , which are designed by the Japanese illustrator Neji and manufactured by the Japanese merchandise company Gift. The plush series features emotionless face, scornful eyes and is about two heads tall. After becoming popular, the dolls always cause panic buying . The Hakurei Shrine Reitaisai ( 博麗神社例大祭 , Hakurei Jinja Reitaisai , Hakurei Shrine's Regular Grand Festival)

12596-607: The main basic sound generator in Taito 's arcade boards (with a variant of the OPNB being used in the Taito Z System ). The related OPN2 was used in Sega's Mega Drive (Genesis) , Fujitsu 's FM Towns Marty , and some of Sega's arcade boards (e.g. Sega System C-2 and Sega System 32) as one of its sound generator chips. Throughout the 2000s, FM synthesis was also used on a wide range of phones to play ringtones and other sounds, typically in

12730-470: The main series from Perfect Cherry Blossom to Wily Beast and Weakest Creature has additional items that affect some aspect of gameplay, such as scoring or gaining extra lives/bombs. For example, Perfect Cherry Blossom has "cherry points", which are used mostly in scoring, but can grant temporary invulnerability (known as the "supernatural border"); Imperishable Night has "time points", which are essential for advancing to later stages, and also determine if

12864-587: The market after the release of FS1R in 1999, however, well-developed FM synthesis options are a feature of Nord Lead synths manufactured by Clavia, the Alesis Fusion range, the Korg Oasys and Kronos and the Modor NF-1. Various other synthesizers offer limited FM abilities to supplement their main engines. The FS1R had 16 operators, 8 standard FM operators and 8 additional operators that used

12998-498: The music and story, and Twilight Frontier created the art and gameplay. ZUN's first interest in developing video games came during his high school years. While most shoot 'em up games utilise a military or science fiction theme, ZUN wanted a game with a miko main character, and a Shinto aesthetic. ZUN was part of his school's orchestra club, and originally wanted to create music for video games. He went to college, hoping to compose music for fighting games, since they were popular at

13132-440: The name "ZUN Soft", developed the first five Touhou games for PC-98 personal computers, utilizing the platform's 16-bit color graphics and 6-channel FM synthesis audio. The games were published by Amusement Makers, a student game development club that Ōta was a member of. After the release of Mystic Square , ZUN graduated from university and the series became inactive for four years. During this time, he worked at Taito as

13266-489: The new possibilities of digital sound as described by Max Mathews . His algorithm was licensed to Japanese company Yamaha in 1973. The implementation commercialized by Yamaha (US Patent 4018121 Apr 1977 or U.S. Patent 4,018,121 ) is actually based on phase modulation , but the results end up being equivalent mathematically as both are essentially a special case of quadrature amplitude modulation . Yamaha's engineers began adapting Chowning's algorithm for use in

13400-620: The number of voices of the FM-X engine to 128, the same as with the Montage. The Montage was succeeded by the Montage M in 2023, which uses the same 128-voice, 8 operators FM-X engine alongside a 128-voice sample-based engine and a newly-introduced 16-voice 3 oscillator analog-based engine known as AN-X. Elektron launched the Digitone in 2018, which is an 8-voice, 4 operators FM synth featuring Elektron's renowned sequence engine. FM-X synthesis

13534-586: The outside world where unscientific phenomena were dismissed as "superstition" around the time of the Meiji era . The only known gateway from the outside world into Gensokyo is the Hakurei Shrine on the border of Gensokyo. The spell card rules were also established to keep up the relationship between humans and yōkai in a mock style, which was necessary for the preservation of the balance of Gensokyo. The "Great Hakurei Barrier," managed by past Hakurei miko ,

13668-736: The outside world. Although separated by a barrier, it is a bordering world to its outside, as opposed to being in a parallel universe . There are no seas in Gensokyo, since it is landlocked. In Gensokyo, there are few humans, and various kinds of yōkai . Some species include magicians, beasts, therianthropes, vampires, bōrei , tengu , mermaids, kappa , and yōkai (a kind of miscellaneous group). There are others species that could be yōkai depending on definition, like fairies, spirits, yūrei , onryō , poltergeists, hermits, oni , and gods which are all portrayed in human female form. In present Gensokyo, presented in all Touhou Project games since EoSD, magical and spiritual qualities prevail compared to

13802-420: The personal computer market is growing. Even though the start was not limited to NEC only, why did this gap cause? It can be said that NEC has taken a positive attitude towards disclosing hardware and operating systems since the early period, and free for third parties to develop software and peripherals. While the competitors adopted the same Microsoft's BASIC, they didn't disclose them. This difference in attitude

13936-730: The player gets to challenge a boss's 'final spell' on normal or higher difficulties; Mountain of Faith has "faith" points, which boost the score the player receives upon gathering point items and bonuses for clearing spell cards without dying or using a spell card. Each main Touhou game has four difficulty levels ("easy", "normal", "hard", and "lunatic") with each one being harder than the previous. Regardless of difficulty choice, there are six stages in each game that become progressively harder. The only exceptions to this are Story of Eastern Wonderland , which has only five stages, and Lotus Land Story and Embodiment of Scarlet Devil , both of which lock

14070-414: The player has a limited number at any given time, losing a life replenishes the current number of bombs up to a certain amount. With some exceptions, use of a bomb will make the user temporarily invulnerable, clear many of the bullets, and cause heavy damage to any enemies on screen. The overall effect the bomb has varies by character and by game. The player can use one during a short period after being hit by

14204-410: The player out of the sixth stage on easy difficulty. In addition to the four main difficulties, there is an extra stage, unlocked after completing the game without using any continues . The extra stage is more difficult than "normal" and less difficult than "hard", and contains an especially long boss fight (usually with ten spell cards). Bosses in extra stages are usually immune to bombs. Some games in

14338-402: The player's attack to make it more powerful. The graze counter (missing from Mountain of Faith , Story of Eastern Wonderland , and Unconnected Marketeers ) tracks how many bullets entered the character sprite but avoided the hitbox, rewarding the player with a score bonus for taking risks. The player can use a "bomb" or "spell card", similar to the "bomb" in many other shooting games. Although

14472-588: The popularity of shooting games had revived due to RayForce and ZUN had long been a fan of such games. ZUN remarked how the general theme and direction of Touhou only started coming together in the sixth game, Embodiment of Scarlet Devil . ZUN develops his games with Visual Studio , Adobe Photoshop , and Cubase , according to his interview in Bohemian Archive in Japanese Red . Many derivative works based on Touhou have been created since

14606-551: The pseudonym ZUN), who does all the graphics, music, and programming alone for the bullet hell games, with the exceptions of the portrait art in Fairy Wars, which was done by Makoto Hirasaka. The fighting games, Immaterial and Missing Power , Scarlet Weather Rhapsody , Touhou Hisōtensoku , Hopeless Masquerade , Urban Legend in Limbo , and Antinomy of Common Flowers , were dual efforts with Twilight Frontier , in which ZUN wrote

14740-432: The release of Embodiment of Scarlet Devil , including dōjinshi , dōjin music (many of the songs had been made remixing the original games' music), dōjin anime, and dōjin games (even though the Touhou games themselves are dōjin games). The vast scope of Touhou Project derivatives prompted commentary, noting that Touhou Project became an unmissable aspect of Japanese consumer generated media . Nowadays, Touhou Project

14874-490: The same amount of Microsoft's product as it corresponded to the license fee, and N88-BASIC(86) must show copyright notification for both Microsoft and NEC. Hamada approved it. The team considered third-party developers to be very important for the market's expansion. They provided 50–100 prototypes and technical information for independent companies without a fee. In 1981, the Terminal Units Division of

15008-492: The same as the DX7 wave forms. The All1 and All2 wave forms are a saw-tooth wave form. The Odd1 and Odd2 wave forms are pulse or square waves. These two types of wave forms can be used to model the basic harmonic peaks in the bottom of the harmonic spectrum of most instruments. The Res1 and Res2 wave forms move the spectral peak to a specific harmonic and can be used to model either triangular or rounded groups of harmonics further up in

15142-400: The same logical format and data rate as 1232 KB 8-inch floppy disks. They became a non-standard format while formats brought by IBM PC/AT and PS/2 became the industry standard. The PC-98 supports up to four floppy drives. If the system is booted from a floppy drive, MS-DOS assigns letters to all of the floppy drives before considering hard drives ; it does the opposite if it is booted from

15276-520: The same month, NEC introduced the PC-98LT laptop computer. This model had poor compatibility with the PC-9801 and could not gain a significant profit. NEC understood, despite difficulties, that the PC-98 needed a new custom chipset to make the motherboard smaller. In March 1987, Epson announced the first PC-98 clone desktop computer and named it the PC-286 series. NEC investigated and sued Epson on

15410-616: The second most popular franchise at that year's Comiket, which had 1,462 circles. Throughout the mid-2010s, Touhou 's popularity at Comiket began to diminish. From 2015 to 2017, Kantai Collection was consistently the most popular series at Comiket. By 2019, Touhou was the fourth most popular series at Comiket, with less than half the circles at Comiket than the Fate series. The dōjin games based on Touhou include adaptations of other game series' mechanics with Touhou characters, such as Kōmajō Densetsu: Scarlet Symphony (a parody of

15544-403: The series require a one-credit clear on Normal or above to unlock the extra stage, while on others, it can be done on any difficulty. In Perfect Cherry Blossom , there is a phantasm extra stage where the difficulty is increased even further. The phantasm stage is accessed by beating the extra stage and capturing at least 60 spells with any of the characters and weapon types combined. The plots of

15678-506: The six official fighting games have also been released. The albums primarily consist of arrangements by U2 Akiyama ( あきやま うに , Akiyama Uni ) of Twilight Frontier, with several arrangements and/or new compositions by ZUN: ZUN's Music Collection , Akyu's Untouched Score , and the fighting game soundtracks have been released for digital download on Google Play and the iTunes Store (Japan, US). Several music CDs have accompanied copies of official print works; these are listed below. In

15812-464: The sound grows progressively complex. Through the use of modulators with frequencies that are non-integer multiples of the carrier signal (i.e. inharmonic), inharmonic bell-like and percussive spectra can be created. FM synthesis using analog oscillators may result in pitch instability. However, FM synthesis can also be implemented digitally, which is more stable and became standard practice. Digital FM synthesis (equivalent to phase modulation using

15946-484: The spectrum of an instrument. Combining an All1 or Odd1 wave form with multiple Res1 (or Res2) wave forms (and adjusting their amplitudes) can model the harmonic spectrum of an instrument or sound. Combining sets of 8 FM operators with multi-spectral wave forms was first introduced in the FS1R, released in 1999 by Yamaha. It was able to achieve similar results to that of FM-X using 8 noise operators. There are multiple variations of FM synthesis, including: etc . As

16080-402: The team finished in March 1982, they started development on the PC-9801 (named N-10 Project ). A PC-9801 prototype was completed at the end of July 1982. The code of N88-BASIC (86) was written completely from scratch, but Nishi pointed out that the bytecode matched Microsoft's. It was unclear if the copyright law could apply to the bytecode. Nishi suggested to Hamada that NEC must have purchased

16214-408: The time due to Street Fighter II . As he did not know anybody else who was making games that he could put his music in, he made his own games for this purpose, which led to the first Touhou game, Highly Responsive to Prayers , being released in 1996. The first game was originally intended as a practice in programming. Touhou only became a shooting game series from the second game onwards, because

16348-528: The time integration of instantaneous frequency ) was the basis of several musical instruments beginning as early as 1974. Yamaha built the first prototype digital synthesizer in 1974, based on FM synthesis, before commercially releasing the Yamaha GS-1 in 1980. The Synclavier I , manufactured by New England Digital Corporation beginning in 1978, included a digital FM synthesizer, using an FM synthesis algorithm licensed from Yamaha. Yamaha's groundbreaking Yamaha DX7 synthesizer, released in 1983, brought FM to

16482-505: The time it occurs. Touhou mainly focuses on incidents that affects the entirety of Gensokyo in its stories, but there are also works like Mountain of Faith that are centered on lesser-scale events. Frequently, incidents are due to a yōkai 's whim or curiosity, and usually Reimu Hakurei would go to investigate it and find and chastise the perpetrator. While Reimu is usually the one to resolve incidents, there are cases where Marisa Kirisame and other characters would resolve them. When

16616-524: The traditional bullet hell format. Touhou Project is set in Gensokyo, a land sealed from the outside world and primarily inhabited by humans and yōkai , legendary creatures from Japanese folklore that are personified as bishōjo in an anthropomorphic moe style. Reimu Hakurei , the miko of the Hakurei Shrine and the main character of the series, is often tasked with resolving supernatural "incidents" caused in and around Gensokyo , she

16750-457: Was also followed by other modular synthesizers and portable synthesizers including Minimoog and ARP Odyssey . By the mid-20th century, frequency modulation (FM), a means of carrying sound, had been understood for decades and was being used to broadcast radio transmissions . FM synthesis was developed since 1967 at Stanford University , California, by John Chowning , through his exploration of digital synthesis and spatialization, inspired by

16884-406: Was busy with the development of GW-BASIC , and they did not want to produce more variants of Microsoft BASIC. Nishi told him, "Microsoft is rewriting a BASIC that has the same function with more structured internal code, and it will be sold as the definitive 16-bit version named GW-BASIC. We'll provide a BASIC sooner if you choose the Japanese adoption of GW BASIC." Hamada replied, "As I said, we want

17018-790: Was commonly called an "EPSON check". In September 1987, Epson introduced the PC-286V and the PC-286U and also released the BASIC Support ROM to add a BASIC interpreter to their computers. Epson also bundled the Software Installation Program which was a patch kit to remove the EPSON check. Both machines were received well due to their reasonable prices and better compatibility. In 1988, Epson made annual sales of 200,000 units and successfully established PC-98 clones in

17152-399: Was constructed several decades before EoSD, which is described as a "barrier of common sense," and is thus a strong logical barrier that not even yōkai can pass through. The yōkai opposed its construction at first before understanding its usefulness. In Gensokyo, events called "incidents" occur once in a while. An incident is an event that affects all of Gensokyo and is of unknown cause at

17286-514: Was distinguished within personal computer lines. For this market, Fujitsu released the FACOM 9450  [ ja ] in 1981, and IBM Japan released the Multistation 5550 in 1983. The first model, the PC-9801, launched in October 1982, and employs an 8086 CPU . It runs at a clock speed of 5 MHz, with two μPD7220 display controllers (one for text, the other for video graphics), and

17420-648: Was first introduced with the Yamaha Montage synthesizers in 2016. FM-X uses 8 operators. Each FM-X operator has a set of multi-spectral wave forms to choose from, which means each FM-X operator can be equivalent to a stack of 3 or 4 DX7 FM operators. The list of selectable wave forms includes sine waves, the All1 and All2 wave forms, the Odd1 and Odd2 wave forms, and the Res1 and Res2 wave forms. The sine wave selection works

17554-554: Was marketed by Fujitsu's Electronic Devices department instead of the Computers department. They modified their policies in mid-1985, but it was too late. In another incident, Fujitsu bundled a business software package with the FM-11 (predecessor to FM-16β) which discouraged users from purchasing third-party software and forced them to use it for a specific purpose, which caused Fujitsu to fail to expand their platform. NEC introduced

17688-468: Was shipped with 128 KB of RAM that can be expanded to 640 KB. Its 8-color display has a maximum resolution of 640×400 pixels. When the PC-9801 launched in 1982, it was initially priced at 298,000 yen (about US$ 1,200 in 1982 dollars). It can use PC-88 peripherals such as displays and floppy disk drives, and it can run software developed for N88-BASIC with a few modifications. For new buyers, it required either an expensive 1232 KB 8-inch floppy drive or

17822-427: Was started, but it was cancelled after 2011, and later brought back and rebranded as Autumn Reitaisai from 2014 onwards. The 2011 Reitaisai was originally cancelled due to safety concerns after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , and the release of Ten Desires was also postponed. It was later rescheduled and held on May 8, 2011, with approximately 4,940 participating circles. In addition to events in Japan, there

17956-425: Was ubiquitous throughout the 1980s. Several other models by Yamaha provided variations and evolutions of FM synthesis during that decade. Yamaha had patented its hardware implementation of FM in the 1970s, allowing it to nearly monopolize the market for FM technology until the mid-1990s. Casio developed a related form of synthesis called phase distortion synthesis , used in its CZ range of synthesizers . It had

#678321