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63-496: Towne East Square has 122 stores and restaurants in 1,145,360 square feet (106,407.4 m) of gross leasable area . The anchor stores are Dillard's , Round One Entertainment , JCPenney , Von Maur , and Scheels . In summer 2019, a Round One Entertainment complex started construction in the former J.M. McDonald / Service Merchandise / Stein Mart / Steve & Barry's /Mattress Hub Superstore/ Wright Career College /Glow Golf space. It

126-421: A building or part of it. The ways of defining "floor area" depend on what factors of the building should or should not be included, such as external walls, internal walls, corridors, lift shafts, stairs, etc. Generally there are three major differences in measuring floor area. Gross floor area (GFA) in real estate is the total floor area inside the building envelope, including the external walls, and excluding

189-451: A building, except otherwise exempted, and uncovered areas for commercial uses are deemed the gross floor area of the building for purposes of plot ratio control and development charge. The gross floor area is the total area of the covered floor space measured between the centre line of party walls, including the thickness of external walls but excluding voids. Accessibility and usability are not criteria for exclusion from GFA. 3.2 URA reserves

252-511: A case study of six outbreaks of MPI in Singapore factories between 1973 and 1978. They were characterized by (1) hysterical seizures of screaming and general violence, wherein tranquilizers were ineffective (2) trance states, where a worker would claim to be speaking under the influence of a spirit or jinn and (3) frightened spells: some workers complained of unprecedented fear, or of being cold, numb, or dizzy. Outbreaks would subside in about

315-418: A cause. Ultimately it was decided that the events were caused by “stress due to upcoming exams” and the incident was determined to be an incident of “hysteria”. Due to the determination of collective stress as the cause, medical sociologist Robert Bartholomew favors the neutral term mass psychogenic illness over mass hysteria, as people respond more favorably to a diagnosis of stress induced symptoms than to

378-580: A commercial property. Specifically, gross leasable area is the total floor area designed for tenant occupancy and exclusive use, including any basements , mezzanines , or upper floors. It is typically expressed in square metres (although in some places such as the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, the square foot is used). It is measured from the center line of joint partitions and from outside wall faces. That is, gross leasable area

441-789: A diagnosis for this condition but the text describing conversion disorder states that "In 'epidemic hysteria', shared symptoms develop in a circumscribed group of people following 'exposure' to a common precipitant." Timothy F. Jones of the Tennessee Department of Health compiles the following symptoms based on their commonality in outbreaks occurring in 1980–1990: Adolescents and children are frequently affected in cases of MPI. The hypothesis that those prone to extraversion or neuroticism , or those with low IQ scores, are more likely to be affected in an outbreak of hysterical epidemic has not been consistently supported by research. Bartholomew and Wessely state that it "seems clear that there

504-476: A diagnosis of mass hysteria. Bartholomew notes such outbreaks are not unusual in schools in the developing world. This is particularly true in schools in which discipline is tight and accompanied with cultural strain between administrators and students. An outbreak can be preceded by months of such tension, which then results in physical symptoms such as seen in Musoli. Far from faking it, “Under such prolonged stress,

567-543: A group of people getting sick, you investigate, you measure everything you can measure ... and when you still can't find any physical reason, you say "well, there's nothing else here, so let's call it a case of MPI." Due to the role of the visual and auditory systems in MPI, a link between MPI and mirror neurons has been suggested. In this context, MPI appears as the neurological opposite of autism , caused by an overactive, not underactive, mirror neuron system. This could explain

630-472: A popular student who happened to be sick with a virus. In June 1990, thousands were affected by the spread of a supposed illness in a province of Kosovo in March to June 1990, exclusively affecting ethnic Albanians , most of whom were young adolescents. Symptoms included headaches, dizziness, impeded respiration, muscle weakness, burning sensations, cramps, retrosternal/chest pain, dry mouth and nausea. After

693-547: A shooting happened inside the Towne East Square close to the ROUND1 establishment. There was one death of a 14-year old kid. Police captured two suspects, one aged 16 and the other 17. This all stemmed from an argument between the teenagers when eventually one of them pulled out a firearm and fired it five to six times. On August 31, 2024, a little before 6:00 PM, a fight between some teenagers caused mass hysteria of

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756-417: A supposed shooting. There was no evidence of a shooting except for a witness saying they heard gunshots. 37°41′00″N 97°15′01″W  /  37.6832°N 97.2502°W  / 37.6832; -97.2502 Gross leasable area In architecture , construction , and real estate , floor area , floor space , or floorspace is the area (measured in square metres or square feet ) taken up by

819-579: A variety of behaviors, usually attributed to demonic possession . They would often use crude language and exhibit suggestive behaviors. One convent's nuns would regularly meow like cats. Priests were often called in to exorcise demons. MPI outbreaks occurred in factories following the industrial revolution in England , France , Germany , Italy , Russia , the United States and Singapore . W. H. Phoon, Ministry of Labour in Singapore , gives

882-558: A week. Often a bomoh (medicine man) would be called in to do a ritual exorcism. This technique was not effective and sometimes seemed to exacerbate the MPI outbreak. Females and Malay people were affected disproportionately. Especially notable is the "June Bug" outbreak: In June 1962, a peak month in factory production, 62 workers at a dressmaking factory in a textile town in the Southern United States experienced symptoms including severe nausea and breaking out on

945-476: A years-long narrative, propped up by more than a thousand reports from government employees, that a foreign adversary used pulsed electro-magnetic energy waves to sicken Americans." Refugee children in Sweden have been reported to fall into coma-like states on learning their families will be deported. The condition, known as resignation syndrome ( Swedish : uppgivenhetssyndrom ), is believed to only exist among

1008-431: Is distinct from other types of collective or mass delusions by involving physical symptoms. Qualities of MPI outbreaks often include: British psychiatrist Simon Wessely distinguishes between two forms of MPI: While his definition is sometimes adhered to, others contest Wessely's definition and describe outbreaks with qualities of both mass motor hysteria and mass anxiety hysteria. The DSM-IV-TR does not define

1071-487: Is no coincidence that Kelantan, the most religiously conservative of all Malaysian states, is also the one most prone to outbreaks." This view is supported by Afiq Noor, an academic, who argues that the stricter implementation of Islamic law in school in states such as Kelantan is linked to the outbreaks. He suggested that the screaming outbreak was caused by the constricted environment. In Malaysian culture, burial sites and trees are common settings for supernatural tales about

1134-402: Is no particular predisposition to mass sociogenic illness and it is a behavioural reaction that anyone can show in the right circumstances." Intense media coverage seems to exacerbate outbreaks. The illness may also recur after the initial outbreak. John Waller advises that once it is determined that the illness is psychogenic, it should not be given credence by authorities. For example, in

1197-634: Is the area for which tenants pay rent, and thus the area that produces income for the property owner. For a property with only one tenant, the measurements gross floor area (GFA) and gross leasable area (GLA) are essentially equal. The Building Owners and Managers Association has established a standard with American National Standards Institute , ANSI/BOMA Z65.1-1996 for measuring floor area and calculating gross leasable area and loss factor. Mass Hysteria Mass psychogenic illness ( MPI ), also called mass sociogenic illness , mass psychogenic disorder , epidemic hysteria or mass hysteria , involves

1260-513: The 2001 anthrax attacks in October 2001, there were over 2,300 false anthrax alarms in the United States. Some reported physical symptoms of what they believed to be anthrax. In 2001, a man sprayed what was later found to be a window cleaner into a subway station in Maryland. Thirty-five people were treated for nausea, headaches and sore throats. Beginning in 2016, some staff stationed at

1323-782: The Iranian Intelligence Ministry released the findings of a comprehensive investigation which concluded that the reported illnesses were not caused by any toxic substances. Instead they were suggested to have been due to a variety of reasons, including exposure to a variety of non-toxic substances, mass hysteria, and malingering. In October 2023, over 100 students from the St. Theresa's Eregi Girls’ High School in Musoli, Kenya were hospitalized due to rapid and involuntary arm and leg movement, sometimes accompanied by headaches and vertigo. Routine medical tests revealed nothing unusual, and there were no signs of infectious disease as

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1386-467: The Singapore factory case study, calling in a medicine man to perform an exorcism seemed to perpetuate the outbreak. Besides the difficulties common to all research involving the social sciences, including a lack of opportunity for controlled experiments, mass sociogenic illness presents special difficulties to researchers in this field. Balaratnasingam and Janca report that the methods for "diagnosis of mass hysteria remain contentious." According to Jones,

1449-705: The US embassy in Cuba reported medical symptoms that initially were attributed to "sonic attacks", and later to other unknown weaponry. The symptoms were dubbed "Havana syndrome" by the media. The following year, some US government employees in China reported similar symptoms. Eventually, similar reports came from US government employees and their families around the globe, including in Washington DC. Due to lack of evidence of actual attack and other factors, some scientists suggested

1512-546: The alleged symptoms were psychogenic in nature. Seven U.S. intelligence agencies headed by the CIA spent years reviewing thousands of possible cases of Havana syndrome and preparing a report. On March 1, 2023, the House Intelligence Committee released an unclassified version of the report, titled an "Intelligence Community Assessment". Politico summarized the results by saying, "The finding undercuts

1575-501: The anxious and not just the medical and psychological casualties." Early symptoms of those affected by MPI are difficult to differentiate from those actually exposed to the dangerous agent. The first Iraqi missile hitting Israel during the Persian Gulf War was believed to contain chemical or biological weapons. Though this was not the case, 40% of those in the vicinity of the blast reported breathing problems. Right after

1638-649: The bite of the tarantula . Those with dancing mania would dance in large groups, sometimes for weeks at a time. The dancing was sometimes accompanied by stripping, howling, the making of obscene gestures, or reportedly laughing or crying to the point of death. Dancing mania was widespread over Europe. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, instances of motor hysteria were common in nunneries . The young ladies that made up these convents were sometimes forced there by family. Once accepted, they took vows of chastity and poverty . Their lives were highly regimented and often marked by strict disciplinary action. The nuns would exhibit

1701-594: The built and natural environment no. 1 and no. 2. Since such facilities granted extra floor area to develop and usually included in the GFA/ selling area the developer sold to end-user, which made end-user confused, government planned to abolish the exclusion of green features and use alternative way to encourage green features. For the total floor area, HK use the term "site coverage". GFA in Singapore, defined by Urban Redevelopment Authority as of March 2014 is: 3 Definition of gross floor area 3.1 All covered floor areas of

1764-449: The effects resulting from MPI "can be difficult to differentiate from [those of] bioterrorism , rapidly spreading infection or acute toxic exposure." These troubles result from the residual diagnosis of MPI. There is a lack of logic in an argument that proceeds: "There isn't anything, so it must be MPI." It is an example of an argument from ignorance , with ignorance here intended to mean "an absence of contrary evidence". It precludes

1827-486: The end, scientists were divided over the scale of the outbreak, whether it fully explains the many different symptoms and the scale to which sociogenic illness affected those involved. Starting around 2009, a spate of apparent poisonings at girls' schools across Afghanistan began to be reported; symptoms included dizziness, fainting and vomiting. The United Nations , World Health Organization and NATO's International Security Assistance Force carried out investigations of

1890-523: The event about one year later. Their conclusions follow. Their conclusion about the above-average extraversion and neuroticism of those affected is not necessarily typical of MPI: In 1974, mass hysteria affected schools in Berry, Alabama , and Miami Beach . In Berry, it took the form of recurring itches . In the episode in Miami Beach initially triggering fears of poison gas. It was traced back to

1953-477: The family income. Those affected were found to have high levels of job dissatisfaction. Those with strong social ties tended to have similar reactions to the supposed gas, which only one unaffected woman reported smelling. No gas was detected in tests of the data center. In 1962, the Tanganyika laughter epidemic was an outbreak of laughing attacks, rumored to have occurred in or near the village of Kanshasa on

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2016-554: The gender difference bias observed in these two conditions, with autism predominantly affecting males (persons with autism show diminished activity in the mirror neuron system), and MPI predominantly affecting young girls, who appear to have a more sensitive mirror system. The earliest studied cases linked with epidemic hysteria are the dancing manias of the Middle Ages , including St. John's dance and tarantism . These were supposed to be associated with spirit possession or

2079-646: The illness had subsided, a bipartisan Federal Commission released a document, offering the explanation of psychogenic illness. Radovanovic of the Department of Community Medicine and Behavioural Sciences Faculty of Medicine in Safat, Kuwait, reported: This document did not satisfy either of the two ethnic groups. Many Albanian doctors believed that what they had witnessed was an unusual epidemic of poisoning. The majority of their Serbian colleagues also ignored any explanation in terms of psychopathology. They suggested that

2142-529: The incident was faked with the intention of showing Serbs in a bad light but that it failed due to poor organization. Rodovanovic stated that this reported instance of mass sociogenic illness was precipitated by the demonstrated volatile and culturally tense situation in the province. Another possible case occurred in Belgium in June 1999 when people, mainly schoolchildren, became ill after drinking Coca-Cola. In

2205-685: The incidents over multiple years, but never found any evidence of toxins or poisoning in the hundreds of blood, urine and water samples they tested. The conclusion of the investigators was that the girls were experiencing a mass psychogenic illness. In 2011, a possible outbreak of mass psychogenic illness occurred at Le Roy Junior-Senior High School, in upstate New York , US, in which multiple students began having symptoms similar to Tourette syndrome . Various health professionals ruled out such factors as Gardasil , drinking water contamination, illegal drugs, carbon monoxide poisoning and various other potential environmental or infectious causes, before diagnosing

2268-541: The mall on July 16, 2012. On September 17 of the same year, Longhorn Steakhouse would open in the surrounding area. Wright Career College later went bankrupt on April 16, 2016; Glow Golf later replaced Wright Career College on April 29, 2017, after moving from Reflection Ridge Plaza at the west side of Wichita. In 2018, Sears announced they would be closing 80 stores, including this one, which would close in March 2019. Glow Golf Wichita then announced on Facebook that they would be closing. Round One Entertainment later took up

2331-693: The maximum GFA (excluding the non-accountable above) to develop. However it may be further reduced by the effect of plot ratio, maximum site coverage, maximum permitted height of building and Outline Zoning Plan. Moreover, roof and other uncovered area is exclude in Permitted GFA but usually had restricted use as opening space, corridor or emergence escaping area. Since 2001, to encourage the incorporation of green features in building developments, further facilities could be excluded/disregard in GFA. and defined at Joint Practice Notes on protection and improvement of

2394-580: The nerves and neurons that send messages to the brain become disrupted, resulting in an array of neurological symptoms such as twitching, shaking, convulsions, and trance-like states.” Bartholomew observes that school-stress borne illness such as occurred here have not been uncommon in Africa since the 1960s. Some appear to be due to Christian missionary schools largely ignoring local traditions and mythologies. Instead, such schools impart their own mythologies and culture. This may create overwhelming anxiety due to

2457-493: The notion that an organic factor could have been overlooked ( i.e. that there may have been insufficient investigation), or the possibility that the answer may currently be unknown but known at a future point in time. Nevertheless, running an extensive number of tests extends the probability of false positives. Singer, of the Uniformed Schools of Medicine, has summarized the problems with such a diagnosis: [Y]ou find

2520-410: The purposes of regulations 19, 20, 21 and 22, the gross floor area of a building shall be the area contained within the external walls of the building measured at each floor level (including any floor below the level of the ground), together with the area of each balcony in the building, which shall be calculated from the overall dimensions of the balcony (including the thickness of the sides thereof), and

2583-627: The rapid rate of contagion with the apparent reasonableness of the bug infestation theory and the credence given to it in accompanying news stories. In 1974, Stahl and Lebedun described an outbreak of mass sociogenic illness in the data center of a university town in the United States Midwest . Ten of 39 workers smelling an unconfirmed "mystery gas" were rushed to a hospital with symptoms of dizziness, fainting, nausea and vomiting. They reported that most workers were young women, either putting their husbands through school or supplementing

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2646-471: The refugee population in Sweden, where it has been prevalent since the early part of the 21st century. Commentators state "a degree of psychological contagion" is inherent to the condition, by which young friends and relatives of the affected individual can also come to have the condition. In a 130-page report on the condition, commissioned by the government and published in 2006, a team of psychologists, political scientists and sociologists hypothesized that it

2709-460: The right to decide on GFA matters based on the specific design of a development proposal on a case-by-case basis. With effect from January 2014, Private enclosed spaces (PES) and private roof terraces (PRT) are counted as part of the bonus GFA capped at 10% above the Master Plan that also includes balconies. Gross leasable area ( GLA ) is the amount of floor space available to be rented in

2772-596: The roof. Definitions of GFA, including which areas are to be counted towards it and which areas aren't, vary around the world. Adding to this confusion is the practice among some developers to use gross leasable area (GLA) and GFA interchangeably, or to use GFA as GLA, even though GLA usually excludes corridors and other public areas inside the development, while both figures include areas occupied by structure, like walls and columns. Hong Kong law Chapter 123F, Building (Planning) Regulations , Regulation 23 sect 3 sub-paragraph (a) defined that: Subject to sub-paragraph (b), for

2835-713: The same school. This is seen as a rather atypical case of recurrent mass hysteria. In July 2022, reports of up to 15 girls showing unusual symptoms such as screaming, trembling, and banging their heads came up from a government school in Bageshwar , Uttarakhand , India . Mass psychological illness has been suggested as a possible cause. In late 2022 and early 2023, thousands of students, mostly girls, in numerous schools in Iran were initially believed to have been poisoned in various and undetermined manners by unidentified perpetrators and numerous arrests were made. On 29 April 2023,

2898-718: The separation of refuse to the satisfaction of the Building Authority, or for access facilities for telecommunications and broadcasting services, or occupied solely by machinery or equipment for any lift, air-conditioning or heating system or any similar service. (L.N. 406 of 1987; 39 of 2000 s. 7) The non-accountable GFA is further defined in Practice Notes for Authorized Persons, Registered Structural Engineers and Registered Geotechnical Engineers no APP-2. Permitted GFA in Hong Kong land lease agreement generally

2961-437: The skin. Most outbreaks occurred during the first shift, where four fifths of the workers were female. Of 62 total outbreaks, 59 were women, some of whom believed they were bitten by bugs from a fabric shipment. Entomologists and others were called in to discover the pathogen, but none was found. Kerchoff coordinated the interview of affected and unaffected workers at the factory, and summarized his findings: Kerchoff linked

3024-419: The space on July 18, 2020, causing four other businesses at the mall to move elsewhere in order to accommodate the tenant expansion. Meanwhile, on December 28, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 80 stores nationwide. The store closed in March 2019. Scheels was confirmed on July 14, 2021, to replace Sears. The store opened on July 1, 2023. On December 14, 2021, it

3087-738: The spirits of dead infants ( toyol ), vampiric ghosts ( pontianak ) and vengeful female spirits ( penanggalan ). Authorities responded to the Kelantan outbreak by cutting down trees around the school. Outbreaks of mass psychogenic illness "have been reported in Catholic convents and monasteries across Mexico, Italy and France, in schools in Kosovo and even among cheerleaders in a rural North Carolina town". Episodes of mass hysteria have been frequent in Nepalese schools, at times even leading to

3150-430: The spread of illness symptoms through a population where there is no infectious agent responsible for contagion. It is the rapid spread of illness signs and symptoms affecting members of a cohesive group, originating from a nervous system disturbance involving excitation, loss, or alteration of function, whereby physical complaints that are exhibited unconsciously have no corresponding organic causes that are known. MPI

3213-574: The students being taught one thing at home, such as ancestor worship, which is then forbidden at a Christian mythology based school. Other such outbreaks have similar tradition-based causes, such as a 1995 outbreak of “bouts of screaming, crying, foaming at the mouth, and partial paralysis” in over 600 girls at an African Muslim school in Northern Nigeria. This outbreak was surmised to be due to expectations of traditional arranged marriage, colliding with modernity's emphasis on romantic love that

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3276-494: The students had observed in movies. The difference between these two cases of mass psychogenic illness reinforces that each outbreak needs to be evaluated in the specific circumstances in which it occurred, as such instances are “never spontaneous reactions to stress per se; they are always couched in some unique context.” In 2002, Bartholomew and Wessely stated that the "concern that after a chemical, biological or nuclear attack, public health facilities may be rapidly overwhelmed by

3339-618: The students with a conversion disorder and mass psychogenic illness. In August 2019 the BBC reported that schoolgirls at the Ketereh national secondary school (SMK Ketereh) in Kelantan , Malaysia, started screaming, with some claiming to have seen 'a face of pure evil'. Simon Wessely of King's College Hospital , London, suggested it was a form of 'collective behaviour'. Robert Bartholomew , an American medical sociologist and author, said, "It

3402-496: The temporary closure of those schools involved. In 2018, a unique phenomenon of "recurrent epidemic of mass hysteria" was reported from a school of Pyuthan district of western Nepal. After a nine-year-old school girl developed crying and shouting episodes. Other children of the same school became affected in rapid succession, resulting in 47 affected students, 37 females, 10 males, in the same day. Since 2016, similar episodes of mass psychogenic illness have been occurring every year at

3465-584: The thickness of the external walls of the building. sub-paragraph (b): In determining the gross floor area for the purposes of regulations 20, 21 and 22, the Building Authority may disregard any floor space that he is satisfied is constructed or intended to be used solely for parking motor vehicles, loading or unloading of motor vehicles, or for refuse storage chambers, refuse storage and material recovery chambers, material recovery chambers, refuse storage and material recovery rooms, refuse chutes, refuse hopper rooms and other types of facilities provided to facilitate

3528-547: The truth. After the rise of a popular breakthrough YouTube channel in 2019, where the presenter exhibits extensive Tourette's -like behavior, there was a sharp rise in young people referred to clinics specializing in tics, thought to be related to social contagion spread via the Internet , and also to stress from eco-anxiety and the COVID-19 pandemic . The authors of an August 2021 report found evidence that social media

3591-563: The vacated land for redevelopment. The mall was first planned in 1972 as Kellogg Mall , but was later changed to Towne East Square. Construction began in 1973, and officially opened on August 14, 1975, and was the first large, modern, multi-level enclosed mall in Wichita. The original anchors were JCPenney , Dillard's , Henry's , Sears (which opened soon after the mall opened), and J.M. McDonald . J.M. McDonald liquidated in 1983 as part of parent company Wickles filing for bankruptcy, and

3654-629: The western coast of Lake Victoria in what is now Tanzania , eventually affecting 14 different schools and over 1,000 people. On the morning of Thursday 7 October 1965, at a girls' school in Blackburn in England, several girls complained of dizziness. Some fainted. Within a couple of hours, 85 girls from the school were rushed by ambulance to a nearby hospital after fainting. Symptoms included swooning, moaning, chattering of teeth, hyperpnea , and tetany . Moss and McEvedy published their analysis of

3717-642: Was a culture-bound syndrome , a psychological illness endemic to a specific society. This phenomenon has later been called into question, with children witnessing that they were forced, by their parents, to act in a certain way in order to increase chances of being granted residence permits. As evidenced by medical records, healthcare professionals were aware of this scam, and witnessed parents who actively refused aid for their children, but remained silent. Later, Sveriges Television , Sweden's national public television broadcaster, were severely critiqued by investigative journalist Janne Josefsson for failing to uncover

3780-450: Was announced that Towne East Square would get a major overhaul both inside and outside of the mall. This overhaul would include the entrances getting wood and glass details and new signage, outdoor seating areas would be added, and the parking lots and entryways would get new landscaping. The parking lot also would be repaved. In 2021 it was reported that the mall's second level would get updated flooring. On March 18, 2022, at around 5:30 PM,

3843-476: Was later bought by Steve & Barry's around the mid 2000s, and liquidated in late 2008, following Steve and Barry's bankruptcy. In late 2008, Towne East Square received a renovation to give it more of an upscale look, including escalator movements. During the summer of 2009, Mattress Hub expanded their store at the mall into the former Steve and Barry's space, and moved in mid-2010 for Wright Career College that opened in 2011. A BJ's Restaurants opened outside

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3906-528: Was later confirmed that the Round One Entertainment Complex was slated to open in 2020. It was intended to open on July 1, 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the store officially opened on July 18, 2020. The area around the mall was changed heavily in recent years as several businesses and hotels were demolished for the expansion and addition of a flyover on Highways 54/400 (locally signed Kellogg). Simon has purchased much of

3969-435: Was replaced by Service Merchandise around 1985. In 1992, Henry's closed and sat abandoned for a while. It stayed abandoned for eight years until it was demolished in 2000 to make room for Von Maur . That store would open two years later on August 3, 2002. Meanwhile, Service Merchandise closed in 1998 due to low sales, and was taken up by Stein Mart in 1999. Stein Mart had financial troubles and closed in 2002. The store

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