Misplaced Pages

#890109

47-440: Dogs found in the toy group of breed registries may be of the very ancient lapdog type, or they may be small versions of hunting dogs or working dogs , bred down in size for a particular kind of work or to create a pet of convenient size. In the past, very small dogs not used for hunting were kept as symbols of affluence, as watchdogs, and for the health function of attracting fleas away from their owners. Most major dog clubs in

94-411: A common juvenile characteristic in amphibians which are kept after maturation; examples are the tiger salamander and rough-skinned newt, both of which retain gills into adulthood. Bonobos share many physical characteristics with humans, including neotenous skulls. The shape of their skull does not change into adulthood (only increasing in size), due to sexual dimorphism and an evolutionary change in

141-467: A given kennel club. Some new breeds may currently be recognized only by their breed clubs. Some rare new breeds have been given breed names, but may only be available from the breeder or breeders who are developing the breed, and may not yet be recognized by any kennel club. In addition to the major registries, there are a plethora of sporting clubs, breed clubs, and internet-based breed registries and businesses in which dogs may be registered in whatever way

188-499: A host plant, there is no need to grow wings and disperse. If resources become diminished, their offspring may develop wings to disperse to other host plants. Two environments which favor neoteny are high altitudes and cool temperatures, because neotenous individuals have more fitness than individuals which metamorphose into an adult form. The energy required for metamorphosis detracts from individual fitness, and neotenous individuals can utilize available resources more easily. This trend

235-482: A miniature Pekingese no more than 6–7 pounds in weight, often appearing to be only about 3–4 pounds. Mrs Flander's Mai Mai weighed only a little over 4 pounds and many other breeders had bred true miniatures of a similar size. Hubbard noted that miniatures sometimes appeared in litters bred from full-sized Pekingese and were exhibited in classes for dogs less than 7 pounds at the major dog shows in Britain. At that time,

282-497: A morphology similar to puppies as adults. In 2004, a study that used 310 wolf skulls and over 700 dog skulls representing 100 breeds concluded that the evolution of dog skulls can generally not be described by heterochronic processes such as neoteny, although some pedomorphic dog breeds have skulls that resemble the skulls of juvenile wolves. By 2011, the findings by the same researcher were simply "Dogs are not paedomorphic wolves." Neoteny has been observed in many other species. It

329-621: A shorter muzzle and smaller general size among the domesticated individuals. Some common neotenous physical traits in domesticated animals (mainly rabbits, dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, and even foxes) include floppy ears, changes in the reproductive cycle, curly tails, piebald coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears, and shortened muzzle. When the role of dogs expanded from just being working dogs to also being companions , humans started selective breeding dogs for morphological neoteny, and this selective breeding for "neoteny or paedomorphism" "strengthened

376-497: A species; aggressiveness in certain species comes with adulthood when there is a need to compete for resources. If there is no need for competition, then there is no need for aggression. Selecting for juvenile behavioral characteristics can lead to neoteny in physical characteristics because, for example, with the reduced need for behaviors like aggression, there is no need for developed traits that would help in that area. Traits that may become neotenized due to decreased aggression may be

423-548: Is borrowed from the German Neotenie , the latter constructed by Kollmann from the Greek νέος ( neos , "young") and τείνειν ( teínein , "to stretch, to extend"). The adjective is either "neotenic" or "neotenous". For the opposite of "neotenic", different authorities use either "gerontomorphic" or " peramorphic ". Bogin points out that Kollmann had intended the meaning to be "retaining youth", but had evidently confused

470-416: Is found more in modern humans compared to other primates. In progenesis or paedogenesis , sexual development is accelerated. Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedomorphism (as having the form typical of children) or paedomorphosis (changing towards forms typical of children), a type of heterochrony . It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention

517-446: Is important in evolutionary biology , domestication , and evolutionary developmental biology . Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of larval traits, as seen in salamanders . Julius Kollmann created the term "neoteny" in 1885 after he described the axolotl 's maturation while remaining in a tadpole -like aquatic stage complete with gills, unlike other adult amphibians like frogs and toads. The word neoteny

SECTION 10

#1732791710891

564-473: Is important to note the difference between partial and full neoteny when looking at other species, to distinguish between juvenile traits which are advantageous in the short term and traits which are beneficial throughout the organism's life; this might provide insight into the cause of neoteny in a species. Partial neoteny is the retention of the larval form beyond the usual age of maturation, with possible sexual development (progenesis) and eventual maturation into

611-582: Is no longer considered a lap dog. This sportive and intelligent breed is used in various activities, such as agility, obe-rythme, cani-cross, etc. Its intelligence is among the best of all dog breeds (8/132), which places it before some other breeds regarded as highly intelligent, such as the Rottweiler and the Aussie. According to the 1948 publication Dogs In Britain, A Description of All Native Breeds and Most Foreign Breeds in Britain by Clifford LB Hubbard,

658-539: Is one of the oldest breeds of dog. For centuries, they could be owned only by members of the Chinese Imperial Palace. Similarly ancient are the lapdog ancestors of the modern breeds of Tibetan Terrier , Lhasa Apso , Pug , and Shih Tzu . In the book De Canibus Britannicis published in English in 1576, the author describes lapdogs as a type of dog , " Spaniel Gentle or Comforter". Ancestors of

705-564: Is present in those animals. Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, and a species becomes sexually mature ahead of its "normal development". Another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means that when a behavioral trait is selected for, a physical trait may also be selected for due to mechanisms like linkage disequilibrium . Often, juvenile behaviors are selected for in order to more easily domesticate

752-658: Is seen in a comparison of salamander species at lower and higher altitudes; in a cool, high-altitude environment, neotenous individuals survive more and are more fecund than those which metamorphose into adult form. Insects in cooler environments tend to exhibit neoteny in flight because wings have a high surface area and lose heat quickly; it is disadvantageous for insects to metamorphose into adults. Many species of salamander, and amphibians in general, exhibit environmental neoteny. Axolotl and olm are perennibranchiate salamander species which retain their juvenile aquatic form throughout adulthood, examples of full neoteny. Gills are

799-552: Is to be seen in the British Museum, and always attracts much attention from the visitors. Indeed, if it were not in so dignified a locality, it would be generally classed with the mermaid, the flying serpent, and the Tartar lamb , as an admirable example of clever workmanship. It is precisely like those white woollen toy Dogs which sit upon a pair of bellows, and when pressed give forth a nondescript sound, intended to do duty for

846-695: The Bolonka ) is approximately the size of a table-tennis ball and shows the relatively short muzzle and high forehead. Many lapdogs are bred to retain puppy-like traits ( neoteny ) such as folded ears. Body proportions may also have changed, resulting in relatively shorter legs and larger heads. They may also have traits that resemble human babies: size and weight, high forehead, short muzzle and relatively large eyes. Although selective breeding for such traits can have detrimental effects on tear ducts, dentition, and breathing, such traits also serve to cause pet owners to derive more satisfaction from their pet relationship, as

893-404: The manakins Chiroxiphia linearis and Chiroxiphia caudata , exhibit partial neoteny. The males of both species retain juvenile plumage into adulthood, losing it when they are fully mature. Neoteny is commonly seen in flightless insects, such as the females of the order Strepsiptera . Flightlessness in insects has evolved separately a number of times; factors which may have contributed to

940-485: The Chinese Imperial Household led to dogs being bred as small as possible and to practices aimed at stunting their growth: giving puppies rice wine, holding new-borns tightly for hours at a time or putting the puppies into tight-fitting wire mesh waistcoats. These practices were apparently forbidden by the late Dowager Empress Tzu Hsi . In Hubbard's time, the term Sleeve was applied in Britain to

987-780: The English-speaking world have a toy group, under one exact name or another, in which they place breeds of dog that the kennel club categorizes as toy , based on size and tradition. The Kennel Club (UK), the Canadian Kennel Club , the American Kennel Club , the Australian National Kennel Council , and the New Zealand Kennel Club all have a group named "Toy", although they may not all categorise

SECTION 20

#1732791710891

1034-564: The Greek teínein with the Latin tenere , which had the meaning he wanted, "to retain", so that the new word would mean "the retaining of youth (into adulthood)". In 1926, Louis Bolk described neoteny as the major process in humanization. In his 1977 book Ontogeny and Phylogeny , Stephen Jay Gould noted that Bolk's account constituted an attempted justification for "scientific" racism and sexism, but acknowledged that Bolk had been right in

1081-650: The Mexican Lapdog were not breeds in the modern sense, but were types of small dogs from Russia and Mexico respectively. The immature Mexican Lapdog could be as small as a golden hamster. During the 19th century it was fashionable to mount immature specimens to look like adults, giving a false impression of adult size: The very tiniest of the Dog family is the Mexican Lapdog, a creature so very minute in its dimensions as to appear almost fabulous to those who have not seen this animal itself. One of these little canine pets

1128-527: The Middle Jurassic taxon Marmorerpeton was neotenic. Neoteny is usually used to describe animal development; however, neoteny is also seen in the cell organelles . It was suggested that subcellular neoteny could explain why sperm cells have atypical centrioles . One of the two sperm centrioles of fruit fly exhibit the retention of "juvenile" centriole structure, which can be described as centriolar "neoteny". This neotenic, atypical centriole

1175-540: The Phalène had been portrayed in numerous paintings, particularly in portraits of the wealthy by Old Masters and their students. Belgium, France, Spain, and Italy have all been credited with the creation or development of Butterfly Dogs. The dog breed appeared often in portraits of European royalty painted by the Old Masters , which indicates that this breed was favored as lapdogs as early as the 13th century. This breed

1222-748: The Pomerania region in Central Europe, split between Germany and Poland. The Miniature Pinscher , min pin for short, is a small breed of dog originating from Germany. The breed's earliest ancestors may have included the German Pinscher mixed with Italian greyhounds and dachshunds . Shih Tzu (singular and plural) is one of oldest breeds the roots of which trace back to Tibet and China where they were bred to resemble lions. They ideally range from 9–16 lbs and are considered an ideal lap dog for an out-going family. The Russian Lapdog and

1269-704: The Sleeve Pekingese had a strong following with the most popular colours being cream and white. Chihuahuas are one of the smallest lap dog breeds. They are named after the Mexican state of Chihuahua , as that is the dog's potential origin. They are famous for their big pointy ears, high pitched bark, and small size. Chihuahuas usually weigh less than 6.6 pounds (3.0 kg) and are usually 6–9 inches (15–23 centimetres) tall. As with many tiny dogs, Chihuahuas need proper training and socialization to avoid unwanted defensive behavior. Chihuahuas enjoy quality time in

1316-543: The Sleeve Pekingese was (in Hubbard's time) a true miniature of the standard-sized Pekingese and was also known as the Miniature Pekingese. The name Sleeve Pekingese came from the custom of carrying these small dogs in the capacious sleeves of the robes worn by members of the Chinese Imperial Household. Hubbard indicated that this tradition appeared to be early Italian rather than Chinese, but its adoption by

1363-470: The adult form; this is seen in the frog Lithobates clamitans . Full neoteny is seen in Ambystoma mexicanum and some populations of Ambystoma tigrinum , which remain in larval form throughout their lives. Lithobates clamitans is partially neotenous; it delays maturation during the winter as fewer resources are available; it can find resources more easily in its larval form. This encompasses both of

1410-438: The core idea that humans differ from other primates in becoming sexually mature in an infantile stage of body development. Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human primates , resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by sexual selection in human evolution . In turn, they may have permitted

1457-436: The country. The term toy is only used to group dogs for show purposes. Some breeds without FCI recognition are recognised by The Kennel Club of Great Britain (UK), by the Canadian Kennel Club (Can), or by the American Kennel Club : The major national kennel club for each country will have its own list of breeds that it recognizes as Toy. In addition, some new or newly documented rare breeds may be awaiting approval by

Toy dog - Misplaced Pages Continue

1504-640: The development of human capacities such as emotional communication. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in human evolution . J. B. S. Haldane states a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity." Delbert D. Thiessen said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by sexual selection in human evolution for neotenous facial traits in women by men with

1551-624: The human-canine bond." Humans bred dogs to have more "juvenile physical traits" as adults, such as short snouts and wide-set eyes which are associated with puppies because people usually consider these traits to be more attractive. Some breeds of dogs with short snouts and broad heads such as the Komondor , Saint Bernard and Maremma Sheepdog are more morphologically neotenous than other breeds of dogs. Cavalier King Charles spaniels are an example of selection for neoteny because they exhibit large eyes, pendant-shaped ears and compact feet, giving them

1598-466: The lap of a favorite person, and if properly managed by a dedicated owner, the Chihuahua can adapt to a household environment easily. Pomeranians are the fluffiest of lap dogs, have a double coat and tend to be a friendly, one-person dog. The Pomeranian has a shedding non-hypoallergenic coat with black, white, black & tan, red, blue, orange, brown and gray colors. The Pomeranian is named after

1645-416: The legitimate canine bark. To say that it is no larger than these toys would be hardly true, for I have seen in the shop windows many a toy Dog which exceeded in size the veritable Mexican Lapdog. Neoteny Neoteny ( / n i ˈ ɒ t ən i / ), also called juvenilization , is the delaying or slowing of the physiological , or somatic , development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny

1692-458: The main causes of neoteny; the energy required to survive in the winter as a newly-formed adult is too great, so the organism exhibits neotenous characteristics until it can better survive as an adult. Ambystoma tigrinum retains its neoteny for a similar reason; however, the retention is permanent due to the lack of available resources throughout its lifetime. This is another example of an environmental cause of neoteny. Several avian species, such as

1739-539: The modern breed of Cavalier King Charles Spaniel were a type of "Spaniel Gentle" kept by English nobility in the 17th century. Modern breeds of lapdog also include the Bichon Frise , Japanese Terrier , Maltese , Pomeranian , Yorkshire Terrier and many others. The Phalène is the earliest form of the Papillon ; the appearance of the erect-eared variety was not documented until the 16th century, by which time

1786-711: The name of their "Toy" group to "Companion", in order to emphasise that dogs are not playthings, but the name change was resisted by traditionalists. The breeds in the "Companion and Toy" category of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale are: Small or toy-sized breeds not classified by the FCI in its toy group include: Member kennel clubs of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale and non-member clubs may use slightly different nomenclature, depending on

1833-401: The owner or seller wishes. Lap dog A lap dog or lapdog is a dog that is both small enough to be held in the arms or lie comfortably on a person's lap and temperamentally predisposed to doing so. Lapdog is not a specific breed, but a generic term for a type of dog that is small in size and friendly towards humans. Lap dogs historically have been kept in many societies around

1880-457: The pet owners may view dogs with this appearance as surrogate babies. In addition to their being kept as a pet and providing warmth, lap dogs have been fashion accessories and status symbols , and even to attract fleas away from their owners. Recent genetic study by Elaine Ostrander confirms that the Pekingese lapdog, bred in ancient China to fit inside the sleeves of a man's robe ,

1927-529: The resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of sexual selection for neotenous female faces. Neoteny is seen in domesticated animals such as dogs and mice. This is because there are more resources available, less competition for those resources, and with the lowered competition the animals expend less energy obtaining those resources. This allows them to mature and reproduce more quickly than their wild counterparts. The environment that domesticated animals are raised in determines whether or not neoteny

Toy dog - Misplaced Pages Continue

1974-566: The same breeds in this category. The United States has a second major kennel club, the United Kennel Club (UKC, originally formed for hunting and working breeds, though general today), and it does not recognize such a group; instead, small dogs are placed with larger dogs of their type , or into a UKC's "Companion Dog" group . As of September 2008, the American Kennel Club began debating whether or not to change

2021-569: The separate evolution of flightlessness are high altitude, geographic isolation (islands), and low temperatures. Under these environmental conditions, dispersal would be disadvantageous; heat is lost more rapidly through wings in colder climates. The females of certain insect groups become sexually mature without metamorphosis, and some do not develop wings. Flightlessness in some female insects has been linked to higher fecundity . Aphids are an example of insects which may never develop wings, depending on their environment. If resources are abundant on

2068-458: The term "lapdog" is also used to refer to a person, organization or country controlled by another who is stronger. Some lapdogs have been bred for extremes of small size, such as the Russian and Mexican varieties shown below. Anatomically, lapdogs show distinct differences from their full-sized counterparts. The skull of the immature Russian lapdog from an 1861 specimen (possibly an ancestor of

2115-528: The termite Kalotermes flavicollis , neoteny is seen in molting females. In other species, such as the northwestern salamander ( Ambystoma gracile ), environmental conditions – high altitude, in this case – cause neoteny. Neoteny is also found in a few species of the crustacean family Ischnomesidae , which live in deep ocean water. Neoteny is an ancient, pervasive phenomenon. In urodeles , many extant taxa are neotenic, and both morphological and histological data suggest that

2162-437: The timing of development. In some groups, such as the insect families Gerridae , Delphacidae and Carabidae , energy costs result in neoteny; many species in these families have small , neotenous wings or none at all . Some cricket species shed their wings in adulthood; in the genus Ozopemon , males (thought to be the first example of neoteny in beetles ) are significantly smaller than females due to inbreeding . In

2209-410: The world by individuals with the resources to support a non-productive animal, and a lifestyle which allows for much contact with the dog. They are docile companion animals with no working function other than companionship. Genetic analysis reveals that lapdogs are among the earliest specific types of dogs to live with people. Today, most lapdog breeds fall into the toy breed group . Additionally,

#890109