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142-526: The Toyota Cresta ( Japanese : トヨタ・クレスタ , Hepburn : Toyota Kuresuta ) is a mid-size luxury car built by Toyota . It was launched in 1980 and shared the chassis with the Mark II/Cressida and Chaser and was the top-level car at Japanese dealership Toyota Vista Store . The Cresta was produced for five generations, and production stopped in 2001 when it was merged with the Chaser to form

284-620: A Kabuto or a Samurai's helmet. The first Cresta was introduced in April 1980 and was available exclusively at the recently introduced Toyota Vista Store while Toyota Auto Store sales channels across Japan sold the Chaser (X60) . The Cresta was positioned as a luxury sedan joining the older Crown , which was only available at Toyota Store locations, and the Mark II , which was dedicated to Toyopet Store locations. The Cresta offered buyers

426-492: A "small car" according to dimension regulations while other trim packages were still in compliance. Exterior dimensions increased to the maximum limit and now matched the Crown . The Super Lucent G was offered in four exterior colors, including the pearl white with gold two-tone, but only one color interior, while the other trim packages offered three interior color choices and five exterior color choices. The two-tone exterior color

568-576: A 1.8 L inline-four engine , and in June 1970 a two-door hardtop coupé joined the lineup. The Laurel was conceived as a junior version of the all-new Gloria before Nissan acquired Prince, and one year later a 2000 cc engine became available in the four-door sedan as well. The focus on a luxurious appearance had appeared in 1962 with the Nissan Skyline Sport with an exotic, European influenced appearance. Its competitors at introduction were

710-523: A 1.8-litre four, a 2.0-litre inline-six (carburetted or fuel-injected, a first for the Laurel), a 2.8-litre six, or a 2.0-litre diesel four, sourced from Nissan Diesel as an alternative to the diesel-powered Toyota Mark II and the Isuzu Florian . Transmissions were mainly four- or five-speed manuals or a three-speed automatic, although a three-speed manual with a column shift was also available in

852-552: A 6-inch CRT TV screen installed in the dashboard below the A/C controls that allowed passengers to watch broadcast TV if the transmission was in Park and the parking brake applied. The screen was not touch sensitive, and didn't offer a CD-ROM based navigation system. The display also showed AM/FM stereo settings. The video entertainment system also had RCA connections to attach a camcorder and watch recorded video. The stereo and video equipment

994-577: A Skyline rack-and-pinion steering rack. In May 1985, the Grand Extra Limited edition was released. Detail improvements were made in October 1985 and January 1986. In October 1986, there were mechanical changes along with significant modifications to the exterior. There was a new turbocharged DOHC engine, the 2.0-liter RB20DET 24-valve six-cylinder, while the LD28 diesel engine was replaced by

1136-637: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down

1278-523: A claimed top speed of 85 km/h (53 mph) and a range of 65 km (40 mi). Nissan's next electric car venture would be the 1998 Altra . The third generation appeared in January 1977. For the first time, the C230 was available in either saloon and hardtop coupé form, but also as a hardtop saloon without B-posts. The hardtop was only available with six-cylinder engines. Buyers could choose between

1420-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )

1562-503: A distinctive luxury sedan without incurring tax consequences for exceeding dimension regulations . The Cresta wasn't available in as many trim package configurations as the Mark II and Chaser, so it would remain a luxury-focused product. The Cresta was introduced with four halogen headlights, and then the mid-model refresh units were upgraded to single units to provide a modern European appearance. The SOHC 2.0 L M-EU straight six and

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1704-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as

1846-761: A hubcap for Medalist colored bumper and large) and 50 Special Release III. January 1984 saw the abolition of the 1.8-litre GL models, while the Turbo Medalist Givenchy III limited edition also went on sale. European export models received the carburetted 2.0 (DX or SGL trim) and 2.4 inline-sixes (SGL), with 71 kW (97 PS) and 88 kW (120 PS) respectively, or with the large 2.8 diesel with 60 kW (82 PS). A fuel injected 2.4 with 127 PS (93 kW) later appeared for some markets. The 2.4-liter six only developed 113 PS (83 kW) in Swedish-market petrol cars as

1988-484: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it

2130-513: A luxury car, as the larger engine obligated Japanese drivers to pay higher amounts of annual road tax . In September 1975, in order to meet the new emissions regulations for that year, the L26 was replaced by the larger yet 2753 cc L28 six-cylinder. By October the carburettors in the L20 were replaced with electronic fuel injection and the engine was now dubbed L20E. Because of the difficulty in meeting

2272-465: A manual transmission; later models are all automatic. Since the 1JZ-GTE's turbo version, the higher grade Roulant G does not have a manual transmission option. Leather upholstery, available in the previous generation, was no longer available. The Roulant G and Roulant came standard with the next generation of digital instrumentation called Optitron while the Exceed and Super Lucent models continued to use

2414-757: A result of that country's stringent emissions standards. As large Japanese cars are not very popular with private buyers in Europe, the diesel saw the lion's share of sales, mainly for taxi usage. Fitted with a detuned version of the L24 engine, the Laurel was introduced to the Middle Eastern (mainly Saudi) market in 1982. Most of the information in this article was translated from the Nissan Laurel article on Japanese Misplaced Pages at ja:日産・ローレル . In October 1984,

2556-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),

2698-444: A simple grille, and a sloping beltline. The overall height is 1,420 mm (56 in), 20 mm (0.79 in) higher than the Mark II and Chaser to distinguish its sedan-like character and a similar appearance to the second generation Toyota Aristo (S160) . Trim packages (3.0L, 2.5L and 2.0L): Diesel Sedan trim packages: Timeline: Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] )

2840-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate

2982-549: A single or SU twin-carburetor . The single carburetor generated 110 PS (81 kW; 108 hp) at 5600RPM, the dual carburetor generated 120 PS (88 kW; 118 hp) at 5800rpm, and the premium fuel dual carburetor generated 125 PS (92 kW; 123 hp) at 5800rpm. The Laurel hardtop coupe was introduced before the SOHC 2000 GT-X with the L20SU straight-six engine that appeared later in October. The 2000GX used

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3124-511: A turbodiesel engine was now offered. The ECT-S setting was linked to the TEMS setting, and the vehicle speed-sensitive power steering was modified. The 2.2-litre diesel engine was only offered in the Super Custom, then at the mid-model refresh upgraded to 2.4 litres displacement. Optional items introduced from the previous generation continued while new enhancements appeared. The trip computer

3266-680: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of

3408-421: Is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of

3550-448: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,

3692-527: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing

3834-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number

3976-701: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider

4118-466: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto

4260-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to

4402-457: Is derived from the Latin " lucens ," which means "to shine". Optional items included several sound system choices, including an AM/FM stereo cassette with integrated equalizer, a trip computer, power windows with standard equipped express down for the driver's window, glass sunroof, cruise control, digital clock with an alarm feature, a rear window wiper with electric defrost, headlight washers for

Toyota Cresta - Misplaced Pages Continue

4544-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through

4686-755: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey

4828-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of

4970-498: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and

5112-665: Is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within the Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as

5254-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and

5396-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have

5538-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns

5680-447: The 2000 GTX-E . The styling of the coupe appears to be influenced by the 1970 Ford Torino and the 1971 Mercury Cougar , reflecting a popular styling trend during the 1960s and 1970s called " coke bottle ", and continued a softer appearance to the edgier Skyline. The G-20 4-cylinder and L20 six-cylinder engines were equipped with SU twin carburetors but were eliminated February 1976 due to emission regulations. Engines available at

5822-615: The Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered

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5964-497: The Butaketsu Laurel ("pig butt") because of its ample rear quarter panels and tail section, with the taillights incorporated into the rear bumper. The saloon continued to use MacPherson struts for the front wheels but now used a rear beam axle and semi-elliptic leaf spring . The hardtop coupé continued to share MacPherson struts for the front wheels and Semi-trailing arm for the rear suspension, and again shared with

6106-614: The Chaser performance sedan. November 1982 saw the introduction of the exclusive "Laurel Turbo Medalist Givenchy Version" with Hubert de Givenchy doing the TV commercials in Japan, borrowing a marketing concept for an American luxury coupe, the Lincoln Continental Mark IV . The Givenchy was the top trim package, painted in Dark Charcoal over Siver two-tone paint, with contrasting medium brown cloth upholstery with

6248-462: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in

6390-512: The LD28 diesel. In 1987, there were a minor facelift which revised the bumpers, new grilles and new lights in the front and back. The LD28 diesel engine were swapped out in favor of the similarly dimensioned RD28 . This generation was the only Laurel to be equipped with a V6 engine . The suspension remained as the MacPherson struts for the front wheels and semi-trailing arm with 4-links for

6532-514: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than

6674-738: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of

6816-806: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to

6958-527: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),

7100-463: The 1968 Toyota Corona Mark II sedan, and the Mazda Luce which was introduced in 1966. The Laurel did not sell as well as expected, largely because the design was too similar to that of the smaller, modestly priced Bluebird (510) which was developed as a competitor before Nissan bought Prince. The Bluebird was exclusive to Nissan Store , alongside the higher-content luxury Laurel. This car

7242-467: The 1G-GTEU parallel twin turbo was installed in the trim package "GT TWIN TURBO," which was a trim package name shared with the Chaser. Disc brakes are larger in diameter, and it was now equipped with bucket seats, borrowed from the Supra (A60) . To enhance pedestrian safety, side turn signal lights were installed above the headlights. Larger bumpers and a new front grille accompanied substantial changes to

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7384-617: The 2.0 L 1G-EU straight six engines are mated to either a five-speed manual transmission or a four-speed automatic transmission, shared with the Crown. Luxury image branding was further enhanced when the Toyota Soarer performance luxury coupé was introduced in February 1981, and Cresta's appearance was updated to make it look similar. Each trim package offered seven exterior colours, and one two-tone colour choice of dark gray over silver

7526-566: The 2.0 L six-cylinder while the Super Custom and Custom came with the four-cylinder; a diesel was unavailable. The Cresta joined a growing list of luxury sedans under the "dimension regulations;" Nissan's competitor was the Laurel , Mitsubishi's was the Eterna Sigma , and Mazda's was the Lucé . Hardtop trim packages: The X70 series was introduced on March 8, 1984, with styling cues shared with

7668-444: The 7M or supercharged 1G straight-sixes. In 1994, following mid-model refreshes, Toyota changed the front grille and taillight design. Under Japanese exterior dimension regulations , this series was no longer regarded as a "compact car" due to its increased length and width and no longer offered two different width dimensions. The X90 Cresta trim package names were carried over from previous generations, and two new names were added for

7810-523: The C32 Laurel was released. Osamu Ito, Development Supervisor of the R31/32 Skyline, was assigned to redesign the Laurel. He saw the car needed significant changes and set about doing so. Some of the Laurel's new features included a 4-door sedan body, variations in the hardtop, and a more overall angular appearance, and also introduced the world's first electric retractable door mirrors. The C32

7952-682: The Datsun 200L-EV in export markets - developed to be used by the VIPs at the 1975 International Oceanographic Exposition in Okinawa. It was originally engineered by the Prince Motor Company , but produced by Nissan when the company assumed Prince operations in 1966. The C130-EV uses one 16.0 kW (21.5 hp) electric motor, rear-mounted and driving the rear axle through a two-speed automatic transmission. The Nissan Laurel C130-EV has

8094-638: The Givenchy logo pattern woven into the fabric. In 1981, the Nissan Laurel Spirit , exclusive to Nissan Store locations, was offered as a smaller alternative to the Laurel, while still offering the luxury content of the larger car. Development Supervisor, Itirou Makoto Sakurai, was in charge of developing the Laurel together with the Skyline. The Laurel's redesign was carried out in a European style and tone. The coefficient of drag (Cd value) of

8236-486: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,

8378-459: The Laurel for its overall reliability, low price, and ample equipment. Datsun-Nissan South Africa also developed a two-litre four-cylinder option not offered elsewhere to suit local needs with a lower-cost, torquier engine than the two-litre six sold elsewhere. The L20B engine offered 72 kW (98 PS) and was paired with somewhat lower equipment than the 100 kW (136 PS) 280L sold alongside it. November 1978 brought minor changes to

8520-575: The Laurel for sale in various Asian, European and South American markets, labeled as the Datsun Laurel or Datsun 200L until exports from Japan ended after 1989. The Laurel was cancelled subsequent to Nissan's alliance with Renault . The name " laurel " is in reference to a laurel wreath , a symbol of triumph and is worn as a chaplet around the head, or as a garland around the neck. In April 1968, Nissan presented its new Laurel in four-door deLuxe and Super deLuxe versions, both equipped with

8662-574: The Laurel, and an optionally available turbocharged version of the same V6. In February 1988, there was an improved and some 20 releases Super medalist anniversary special edition. In May 1988, the "White Limited" model was released. In September of the same year, the Super Series Selection was added to the lineup. In December, private car and driving school versions were discontinued, leaving only taxis and other commercial models. In January 1989, Laurels with an automatic gearbox received

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8804-458: The Laurel, including squaring off of the front headlights. The highest trim level, "Medalist", received air conditioning in addition to its OHC four-cylinder two-litre diesel engine. The 1800 cc cars switched to the newer Z18 crossflow engine and all Laurels now met the Showa 53 (1979) gasoline vehicle emission regulations. The "Medalist" trim package name would continue until 1999 when the Laurel

8946-736: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently

9088-437: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand

9230-427: The Skyline. One year later (January 1978) Nissan released a tenth anniversary edition, which adopted a special deep red body color known as "Laurel's Crimson", as well as trim-specific emblems, aluminum wheels and front grille. In 1979, the 2.4-litre L24 engine was added to the lineup. European outputs were 71 and 83 kW (97 and 113 PS) DIN for the 2.0 and the 2.4 inline-sixes. European buyers were attracted to

9372-409: The X100 series was released. Although the dimensions are extremely similar to the X90 series, the X100 series Cresta boasts an extra 90 kg (200 lb) in weight, partly because of stricter safety regulations. The Cresta continued to be offered at Toyota Vista Store locations until they were renamed NETZ Store . Maintaining a yearly update tradition, the X100 series started its differences from

9514-400: The X80. The car increased in size and gained some new trim levels similar to its sister cars, the Mark II and Chaser . With the introduction of the Third Generation Soarer , the exterior of the Cresta was more visually aligned with the Toyota Aristo , which was now the senior luxury sedan at Toyota Vista Store locations. As before, engines were carried over from the past generation without

9656-416: The X90 series with an updated front and rear end. The new generation Cresta also lost its previous generation's 1.8 L 4S-FE I4 engine option. In the previous generation, the Tourer V and Tourer S were the performance grade names shared with the Chaser and Mark II. However, this generation was renamed " Roulant " which is French for "vehicle," and a new 2.0 L engine (1G-FE) straight-six was now available. There

9798-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which

9940-433: The automatic climate control that performed simple functions. The 1JZ-GE and 1JZ-GTE found in the "GT Twin Turbo" grades were shared with the Chaser . Special anniversary trim levels, such as the "Super Lucent Exceed" trim, were introduced in May 1990, and a body refresh was introduced later that year. Trim packages: Diesel trim package: The X90 Cresta debuted in 1992 with significant styling and mechanical changes over

10082-406: The car received some improvement and the Turbo Medalist model was new to the lineup. In September 1982, there was a minor change. Up a sense of luxury and large-scale extrusion in the chrome bumpers and rear license plate holder. The taillamp design was changed as well. Instead of the Z18 series engine, the new OHC four-cylinder 1809 cc CA18S engine was fitted to the Laurel 1.8. The engine range

10224-685: The ceiling and could be fastened into place. The styling of the Nissan Laurel began to resemble the larger Gloria but on a slightly smaller platform, with reduced tax liability based on the vehicles dimensions. The Toyota competitor was the Cresta hardtop, while the Skyline was the competitor to the Chaser sedan and in 1986, the Honda Vigor . The RB20E engine was equipped with six-cylinder series SOHC2.0L, VG20ET-SOHC2.0L V6 turbo, CA18S-series four-cylinder (LPG and specifications), LD28-series 6-cylinder diesel SOHC2.8L. The car's system also shared

10366-421: The dark gray interior color from the previous generation. The previous two-tone exterior paint combination changed to pearl white and gold. Hardtop trim packages: The third generation was introduced on March 8, 1988, transitioning away from straight edges previously used by Toyota products of the period and remaining only as a sedan, while the Chaser was only available as a pillared hardtop sedan. Benefiting from

10508-430: The doors, fully automatic climate control, and an air purification system installed behind the rear seats. Power side view mirrors were now installed in a western style at the leading edge of the front doors instead of on the front fenders above the front wheels to provide a more modern appearance and retracted electrically for confined parking spaces. The interior colors were now dark blue, dark brown, or dark red, replacing

10650-430: The driver to limit the adjustment information being provided by the sonar sensor, and change the setting from "Auto" to "Soft", "Medium" or "Hard" settings. The speed-sensitive rack-and-pinion power steering could also be separately reduced for a sporting feeling, and the suspension setting would modify both the steering feel and the shift points on the automatic transmission. The Medalist could be optionally installed with

10792-578: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there

10934-537: The emissions regulations, the twin-carburetted engines were all discontinued. The 1,770 cc L18 replaced the G18 in the lineup. In February 1976 carburetted 1.8-litre and 2.0-litre engines which met the 1976 emissions regulations were introduced, and were identified with the Nissan NAPS badge. In 1974 Nissan developed an electric passenger sedan based on the Nissan Laurel. The Nissan Laurel C130-EV - referred to as

11076-527: The entry-level models. The " Suffire " is French for "suffice" or "sufficient," and the base model changed from Super Custom to "SC." each with their own options and even more specific trim categorizations. Standard items included automatic climate control, side-impact bars in all doors, and driver-side airbag in 1995. The base trim level SC had few options: a petrol or diesel engine mated to a 4-speed automatic. The next level, Suffire, had more equipment, including an optional 5-speed manual. The Super Lucent however

11218-486: The equipment. The early type rear combination lamps were kept with minor revisions. The TEMS installation shared the same settings used in the 1986 Soarer and 1986 Supra (A70) . The four-wheel independent suspension was improved and given the name PEGASUS, which first appeared on the Soarer. The ECT-S automatic transmission was new for this generation, while the conventional automatic was installed with upgraded 1.8 L while

11360-567: The first-generation Cresta. The Cresta continued to be offered at Toyota Vista Store, and visually, the Cresta remained the top-level car, in a role shared with the Toyota Store exclusive Crown , which had been completely refreshed in 1983. The Cresta was marketed for the growing private ownership market, while the Crown offered additional amenities focused on chauffeur-driven corporate ownership and premium-level taxi service. In October 1985,

11502-780: The first-time leather interior was offered, were all optional equipment. The Tourer trim levels all featured a 2.5 L 1JZ straight 6, but with a few differences. The Tourer S had a naturally aspirated engine and only a 4-speed automatic whereas the Tourer V's came with a pair of turbochargers and the option of an R154 5-speed manual. All Tourers had front- and rear-stabilizer bars but only the Tourer V's came with traction control, ABS and an LSD standard. Tourer V's were very popular amongst enthusiasts and drifters due to their stiff chassis, price point compared to other RWD/Turbo Toyota's, and power-to-weight ratio . Trim packages (3.0L, 2.5L, 2.0L and 1.8L): Diesel Sedan trim packages: In September 1996,

11644-455: The flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure

11786-459: The four-door hardtop front driver and passenger seat belt shoulder strap was connected at the top to the ceiling, however, the upper portion could be detached, with the shoulder strap emerging from the side door support, resting on the driver's and passenger's shoulder. This provided rear passengers an unobstructed view from the rear seat without the seat belt hanging from the ceiling when the windows were retracted. The upper part would then swing up to

11928-425: The four-door hardtop is 0.38. The lowest-priced Z18 is a four-cylinder engine, as is the 2-litre Z20. The L20-series are inline-six cylinder models, also available in fuel injected L20E type, and as the turbocharged L20ET - the first turbocharged Laurel. On top of the lineup was the 2.8-litre L28E, and for some export markets the 2.4-litre L24 engine (usually carburetted) was also offered. Mostly for commercial use there

12070-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had

12212-473: The halogen headlights, and three-point seatbelts for front and rear passengers with ELR safety lock-down in case of a collision. Ride quality and handling characteristics were prioritised, and MacPherson struts were used on all four wheels. The rear suspension was borrowed from the Crown and Soarer, using semi-trailing arms with four links. The Super Lucent, Super Touring and the Super Deluxe came with

12354-430: The language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of the standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853,

12496-458: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system

12638-500: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of

12780-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,

12922-470: The lower spec and commercial versions. In the Autumn of 1978, the C230 received a mild facelift (type C231), marked visually by squared instead of round double headlights. The Toyota competitor was the Mark II coupé and sedan. Again, comfort was prioritized over handling and agility, while still using the identical MacPherson struts for the front wheels and Semi-trailing arm for the rear suspension from

13064-677: The new RD28-series six-cylinder diesel engine. In May 1987, the "Grande Extra White Special" edition was released. In August of the same year, the Grande Touring Limited was added to lineup. Beginning January 1988, the Laurel was joined by a longer version at 2,735 mm (107.7 in) of the Nissan Gloria stablemate, called the Nissan Gloria Cima which offered an improved version of the V6 engine available on

13206-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by

13348-527: The optional TEMS electronic shock absorbers, which were available on the renamed top-level trim package 3.0 Super Lucent G. The new suspension was shared with the Soarer including a limited-slip differential on the GT Twin Turbo. ESC anti-lock brakes and the ECT-S automatic transmission continued and were available on more trim packages. To reduce weight and improve structural rigidity, High-tensile steel

13490-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with

13632-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,

13774-406: The platform sharing Mark II and the all-new Toyota Soarer , with the Cresta now offered as a 4-door, 4-window hardtop sedan with a distinct, creased rear window. The X70 Mark II was offered as a 4-window hardtop body style similar to the Chaser. The Cresta, Chaser, and Mark II would now share a model code for the entire production series. The X70 series continued to enjoy the popularity enjoyed by

13916-525: The popularity of the model update for the Toyota Soarer , the Cresta visually appeared as a four-door Soarer and used the same interior colours and exterior paint selections. The trim package names used for this series were "Super Lucent G," "Super Lucent," "Super Deluxe," and "Super Custom," and the August 1990 mid-model refresh added "Super Lucent Exceed," "Super Custom Extra," and "2.5 GT Twin Turbo". The Cresta

14058-531: The previous version. Dual airbags and side airbags in the outer edge of the front seatbacks were now standard equipment. The GPS-enabled navigation system continued with improvements and additional functionality. In contrast to the Mark II, which emphasizes its traditional reputation, and the Chaser, which has a performance image shared with the Toyota Soarer, the Cresta has styling that expresses an elegant luxury sedan. It has sloping and curvaceous bodywork,

14200-481: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as

14342-424: The rear suspension from the Skyline. If the Laurel was installed with the " Super Sonic Suspension " system, a sonar module was mounted under the front bumper and scanned the road surface, adjusting the suspension accordingly via actuators mounted on all four coil over shock absorbers and the front suspension was installed with a multi-link suspension . There was also a switch on the center console that allowed

14484-464: The rear suspension from the Skyline. The Laurel remained exclusive to Nissan Store , the Skyline at Nissan Prince Store , and the new Leopard coupe and sedan were exclusive to Nissan Store remaining as an upscale alternative to the Bluebird, while the Laurel added more luxury equipment and a price point to match. The Toyota competitor was the Cresta hardtop while the Skyline was an alternative to

14626-569: The rear wheels that was fitted on the C10 Skyline. August 1970 saw the release of a modified version of the four-door sedan version, now with the same roof angle as that of the hard top. The instrument panel received redesigned panel meters, and the more luxurious GL grade was added. The Laurel 2000GX, Nissans first hardtop, was introduced June 1970 and was equipped with the Prince developed SOHC 1,990 cc G20 -series four-cylinders with either

14768-419: The rear. A feature that was unique to the 2000GX was the stylish at the time sequential rear turn signals, where three light blubs would flash from the center to the outer edge on both the coupe and sedan. All Laurel coupes were also given a vinyl roof as standard equipment. In April 1972, the second Laurel generation appeared, again in four-door saloon and two-door hardtop coupé form affectionately known as

14910-476: The same chassis as the GT-X and GT-R while having a longer wheelbase. The GT-R garnered most of the attention, having been raced and built for that purpose, while the 2000GX was developed for comfortable yet spirited performance. The 2000GX used the same 5-speed manual transmission , an available limited slip differential, and also used semi-trailing arm strut suspension, with disc brakes at the front and drum brakes at

15052-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning

15194-414: The short-lived Verossa . The goal of the Cresta was to offer a more luxurious package than the Mark II, while the Chaser was the performance-oriented version of the same platform, but sold at different dealerships. The Cresta's luxury reputation benefited as the series, and generations offered ever-increasing engine displacement. The addition of turbochargers and superchargers to growing engine displacement

15336-439: The speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )

15478-817: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this

15620-481: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This

15762-563: The time were the four-cylinder 1815 cc G18 and 1990 cc G20, and the six-cylinder 1998 cc L20. Both the G20 and L20 were available with twin SU carburetors as an option. However, only the G20 equipped cars outwardly announced this with a "Twin Carburetor 2000GX" badge. Sales in Japan (very few were exported) ran to about 96,000 per year, with three-quarters sedans. The Toyota competitor

15904-556: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". Nissan Laurel#C31 The first Laurel

16046-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,

16188-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of

16330-480: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It

16472-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending

16614-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or

16756-444: Was a much different story: this trim offered 3 different straight 6 engines from 2.0-3.0 L mated to an electronically controlled 4-speed automatic and the availability of TEMS , along with options like a moon roof or a factory LSD . Further differentiating Super Lucent models was the "G" package, which featured options like ABS, 15-inch wheels, Cruise control, Digital Instrument cluster, and leather interior. Permanent 4WD, called iFour

16898-412: Was also a change in the name of the luxury grade. The "Super Lucent," traditionally the top-level trim name, was now positioned as a mid-priced grade, replacing the trim package name "Suffire," and 4-cylinder engine cars were now only equipped with diesel engines. TEMS was available on all Exceed and Roulant trim packages. Toyota's iFour was the all-wheel-drive drivetrain. Only the 2.0 Super Lucent offered

17040-497: Was available on all Super Lucent and GT Twin Turbo selections. The cloth upholstery was unique to each trim package but without leather. The sport bucket seats used in the Toyota Supra (A70) were offered only on GT Twin Turbo equipped cars. All engines were now upgraded to DOHC for improved efficiency. The suspension was upgraded to a new double-wishbone design for both front and rear suspension, which could better accommodate

17182-411: Was available with Electro MultiVision, a 6-inch color LCD screen that displayed TV broadcasts, stereo settings, climate control settings, fuel economy and cruising range, and maintenance reminders. This was the first version to offer a touch-sensitive screen, which was previously introduced in the Crown . CD-ROM updated maps, and VICS local traffic conditions were integrated, and GPS location information

17324-539: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular

17466-563: Was cancelled. Later, in October 1979, a two-litre four-cylinder gasoline option (Z20-series) was added in several markets. Also new were the options of automatic transmission and the SGL equipment grade on diesel vehicles. In February 1980, an electric sunroof was added to the hardtop version of the Medalist. This was the first year in which a sunroof was a model option. In July 1980, a special limited edition "gold medalist" top-of-the-line trim

17608-966: Was developed by the Nissan Tsurumi R&;D Division and assembled at the Musashimurayama Plant of the former Prince Motor Company in 2-door and 4-door variants beginning in 1968. The Laurel was not marketed new in Japan at Nissan Prince Store locations that sold the Skyline and Gloria, former Prince products. Instead the Laurel was sold at Nissan Store as the junior model to the Nissan Cedric and executive limousine, V8-powered Nissan President . The Laurel, and its Skyline twin, saw yearly equipment, appearance and trim package changes, so as to appear fresh and new, and every four to five years were given an all-new appearance, while core technology that were tested and reliable remained underneath. Nissan intermittently listed

17750-692: Was developed by the Nissan Tsurumi vehicle development team, but the C30 Laurel was fitted with the Prince four-cylinder SOHC engine, the G18 of 1,815 cc capacity. Conversely, the GC10 Skyline 2000GT was developed by the former Prince Ogikubo vehicle development team but was fitted with Nissan's L20 six-cylinder SOHC engine. The suspension is the same MacPherson struts for all wheels and Semi-trailing arm independent suspension for

17892-735: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,

18034-474: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )

18176-733: Was no longer the top-level car at Toyota Vista Store when the Toyota Aristo was introduced in 1991. The top-of-the-line model, called "Super Lucent G" had two variants. The base variant "Super Lucent" included a supercharger equipped 2.0 L 1G-GZE straight six engine, while the "Super Lucent G" included the 3.0 L 7M-GE straight six shared with the Soarer. The supercharger was belt-driven but actuated by an electromagnetic clutch so that it would not be driven except when needed, increasing fuel economy. The top trim package "Super Lucent G" also increased in width, thereby incurring additional yearly taxes due to it no longer being classified as

18318-541: Was now integrated into a digital instrument cluster, which incorporated the TEMS setting and the ECT-S gear selection to include whether the transmission was in "Normal," "Power," or "Econ" settings and whether the overdrive was disengaged. Six different stereo choices were offered along with simple satellite controls on the left side of the instrument cluster within reach of the driver's hand that controlled stereo volume, fan speed, and airflow direction, an illuminated ignition key slot, power-folding side-view mirrors installed on

18460-486: Was offered as an option during the mid-model refresh in 1993 to stay competitive with the Nissan Laurel Club S . The system typically provided 30 percent to the front and 70 percent to the rear wheels, incorporating a center differential lock feature. It was described as a safety feature linked to the anti-lock brakes, traction control, electronically controlled transmission, and electronic fuel injection, and it

18602-521: Was offered on the Avante Four trim package. The various sized engine displacements gave Japanese buyers choices as to which annual road tax obligation they were willing to pay. Supplementing the safety enhancement, a driver-side airbag was now standard for all trim packages. The ECT electronically controlled automatic transmission and a limited-slip differential (LSD) unit were now standard on all rear-drive drivetrain installations. The Super Lucent G

18744-476: Was offset by the fact that the Japanese Government taxed and regulated vehicle emission results . Larger engines offered more luxury, convenience, and suspension improvements as the trim packages progressed. The name "Cresta" is Vulgar Latin for " crest ," which means a plume of feathers or other decoration worn on or displayed on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet. The logo resembled

18886-463: Was only available on the Super Lucent. Interior colour choices of blue, gray, or brown were offered, but each trim package had a unique upholstery pattern in cloth, and leather was unavailable. The body colour dictated the interior colour unless specially ordered, and the availability of standard equipment for each trim package grew as the selection was elevated. The top trim package "Super Lucent"

19028-631: Was overhauled at the time and now included the CA18S, L20E, turbocharged L20ET, the four-cylinder SOHC Z20S, and the diesel LD20 and LD28-6 models. The carburetted L20, the L28E, and the column-shifted LD20 (six-seater) were discontinued. The six-cylinder gasoline-powered car with automatic transmission and Super Touring equipment received an overdrive gear at the same time. In November 1982, the Turbo Medalist Givenchy Version II

19170-556: Was released. The C31 model, introduced in November 1980, was the first model that was only available in a four-door form, either as a sedan or hardtop . Engines for the C31 were 1.8-liter, 2.0-liter L20, 2.4-liter L24 gasoline, and 2.8-liter diesel. The coupé was replaced by the new Nissan Leopard F30 , while the Laurel and Leopard continued to use the same MacPherson struts for the front wheels and semi-trailing arm with 4-links for

19312-463: Was released. In February 1983, the "50 Special" released. In March, the Givenchy II version went on sale. In May, another 50 Special II vehicles were launched. In July, electrically retractable fender and door mirrors were introduced, a first. In October, taxi and driver instruction vehicles with an OHC LPG four-cylinder engine (Z18P, Standard or GL equipment) were added. SGL Grand Touring car (with

19454-416: Was supplied by Sony. Also available was a modification to the front passenger seat Nissan called "Partner Comfort Seat" where the top portion of the front passenger seat was further articulated to tilt forward, supporting the passengers shoulders while allowing the seatback structure to recline. The front edge of the passenger seat cushion was also adjustable. To enhance rear passenger comfort and convenience,

19596-429: Was the Mark II coupé and sedan. In October 1973 the first Laurel with the 2565 cc L26 six-cylinder engine was added and badged as "2600SGL". Since the engine was over two litres, it was not restrained by the size limits imposed by Japanese regulations, and therefore it was fitted with bigger bumpers than regular Laurels. The installation of the 2.6-litre engine in Japanese models helped identify this generation as

19738-451: Was the four-cylinder LD20 diesel engine, while private users usually preferred the larger six-cylinder LD28 type which was also available with much better equipment. In February 1981, the GX trim level was added. L20E sedan with independent rear suspension in the vehicle suspension formula (a six-link independent rear suspension was equipped as standard on the turbocharged cars). In November 1981,

19880-487: Was the last model to be sold in Europe, where the Laurel was replaced by the front-wheel-drive Nissan Maxima (PU11) which was not available as a diesel and had a sportier, more luxurious air. The C32 were fitted with a variety of gasoline engines, inline-fours and V6 engines ranging from 1.8 to 3.0 liters. Some engines, like the L24 and the electronically carbureted VG30S were reserved for export. The C32 Laurel also came with

20022-421: Was used in key areas and the suspension. Five studs were added to each wheel to cope with the additional torque from the larger engines. The options list continued to offer the digital instrument cluster, front and rear parking sensors, and seven AM/FM stereos with available cassette players could be selected, along with an in-dash CD player. The stereo controls were separated by a second row of switches just above

20164-431: Was used to display the vehicle's position. Four stereo choices were offered, including two different versions that provided an in-dash CD player, along with DSP (Digital Sound Processing) that would modify the sound to simulate different venues. Ten speakers were available, including a subwoofer. Front and rear parking sensors, remote keyless entry, cellular phone handset in the front armrest with hands-free voice dialing, and

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