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31-563: Toadstool Geologic Park is said to be the " badlands of Nebraska" or the "desert of the Pine Ridge ." The park is open 24 hours a day. Toadstool Park is north of Crawford, Nebraska ; to get to the park, take Nebraska Highway 2 / Nebraska Highway 71 to Toadstool Road. There is a 1-mile loop trail within the park. There are many fossils along the trail; removing fossils is not allowed. Many fossils of large prehistoric animals such as entelodonts and hyaenodons have been found here. Camping

62-652: A UNESCO Global Geopark in 2019. Garbeta , Eastern India is a badlands located in a monsoon climate. Chambal spread across northern parts of Madhya Pradesh , southeastern Rajasthan and southern parts of Uttar Pradesh known for its lawlessness and dacoity is another example of badlands. A small strip of badlands is also found in western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana . In Italy , badlands are called "calanchi". Some examples are Aliano ( Basilicata ), Crete Senesi ( Tuscany ) and Civita di Bagnoregio ( Lazio ). A well-known badlands formation in New Zealand –

93-427: A hole erosion test or a jet erosion test . An alternative model for bedrock erosion is the unit stream power , which assumes that erosion rates are proportional to the potential energy loss of the water per unit area: where K ω {\displaystyle K_{\omega }} is the erodibility, and ω {\displaystyle \omega } is the unit stream power, which

124-607: A clay veneer, and still others have a biological crust of algae or lichens . In addition to lacking significant regolith, they also lack much vegetation. The lack of vegetation could very well be a result of the lack of a substantial regolith. Although most badland topography is natural, badlands have been produced artificially by destruction of vegetation cover, through overgrazing , acid rain , or acid mine drainage . The Cheltenham Badlands in Caledon, Ontario are an example of badlands produced by poor farming practices . In

155-444: A few thousand years to make accurate measurements. K e values range between 10 to 10 m yr Pa for a=1.5 and 10 to 10 m yr Pa for a=1. However, the hydrological conditions in these time scales are usually poorly constrained, impeding a good the quantification of D . This model can also be applied to soils. In this case, the erodibility, K τ {\displaystyle \tau } , can be estimated using

186-742: A hideout for outlaws . There is a large badland area in Alberta , particularly in the valley of the Red Deer River , where Dinosaur Provincial Park is located, as well as in Drumheller , where the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology is located. Zhangye National Geopark is a badlands area known for its colorful rock formations. It was voted by Chinese media outlets as one of the most beautiful landforms in China and became

217-670: A layer of unweathered shale. Badlands such as those found in the Mancos Shale , the Brule Formation , the Chadron Formation , and the Dinosaur Provincial Park can be generally said to fit this profile. In less arid regions, the regolith profile can vary considerably. Some badlands have no regolith layer whatsoever, capping instead in bare rock such as sandstone . Others have a regolith with

248-479: A result of natural processes, but destruction of vegetation by overgrazing or pollution can produce anthropogenic badlands. Badlands are characterized by a distinctive badlands topography . This is terrain in which water erosion has cut a very large number of deep drainage channels, separated by short, steep ridges ( interfluves ). Such a drainage system is said to have a very fine drainage texture, as measured by its drainage density . Drainage density

279-670: A terrain of lava flows that is unlike the eroded badlands of the White River. Badlands are generally unsuitable for agriculture, but attempts have been made to remediate badlands. For example, reforestation is being attempted in the Garbeta badlands of Eastern India. Revegetation and reforestation have been studied in the black marl badlands of the French Alps . Austrian black pine can become established and then be gradually replaced by native deciduous species. However,

310-550: A type of dry terrain where softer sedimentary rocks and clay -rich soils have been extensively eroded . They are characterized by steep slopes, minimal vegetation , lack of a substantial regolith , and high drainage density . Ravines , gullies , buttes , hoodoos and other such geologic forms are common in badlands. Badlands are found on every continent except Antarctica, being most common where there are unconsolidated sediments . They are often difficult to navigate by foot, and are unsuitable for agriculture. Most are

341-846: Is Toadstool Geologic Park in the Oglala National Grassland located in northwestern Nebraska . Dinosaur National Monument in Colorado and Utah are also badlands settings, along with several other areas in southern Utah, such as the Chinle Badlands in Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument . A small badland called Hell's Half-Acre is present in Natrona County , Wyoming . Additional badlands also exist in various places throughout southwest Wyoming, such as near Pinedale and in

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372-484: Is a system of pipes, joints, caverns , and other connected void spaces in the subsurface through which water can drain. However, this is not a universal feature of badlands. For example, the Henry Mountains badlands show very little piping. The precise processes by which the erosion responses take place vary depending on the precise interbedding of the sedimentary material. However, it has been estimated that

403-481: Is available and there are two toilets. The Bison Trail to Hudson-Meng Bison Kill is a 3-mile hike. The route crosses Whitehead Creek, which forms a ravine splitting the plain between the geologic park and the kill bed interpretive center. [REDACTED] Media related to Toadstool Geologic Park at Wikimedia Commons This Dawes County , Nebraska state location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Badlands Badlands are

434-465: Is channeled into a very dense system of streamlets that erode a dense system of ever-enlarging, coalescing gulleys and ravines. Erosion is enhanced by pelting raindrops that dislodge soft sediments. The presence of bentonite clay further increases erodibility , as can rejuvenation of the drainage system from regional uplift , as occurred at Badlands National Park . In addition to surface erosion, badlands sometimes have well-developed piping , which

465-499: Is defined as the total length of drainage channels per unit area of land surface. Badlands have a very high drainage density of 48 to 464 kilometres per square kilometre (77 to 747 miles per square mile). The numerous deep drainage channels and high interfluves creates a stark landscape of hills , gullies , and ravines . In addition to a dense system of drainages and interfluves, badlands often contain buttes and hoodoos . These are formed by resistant beds of sandstone, which form

496-529: Is expressed in the International System of units as t ha h ha MJ mm Geological and experimental studies have shown that the erosion of bedrock by rivers follows in first approach the following expression known as the shear stress model of stream power erosion: where z is the riverbed elevation, t is time, K τ {\displaystyle \tau } is the erodibility, τ {\displaystyle \tau }

527-605: Is part of Navajo County encompasses numerous badlands that also abuts the Navajo Indian Reservation and is directly north of Joseph City, Arizona . Many dinosaurs are believed to be buried in the immediate area and exploration has been ongoing since the early 20th century. Among the Henry Mountains area in Utah, about 4,900 ft (1,500 m) above sea level, Cretaceous - and Jurassic -aged shales are exposed. Another popular area of badland formations

558-540: Is the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) (also known as the K-factor technique), which estimates the average annual soil loss A {\displaystyle A} as: where R is the rainfall erosivity factor , K is the soil erodibility, L and S are topographic factors representing length and slope, and C and P are cropping management factors. Other factors such as

589-804: Is the Roman gold mine of Las Médulas in northern Spain. The word badlands is a calque from the Canadian French phrase les mauvaises terres , as the early French fur traders called the White River badlands les mauvaises terres à traverser or 'bad lands to traverse', perhaps influenced by the Lakota people who moved there in the late 1700s and who referred to the terrain as mako sica , meaning 'bad land' or 'eroded land'. The term malpaís means 'badlands' in Spanish , but refers to

620-429: Is the basal shear stress of the water flow, and a is an exponent. For a river channel with a slope S and a water depth D , τ {\displaystyle \tau } can be expressed as: Note that K τ {\displaystyle K_{\tau }} embeds not only mechanical properties inherent to the rock but also other factors unaccounted in the previous two equations, such as

651-709: The Bridger Valley near the towns of Lyman and Mountain View , near the high Uintah Mountains . Pinnacles National Park in California also has areas of badlands, as does the Mojave Desert in eastern California . Badlands have become a popular trope inside various media, particularly westerns . Erodibility Erodability (or erodibility ) is the inherent yielding or nonresistance of soils and rocks to erosion . A high erodibility implies that

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682-845: The Putangirua Pinnacles , formed by the erosion of the conglomerate of an old alluvial fan – is located at the head of a small valley near the southern tip of the North Island . The Bardenas Reales near Tudela, Navarre , the Tabernas Desert in Tabernas, Almería , parts of the Granada Altiplano near Guadix and possibly Los Monegros in Aragon are examples of Spanish badlands. Turkey has extensive badlands, including Göreme National Park . In

713-444: The caprock of the buttes and hoodoos. Badlands arise from a combination of an impermeable but easily eroded ground surface, sparse vegetation , and infrequent but heavy rainfall. The surface bedrock is typically mudrock , sometimes with evaporites , with only occasional beds of more resistant sandstone . Infrequent heavy rains lead to heavy erosional dissection. Where sudden precipitation cannot penetrate impermeable clays, it

744-598: The U.S., Makoshika State Park in Montana and Badlands National Park in South Dakota are examples of extensive badland formations. Also located in this region is Theodore Roosevelt National Park , a United States National Park composed of three geographically separated areas of badlands in western North Dakota named after former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt . Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona which

775-410: The availability of river tools (pebbles being dragged by the current) that actually produce the abrasion of the riverbed. K τ {\displaystyle K_{\tau }} can be measured in the lab for weak rocks, but river erosion rates in natural geological scenarios are often slower than 0.1 mm/yr, and therefore the river incision must be dated over periods longer than

806-439: The badlands of Badlands National Park erode at the relatively high rate of about one inch or 25 millimetres per year. The White River draining Badlands National Park was so named for its heavy load of bentonite clay eroded from the badlands. Badlands are partially characterized by their thin to nonexistent regolith layers. The regolith profiles of badlands in arid climates are likely to resemble one another. In these regions,

837-426: The early 1900s, the area was used for agricultural purposes, predominantly cattle grazing . Agricultural use ceased by 1931 and natural recovery of the majority of the property began. Once established, however, this type of erosion can continue rapidly, if land clearing, overgrazing, and increased foot traffic by humans persists, as the shale is highly susceptible to erosion. An example of badlands created by mining

868-546: The same amount of work exerted by the erosion processes leads to a larger removal of material. Because the mechanics behind erosion depend upon the competence and coherence of the material, erodibility is treated in different ways depending on the type of surface that eroded. Soil erodibility is a lumped parameter that represents an integrated annual value of the soil profile reaction to the process of soil detachment and transport by raindrops and surface flow. The most commonly used model for predicting soil loss from water erosion

899-661: The stone content (referred as stoniness ), which acts as protection against soil erosion, are very significant in Mediterranean countries. The K-factor is estimated as following K = [(2.1 x 10 M (12–OM) + 3.25 (s-2) + 2.5 (p-3))/100] * 0.1317 M: the textural factor with M = (m silt + m vfs ) * (100 - m c ) m c :clay fraction content (b0.002 mm); m silt  : silt fraction content (0.002–0.05 mm); m vfs  : very fine sand fraction content (0.05–0.1 mm); OM: Organic Matter content (%) s: soil structure p: permeability The K-factor

930-598: The time scale for this process is many decades. Badlands are found on all the continents except Antarctica . The presence of unconsolidated sediments is a strong control on their locations. The Valle de la Luna ("Valley of the Moon") is one of many examples of badland formations in midwestern Argentina . The Cheltenham Badlands are in Caledon, Ontario , not far from Canada's largest city Toronto . The Big Muddy Badlands in Saskatchewan gained notoriety as

961-509: The upper layer (~1–5 cm or 0.4–2.0 in) is typically composed of silt , shale , and sand (a byproduct of the weathered shale). This layer can form either a compact crust or a looser, more irregular aggregation of "popcorn" fragments. Located beneath the top layer is a sublayer (~5–10 cm or 2.0–3.9 in), below which can be found a transitional shard layer (~10–40 cm or 3.9–15.7 in), formed largely of loose disaggregated shale chips, which in turn eventually gives way to

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