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60-572: Tobit may refer to The Book of Tobit , a book of scripture that is part of the Catholic and Orthodox biblical canon, or its principal character Tobit model , an econometric model for censored endogenous variables proposed by James Tobin Tobit Raphael , American actor Tobi Brown, known as TBJZL (born 1993), English YouTuber See also [ edit ] Tobitt Topics referred to by

120-592: A box of rock, chained with iron and thrown into the sea. or his association with the desires of the lower world. He features prominently as the antagonist of the prophet Solomon. He is sometimes identified with the ifrit who offered to carry the Throne of Solomon. In the story of Buluqiya, Asmodeus teaches a young Jewish prince about the seven layers of hell. Islamic exegesis ( tafsīr ) commentary about Asmodeus are abundant in Medieval Islam. Asmodeus became

180-513: A central figure in of the Quranic Ṣād verse 38:34 : "We allowed Solomon to be seduced by temptation, and we cast a body upon his seat. Then he repented." Tabari (224–310 AH; 839–923 AD) identifies the body mentioned in the verse as a shaytan in both his Annals of al-Tabari as well as his tafsir . Abd al-Razzaq Kāshānī comments on the same verse, "The satan who sat thereupon [sovereignity's throne] and took its ring away, represents

240-499: A fish's heart and liver on red-hot cinders, Tobit produces a smoky vapour that causes the demon to flee to Egypt , where Raphael binds him. According to some translations, Asmodeus is strangled. Perhaps Asmodeus punishes the suitors for their carnal desire, since Tobit prays to be free from such desire and is kept safe. Asmodeus is also described as an evil spirit in general: "Ασμοδαίος τὸ πονηρὸν δαιμόνιον or τὸ δαιμόνιον πονηρόν, and πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον". The figure of Ashmedai in

300-728: A lance with a banner and, amongst the Legions of Amaymon , Asmoday governs seventy-two legions of inferior spirits. Asmodeus is referred to in Book Two, Chapter Eight of The Magus (1801) by Francis Barrett . Asmodeus was named in the Order of Thrones by Gregory the Great . Asmodeus was cited by the nuns of Loudun in the Loudun possessions of 1634. Asmodeus' reputation as the personification of lust continued into later writings, as he

360-510: A letter, apparently mailed from Quincy. Duyckinck signed the letter "Asmodeus", with his initials below his pseudonym. His letter enclosed a newspaper clipping about an inappropriate joke allegedly told by Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Peace Conference . The purpose of Duyckinck's letter was to advise Lincoln of "an important omission" about the history of the conference. He advised that the newspaper clipping be added to

420-556: A month to a demon and considered November to be the month in which Asmodeus's power was strongest. Other demonologists asserted that his zodiacal sign was Aquarius but only between January 30 and February 8. He has 72 legions of demons under his command. He is one of the Kings of Hell under Lucifer the emperor. He incites gambling, and is the overseer of all the gambling houses in the court of Hell. Some Catholic theologians compared him with Abaddon . Yet other authors considered Asmodeus

480-462: A night flight, and removes the roofs from the houses of a village to show him the secrets of what passes in private lives. Following Lesage's work, he was depicted in a number of novels and periodicals, mainly in France but also London and New York. Asmodeus was widely depicted as having a handsome visage, good manners and an engaging nature; however, he was portrayed as walking with a limp and one leg

540-459: A pillar of black stone like a furnace chimney wherein was one sunken up to his armpits. He had two great wings and four arms, two of them like the arms of the sons of Adam and other two as they were lions' paws, with claws of iron, and he was black and tall and frightful of aspect, with hair like horses' tails and eyes like blazing coals, slit upright in his face." In the essay on the Arabic "Tale of

600-419: A prince of revenge. The Dictionnaire Infernal (1818) by Collin de Plancy portrays Asmodeus with the breast of a man , a cock leg, serpent tail, three heads (one of a man spitting fire, one of a sheep , and one of a bull ), riding a lion with dragon wings and neck - all of these creatures being associated with either lascivity, lust or revenge in some cultures. The Archbishop of Paris approved

660-606: A stone after his defeat. The idea of "Genie in a bottle" probably roots in the Islamic legend about the demon Asmodeus. In a story of Thousand and One Nights , the "Tale of the City of Brass" refers to Asmodeus' fate after his failure against the Prophet. According to this story, travelers discover the demon locked in a stone in the middle of the desert. The story goes as follows according to Sir Richard Burton: Then they came upon

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720-524: A work of fiction with some references to historical events. The story is set in the 8th century BCE, but the book itself is thought to date from between 225 and 175 BCE. No scholarly consensus exists on the place of composition, but a Mesopotamian origin seems logical given that the story takes place in Assyria and Persia and it mentions the Persian demon "aeshma daeva", rendered " Asmodeus ". However,

780-443: Is Samael's subordinate, and married to a younger or alternative form of Lilith (Samael is married to the older Lilith). Asmodeus is still able to inflict pain and destruction, but only on Mondays. In Islamic culture, Asmodeus is known as a demon ( Arabic : شَيَاطِين , romanized :  šayṭān Persian : دیو , romanized :  dīv ) called Sakhr (rock), probably a reference to his fate being imprisoned inside

840-635: Is a king of demons in the legends of Solomon and the constructing of Solomon's Temple . His story features variously in Talmudic stories where he is the king of the shedim . The Quran refers to a "puppet" in the Story of Solomon in Surah Ṣād verses 30-40, which is according to the mufassirūn (authorized exegetes of the Quran) referring to the demon-king Asmodeus (Sakhr). In Christianity, Asmodeus

900-459: Is alternatively spelled in the bastardized forms (based on the basic consonants אשמדאי, ʾŠMDʾY) Hashmedai ( חַשְמְדּאָי , Ḥašməddāy ; also Hashmodai, Hasmodai, Khashmodai, Khasmodai), Hammadai ( חַמַּדּאָי , Hammaddāy ; also Khammadai), Shamdon ( שַׁמְדּוֹן , Šamdon ), and Shidonai (שִׁדֹנאָי, Šīdōnʾāy ). Some traditions have subsequently identified Shamdon as the father of Asmodeus. The Jewish Encyclopedia of 1906 rejects

960-525: Is considered to be a king of the divs or ifrits . Another passage describes him as marrying Lilith , who became his queen. In the Testament of Solomon , a 1st–3rd century text, the king invokes Asmodeus to aid in the construction of the Temple. The demon appears and predicts Solomon's kingdom will one day be divided (Testament of Solomon, verse 21–25). When Solomon interrogates Asmodeus further,

1020-496: Is cured, and Raphael departs after admonishing Tobit and Tobias to bless God and declare his deeds to the people (the Israelites), to pray and fast, and to give alms. Tobit praises God, who has punished his people with exile but will show them mercy and rebuild the Temple if they turn to him. In the epilogue Tobit tells Tobias that Nineveh will be destroyed as an example of wickedness; likewise Israel will be rendered desolate and

1080-784: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Book of Tobit The book is included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons and the Dead Sea Scrolls , but not in the Jewish Masoretic text . Protestant tradition places it in the Apocrypha , with Anabaptists , Lutherans , Anglicans and Methodists recognising it as useful for purposes of edification and liturgy, albeit non-canonical in status. The vast majority of modern commentators recognize it as

1140-456: Is mostly known from the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit . He is the primary antagonist and disrupts the marriages of Sarah. Peter Binsfeld classifies Asmodeus as the "demon of lust ". The name Asmodai is believed to derive from the Avestan *aēšma-daēva (𐬀𐬉𐬴𐬨𐬀𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀*, * aēṣ̌madaēuua ), where aēšma means "wrath", and daēva signifies "demon". While the daēva Aēšma

1200-618: Is normally called Tobias and the Angel in art. Particularly noteworthy in this connection are the works of Rembrandt , who, despite belonging to the Dutch Reformed Church, was responsible for a series of paintings and drawings illustrating episodes from the book. Scholarship on folkloristics (for instance, Stith Thompson , Dov Noy , Heda Jason and Gédeon Huet) recognizes the Book of Tobit as containing an early incarnation of

1260-450: Is partially blinded by a bird which defecates in his eyes; he later becomes fully blind after physicians place ointment in his eyes. He becomes dependent on his wife, but accuses her of stealing and prays for death. Meanwhile, his relative Sarah, living in far-off Ecbatana, also prays for death, for the demon Asmodeus has killed her suitors on their wedding nights and she is accused of having caused their deaths. God hears their prayers and

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1320-695: Is the story of Tobit of the tribe of Naphtali , deported from Tishbe in Galilee to Nineveh by the Assyrians . He has always kept the laws of Moses , and brought offerings to the Temple in Jerusalem before the catastrophe of the Assyrian conquest. The narrative highlights his marriage to Anna, and they have a son named Tobias. Tobit, a pious man, buries dead Israelites, but one evening while he sleeps he

1380-742: Is thus Zoroastrianism 's demon of wrath and is also well-attested as such, the compound aēšma-daēva is not attested in scripture. It is nonetheless likely that such a form did exist, and that the Book of Tobit 's "Asmodaios" ( Ἀσμοδαῖος ) and the Talmud 's "Ashmedai" ( אשמדאי ) reflect it. In the Zoroastrian and Middle Persian demonology , there did exist the conjuncted form khashm-dev ( خشم + دیو ), where both terms are cognates. The spellings Asmoday , Asmodai , Asmodee (also Asmodée), Osmodeus , and Osmodai have also been used. The name

1440-527: The Book of Tobit is hostile to Sarah, Raguel 's daughter, and slays seven successive husbands on their wedding nights, impeding the sexual consummation of the marriages. In the New Jerusalem Bible translation, he is described as "the worst of demons". When the young Tobit is about to marry her, Asmodeus proposes the same fate for him, but Tobit is enabled, through the counsels of his attendant angel Raphael , to render him innocuous. By placing

1500-669: The Council of Trent (1546), and is part of the canon of both the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches . Catholics refer to it as deuterocanonical . Augustine ( c.  AD 397 ) and Pope Innocent I (AD 405) affirmed Tobit as part of the Old Testament Canon. Athanasius (AD 367) mentioned that certain other books, including the book of Tobit, while not being part of the Canon, "were appointed by

1560-506: The Dead Sea Scrolls , indicating an authoritative status among some sects. Proposed explanations have included its age, literary quality, a supposed Samaritan origin, or an infringement of ritual law, in that it depicts the marriage contract between Tobias and his bride as written by her father rather than her groom. Alternatively, allusions to fallen angels and its thematic connections with works such as 1 Enoch and Jubilees may have disqualified it from canonicity. It is, however, found in

1620-616: The Talmud is less malign in character than the Asmodeus of Tobit. In the former, he appears repeatedly in the light of a good-natured and humorous fellow. But besides that, there is one feature in which he parallels Asmodeus, in as much as his desires turn upon Bathsheba and later Solomon 's wives. Another Talmudic legend has King Solomon tricking Asmodeus into collaborating in the construction of Solomon's Temple (see: The Story of King Solomon and Ashmedai ). Another legend depicts Asmodeus throwing King Solomon over 400 leagues away from

1680-1006: The Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England lists it as a book of the " Apocrypha ". The first Methodist liturgical book, The Sunday Service of the Methodists , employs verses from Tobit in the Eucharistic liturgy. Scripture readings from the Apocrypha are included in the lectionaries of the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Churches, among other denominations using the Revised Common Lectionary , though alternate Old Testament readings are provided. Liturgically,

1740-631: The "Archives of the Nation". According to the Kabbalah and the school of Shlomo ibn Aderet , Asmodeus is born as the result of a union between Agrat bat Mahlat and King David . In the Treatise on the Left Emanation , which describes sitra achra (Aramaic: סטרא אחרא), meaning the "other side" or the "side of evil", Asmodeus is described as a figure living in the third ether of Heaven. He

1800-537: The Biblical canon. As Protestants came to follow the Masoretic canon, they therefore did not include Tobit in their canon, but do recognise it in the category of deuterocanonical books called the apocrypha . The Book of Tobit is listed as a canonical book by the Council of Rome (AD 382), the Council of Hippo (AD 393), the Council of Carthage (397) and (AD 419), the Council of Florence (1442) and finally

1860-555: The Catholic and Anglican churches may use a scripture reading from the Book of Tobit in services of Holy Matrimony. Tobit contains some interesting evidence of the early evolution of the canon, referring to two rather than three divisions, the Law of Moses (i.e. the torah ) and the prophets. For unknown reasons it is not included in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Bible , although four Aramaic and one Hebrew fragment were found among

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1920-504: The City of Brass", Andras Hamori relied only on incomplete versions of the story without mentioning the name of the demon. In the story of Sakhr and Buluqiya, a young Jewish prince searching for the final Prophet ( Muhammad ), Sakhr is said to have reached immortality by drinking from the Well of Immortality. When Buluqiya arrives in an island during his search for Muhammad, he is greeted by two snakes as big as camels and palm trees, glorifying

1980-456: The Fathers to be read". According to Rufinus of Aquileia ( c.  AD 400 ) the book of Tobit and other deuterocanonical books were not called Canonical but Ecclesiastical books. Protestant traditions place the book of Tobit in an intertestamental section called Apocrypha . In Anabaptism , the book of Tobit is quoted liturgically during Amish weddings, with "the book of Tobit as

2040-619: The Greek text of the Septuagint , from which it was adopted into the Christian canon by the end of the 4th century. Tobit's place in the Christian canon allowed it to influence theology, art and culture in Europe. It was often dealt with by the early Church fathers, and the motif of Tobias and the fish (the fish being a symbol of Christ) was extremely popular in both art and theology; this

2100-557: The Jewish Encyclopedia asserts that although 'Æshma does not occur in the Avesta in conjunction with dæva, it is probable that a fuller form, such as Æshmo-dæus, has existed, since it is paralleled by the later Pahlavi-form "Khashm-dev"'. Furthermore, it is stated that Asmodeus or Ashmedai "embodies an expression of the influence that the Persian religion or Persian popular beliefs have exercised" on Judaism. The Asmodeus of

2160-547: The Spanish playwright and novelist Luis Velez de Guevara published the satirical novel El diablo cojuelo , where Asmodeus is represented as a mischievous demon endowed with a playful and satirical genius. The plot presents a rascal student that hides in an astrologer's mansard. He frees a devil from a bottle. As an acknowledgement the devil shows him the apartments of Madrid and the tricks, miseries and mischiefs of their inhabitants. The French novelist Alain-René Lesage adapted

2220-454: The Spanish source in his 1707 novel le Diable boiteux , where he likened him to Cupid . In the book, he is rescued from an enchanted glass bottle by a Spanish student Don Cleophas Leandro Zambullo. Grateful, he joins with the young man on a series of adventures before being recaptured. Asmodeus is portrayed in a sympathetic light as good-natured, and a canny satirist and critic of human society. In another episode Asmodeus takes Don Cleophas for

2280-569: The Temple will be destroyed, but Israel and the Temple will be restored; therefore Tobias should leave Nineveh, and he and his children should live in righteousness. Tobit is a work with some historical references, combining prayers, ethical exhortation, humour and adventure with elements drawn from folklore, wisdom tale, travel story, romance and comedy. It offered the diaspora (the Jews in exile) guidance on how to retain Jewish identity, and its message

2340-651: The archangel Raphael is sent to help them. Tobias is sent to recover money from a relative, and Raphael, in human disguise, offers to accompany him. On the way they catch a fish in the Tigris , and Raphael tells Tobias that the burnt heart and liver can drive out demons and the gall can cure blindness. They arrive in Ecbatana and meet Sarah, and as Raphael has predicted the demon is driven out. Tobias and Sarah are married, Tobias grows wealthy, and they return to Nineveh (Assyria) where Tobit and Anna await them. Tobit's blindness

2400-436: The basis for the wedding sermon." The Luther Bible holds Tobit as part of the "Apocrypha, that is, books which are not held equal to the sacred Scriptures, and nevertheless are useful to read". Luther 's personal view was that even if it were "all made up, then it is indeed a very beautiful, wholesome and useful fiction or drama by a gifted poet" and that "this book is useful and good for us Christians to read." Article VI of

2460-575: The capital by putting one wing on the ground and the other stretched skyward. He then changed places for some years with King Solomon. When King Solomon returned, Asmodeus fled from his wrath. Similar legends can be found in Islamic lore. Asmodeus is referred to as Sakhr ( Arabic : صخر the Rock or the Stony One ), because Solomon banished him into a rock, after he takes his kingdom back from him. He

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2520-606: The dead. Tobit is also made reference to in chapter 5 of 1 Meqabyan , a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church . Tobit exists in two Greek versions, one (Sinaiticus) longer than the other (Vaticanus and Alexandrinus). Aramaic and Hebrew fragments of Tobit (four Aramaic, one Hebrew – it is not clear which was the original language) found among the Dead Sea Scrolls at Qumran tend to align more closely with

2580-471: The elemental earthly nature, ruler over the lower sea of matter, called Sakhr, the 'rock,' on account of its inclination toward the lowest things and clinging thereto, even as a stone on account of heaviness." Aziz ad-Din Nasafi  [ fa ] depicts Solomon as caliph , a symbol of the ruling intellect, whose task it is to reduce the physical passions to proper obedience, else the forces will capture

2640-431: The entry "Aeshma", in the paragraph "Influence of Persian Beliefs on Judaism", that Persian Zoroastrian beliefs could have heavily influenced Judaism's theology on the long term, bearing in mind that in some texts there are crucial conceptual differences while in others there seems to be a great deal of similarity, proposing a pattern of influence over folk beliefs that would extend further to the mythology itself. However,

2700-623: The first steps to the Divine. Supplementary materials which usually included in Stories of the Prophets ( Qiṣaṣ al-Anbiyāʾ ) give various reasons for Solomon's punishment and Asmodeus' consequently temporary victory; sometimes because of acting injustly before a family dispute or hands the ring to a demon in exchange for knowledge, while most sources (such as Tabari, ʿUmāra ibn Wathīma , Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi , ibn Asakir , ibn al-Athir ) invoke

2760-470: The form of Postman Edzio. Asmodeus is played by Bohdan Smoleń . In the 2021 movie Paranormal Activity: Next of Kin , Asmodeus appears as an antagonist. On October 3, 2021, an episode of the web series Puppet History mentioned Asmodeus's naming in the Loudun Possessions , and a three-headed puppet rendition of Asmodeus both performed the episode's customary ending song and featured in

2820-435: The idea that one of his wives committed idolatry. When Asmodeus put the ring on his finger, he turned into the shape of Solomon and sat on his throne, ruling in wickedness, while the real Solomon emerged from his bath and not recognized by anyone in the palace, thus cast into the streets to wander as a beggar. Finally Solomon found work at a harbor, gutting fish. After 40 days the false Solomon's evil ways aroused suspicion and

2880-490: The king learns that Asmodeus is thwarted by the angel Raphael , as well as by sheatfish found in the rivers of Assyria. He also admits to hating water. Asmodeus claims that he was born of a human mother and an angel father. In the Malleus Maleficarum (1486), Asmodeus was considered the demon of lust . Sebastien Michaelis said that his adversary is St. John . Some demonologists of the 16th century assigned

2940-517: The longer or Sinaiticus version, which has formed the basis of most English translations in recent times. The Vulgate places Tobit, Judith and Esther after the historical books (after Nehemiah ). Some manuscripts of the Greek version place them after the wisdom writings. Those books found in the Septuagint , but not in the Masoretic text are called the deuterocanon , meaning "second canon". Catholic and Orthodox Christianity include it in

3000-412: The mind's seat and turn into an usurping demon. Solomon's ring signifies the imperial command over the forces of nature, while Solomon's lapse into lust and idolatry caused him to lose. Attar of Nishapur elucidates a similar allegory: one must behave like a triumphant 'Solomon' and chain the demons of the nafs or lower self, locking the demon-prince into a 'rock', before the rūḥ (soul) can make

3060-423: The name of God and Muhammad. They explain that they are tasked with punishing the residents of hell. Later on a different island, he meets Asmodeus the king of demons, who explains the seven layers ( ṭabaqāt ) and the punisher angels ( zabāniyya ) who sire hell's snakes and scorpions by self-copulation. In an episode of Polish sitcom The Lousy World titled "Nie bój żaby" (2000) Asmodeus is summoned by Mariola in

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3120-539: The otherwise accepted etymological relation between the Persian "Æshma-dæva" and Judaism's "Ashmodai" claiming that the particle "-dæva" could not have become "-dai" and that Æshma-dæva as such—a compound name—never appears in Persian sacred texts. Still, the encyclopedia proposes that the "Asmodeus" from the Apocrypha and the Testament of Solomon are not only related somewhat to Aeshma but have similar behaviour, appearance and roles, to conclude in another article under

3180-497: The portrait. Asmodeus appears as the king 'Asmoday' in the Ars Goetia , where he is said to have a seal in gold and is listed as number thirty-two according to respective rank. He "is strong, powerful and appears with three heads; the first is like a bull, the second like a man, and the third like a ram or a goat ; the tail of a serpent, and from his mouth issue flames of fire." Also, he sits upon an infernal dragon , holds

3240-477: The royal minister Asaph recites some holy verses in the presence of the demon king, who screamed in rage, unable to bear the recitation, and tore off the ring. The ring then fell into a river and was swallowed by a fish. The fish eventually arrived at the table of the real Solomon who slipped the ring back on and was immediately surrounded by loyal jinn who carried him to his throne, where he and his army of men, jinn, birds, and beasts battle Asmodeus and locked him in

3300-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tobit . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobit&oldid=1180867665 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3360-417: The story contains significant errors in geographical detail (such as the distance from Ecbatana to Rhages and their topography), and arguments against and in favor of Judean or Egyptian composition also exist. The book has 14 chapters , forming three major narrative sections framed by a prologue and epilogue: (Summarised from Benedikt Otzen, "Tobit and Judith"). The prologue tells the reader that this

3420-503: The story of The Grateful Dead , albeit with an angel as the hero's helper, instead of the spirit of a dead man. The story of Tobit inspired also the oratorio Il ritorno di Tobia (1775) by Joseph Haydn . Asmodeus Asmodeus ( / ˌ æ z m ə ˈ d iː ə s / ; Ancient Greek : Ἀσμοδαῖος , Asmodaios ) or Ashmedai ( / ˈ æ ʃ m ɪ ˌ d aɪ / ; Hebrew : אַשְמְדּאָי , romanized :  ʾAšmədāy ; Arabic : آشماداي ; see below for other variations)

3480-511: Was either clawed or that of a rooster . He walks aided by two walking sticks in Lesage's work, and this gave rise to the English title The Devil on Two Sticks (also later translated The Limping Devil and The Lame Devil ). Lesage attributes his lameness to falling from the sky after fighting with another devil. On 18 February 1865, author Evert A. Duyckinck sent President Abraham Lincoln

3540-488: Was known as the "Prince of Lechery" in the 16th-century romance Friar Rush . The French Benedictine Augustin Calmet equated his name with a fine dress. The 1409 Lollard manuscript titled Lanterne of Light associated Asmodeus with the deadly sin of lust . The 16th-century Dutch demonologist Johann Weyer described him as the banker at the baccarat table in hell, and overseer of earthly gambling houses. In 1641,

3600-620: Was that God tests his people's faith, hears their prayers, and redeems the covenant community (i.e., the Jews). Readings from the book are used in the Latin liturgical rites of the Catholic Church. Because of the book's praise for the purity of marriage, it is often read during weddings in many rites. Doctrinally, the book is cited for its teachings on the intercession of angels, filial piety , tithing and almsgiving , and reverence for

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