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45-641: Togdheer is bordered by Maroodi Jeex from the west, Sahil to the north, Ethiopia to the south, and Sanaag & Sool to the east. With its capital at Burao (Burco), the region's name is derived from the Togdheer River , which means "Long River" in Somali . The region has an approximate population of 350,000 people. Under British Somaliland , the Togdheer region was formerly the Burao district which

90-582: A British warship be anchored at Berbera so the British could detect any Somali movement in the area. Hunter also writes that the Emir of Zeila, Abu Bakr was possibly planning an invasion of Berbera. Hinter describes Abu Bakr as a Afar businessmen, and Emir who held great influence over the Afar, and Somalis. He also describes him as a slave master, and that he controlled slave trade in the read sea. Hunters describes

135-762: A dying Berbera economy, and established Berbera as the capital of the Khedive in east Africa. Although they did not control northern Somaliland for long they did build lighthouses, piers, improved coastal ports, and promoted Islam. In 1883 the Egyptians who were being pressured by the British decided to evacuate the Somali, and Oromo cities. During the Egyptian rule the Somalis controlled the Zeila-Harar trade route, and

180-469: A paper yet carefully preserved in the tomb, and bearing the sign-manual of Belat [Bilal], the slave of one [of] the early khaleefehs, fresh oaths of lasting friendship and lasting alliances are made...In the season of 1846 this relic was brought to Berbera in charge of the Haber Gerhajis, and on it the rival tribes of Aial Ahmed and Aial Yunus swore to bury all animosity and live as brethren. During

225-455: A rebellion to break out in the late 1870s. The split was noticeable and Lieutenant C.P Rigby in the year 1848 writes about the two Sultans and the capital of the Isaaq at Toon. The Hubr Gajis tribe and its different branches are governed by two Sultans, named Sultan Deriah [Habr Yunis Sultan] and Sultan Farah : the residence of the latter is at Toro. During the reign of the last ruler of

270-411: A rousing gabay rejecting the decision. Lix nin oo mankiyo shaalka iyo midhaha Guuleed ah Oo wada ma dhaafta ah raggii ugu maloongeeyey Inaan waliba maal ugu daraa waa masalo dhaafe Waligeed markaha looma culin magannu soocnaaye Waa waxaanay dhagahaygu maqal maanta ka horoowe Inaanaan cayuun soo madhayn mudhayo dhaadheer leh Haddaynu Reer Mataan nahay sidaa waydun maan garane Six men who are

315-408: Is the most populous region of the country. It is bordered by Awdal to the west, Sahil to the north, Togdheer to the east and Ethiopia to the south. Marodi Jeh was created by splitting the previously existing region (gobolka). In 2007 the region of Woqooyi Galbeed was renamed to Maroodi Jeex. The Marodi Jeh region (meaning "split elephant" in Somali ) corresponds with the historical name of

360-622: The Battle of Berbera 1827 would break out. After the Isaaq defeat, 15,000 Spanish dollars was to be paid by the Isaaq Sultanate leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life. In the 1820s Sultan Farah Sultan Guled of the Isaaq Sultanate penned a letter to Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi of Ras Al Khaimah requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British. This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr

405-621: The Isaaq clan in modern-day Somaliland . It was governed by the Rer Guled branch of the Garhajis clan and is the pre-colonial predecessor to the modern Republic of Somaliland . Somali genealogical tradition places the origin of the Isaaq tribe in the 12th or 13th century with the arrival of Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed (Sheikh Ishaaq) was one of the scholars who crossed the sea from Arabia to

450-663: The Persian Gulf to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of Berbera and Zeila and were very familiar with the Isaaq Sultanate respectively. One of the most important settlements of the Sultanate was the city of Berbera which was one of the key ports of the Gulf of Aden. Caravans would pass through Hargeisa and the Sultan would collect tribute and taxes from traders before they would be allowed to continue onwards to

495-462: The shir . Absiyeh was made to swear a solemn oath not to recite a gabay following the Sultan's decision but he could not resist, especially since Hussein was away. Hussein returned and lamented that he missed the occasion and the two other men (Deria and Absiyeh) prevailed that day. In 1870 The Egyptians occupied Hargeisa after failing to take over Aussa . They continued on to invade Berbera , Zeila , Sagallo , and Bulhar . They helped rebuild

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540-747: The Governor of Berbera as a man who was ready to take any command, but like all his friends was thuggish, and rude. In 1884 the British signed a deal with the Habr Awal which allowed British presence in Berbera for a while. in October 1884 the Egyptians left Berbera. By the early 1880s the Isaaq Sultanate had been reduced to the Ciidangale confederation with the Eidagale, and Ishaaq Arreh subclan of

585-554: The Habr Yunis remaining, although the sultan still enjoyed widespread prestige among the Isaaq. In 1884–1886 the British signed treaties with the coastal subclans and had not yet penetrated the interior in any significant way. Sultan Deria Hassan remained de facto master of Hargeisa and its environs. Working in conjunction with Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and the Dervish Movement he would exchange letters with Hassan in

630-514: The Horn of Africa. Sheikh Ishaaq purportedly settled in the coastal town of Maydh in modern-day northeastern Somaliland . Hence, Sheikh Ishaaq married two local women in Somaliland that left him eight sons, one of them being Ismail (Garhajis). By the 1300s the Isaaq clans united to defend their inhabited territories and resources during clan conflicts against migrating clans, and by the 1600s

675-599: The Isaaq Sultanate Deria Hassan tensions were high between his Rer Guled and another subclan of Eidagale. The legendary Eidagale warrior and poet Hussein Hasan ( Somali : Xuseen Xassan ) who hailed from the Rer Guled was prideful and urged them to continue the conflict. Standing against him was a similarly skilled poet and warrior Hersi Absiyeh ( Somali : Xirsi Cabsiye ), a prominent member of

720-516: The Isaaq and was crowned by the Isaaq clan after defeating the Absame tribes. After witnessing his leadership and courage, the Isaaq chiefs recognized his father Abdi who refused the position instead relegating the title to his underage son Guled while the father acted as the regent until the son came of age. Guled was crowned the as the first Sultan of the Isaaq clan in July 1750. Sultan Guled thus ruled

765-527: The Isaaq often called for shirs or regular meetings where he would be informed and advised by leading elders or religious figures on what decisions to make. In the case of the Dervish movement Sultan Deria Hassan had chosen not to join after receiving counsel from Sheikh Madar . He addressed early tensions between the Saad Musa and Eidagale upon the former's settlement into the growing town of Hargeisa in

810-459: The Isaaq up until his death in 1808. After the death of Sultan Guled a dispute arose as to which of his 12 sons would succeed him. His eldest son Roble Guled, who was due to be crowned, was advised by his brother Du'ale to raid and capture livestock belonging to the Ogaden so as to serve the Isaaq sultans and dignitaries who would attend, as part of a plot to discredit the would-be sultan and usurp

855-666: The Oromos shared the Berbera-Harar trade route. British officer Hunters carried a number of surveys in the Somali coast. He described the Habr Awal as a friendly people who lived between Harar, and Berbera, and that they supported the Egyptian capture of many towns. In 1884 the Egyptians, and Habr Awal burnt down a number of Bursuuk villages, in retaliation the Bursuuk attacked Habr Awal caravans on their way to Berbera. During

900-624: The Somali lands split into numerous clan states, among them the Isaaq. According to oral tradition, prior to the Guled Dynasty the Isaaq clan-family were ruled by a dynasty of the Tolje'lo branch starting from, descendants of Ahmed nicknamed Tol Je'lo, the eldest son of Sheikh Ishaaq . There were eight Tolje'lo rulers in total who ruled for centuries starting from the 13th century. The last Tolje'lo ruler Boqor Harun ( Somali : Boqor Haaruun ), nicknamed Dhuh Barar ( Somali : Dhuux Baraar )

945-596: The Somaliland Ministry of National Planning, Marodi Jeh had a population of 334,953 in 1997. Marodi Jeh is inhabited by people from the Somali ethnic group, with the Arap , Ayub , Garhajis , Habr Awal and Habr Je’lo clans of the wider Isaaq clan-family. Under the 2002 law, the Marodi Jeh region was divided into four major and six minor districts. Under the 2019 law, the Marodi Jeh region

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990-600: The Tog Maroodi Jeex, a seasonal river that flows through the region during the rainy season: Hargeisa is situated on the Tug Marodijeh, the banks of which are well wooded, and as it can boast of an excellent climate all the year round, and is about half-way on the main route from Bulhar to Jig-jigga on the Abyssinian frontier, it is always likely to be of some importance to caravans. A large percentage of

1035-623: The Woqooyi Galbeed region (literally North West , also known as Hargeisa region). Borama district (now Awdal ) was carved out of the western parts of Woqooyi Galbeed region in June 1984. When the Somali Civil War broke out, the former British territory declared the revival of the pre-independent State of Somaliland . In 1991 Berbera district (now Sahil ) was carved out of the northern parts of Woqooyi Galbeed region. In 2007

1080-471: The buds, the shawl and the fruit (youth) of Guuleed Who together were the best, most excellent of men That I add wealth to that is beyond the pale We'll never purify the vessel with blood compensation which we have separated off This is something my ears have never heard before today That we empty [our hands] of very tall camels If we are Reer Mataan you will follow my thinking Sultan Deria responded by sending Hussein away to Berbera and then resuming

1125-574: The clan survived the British Somaliland period into present times. The Rer Guled Sultans, although no longer ruling vast territory, and with separate Isaaq subclans having their own Sultans, still enjoy primus inter pares status and retain the title of Suldaanka Guud ee Isaaq (Grand Sultan of the Isaaq). Sultan Deria Hassan continued in his role until his death in 1939, with his son and successor Sultan Abdillahi Deria strongly involved in

1170-489: The closely related Rer Abdi Bari who were warring with the Rer Guled. He called for the regular shir or meeting of subclans where he would take council and advise on what decisions to make next. Sultan Deria ruled that blood payment or mag was sufficient for both parties to exchange at the shir with the Rer Guled losing six and the Abdi Bari six as well. Hussein Hasan was boastful and urged for continued conflict with

1215-511: The coast. Following a massive conflict between the Ayal Ahmed and Ayal Yunis branches of the Habr Awal over who would control Berbera in the mid-1840s, Sultan Farah brought both subclans before a holy relic from the tomb of Aw Barkhadle . An item that is said to have belonged to Bilal Ibn Rabah . When any grave question arises affecting the interests of the Isaakh tribe in general. On

1260-399: The creation of British Somaliland in 1884 in addition to five afterwards. Historically Sultans would be chosen by a committee of several important members of the various Isaaq clans. Sultans were usually buried at Toon south of Hargeisa which was a significant site and the capital of the Sultanate during Farah Guled 's rule. Amongst the Isaaq the traditional institution and leadership of

1305-569: The early nineteenth century were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had "a kind of navigation act by which they exclude the Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows." Eidagale and Habr Yunis traders held the southerly trade routes into the Haud region and the Habr Awal the westerly ones, with the Habr Je'lo maintaining

1350-480: The easterly routes towards Berbera and their substantial frankincense trade exporting from Heis , Karin , and Ceel Daraad . The western and southern routes would merge at Hargeisa. The Isaaq were also the predominant Somali traders in the Yemeni ports of Mukalla , Mocha and Aden . In addition the sultanate produced ghee , myrrh , ivory and gum arabic , which would then be exported to Yemen. The Sultan of

1395-740: The first time since the Ethiopian–Adal war . When a British vessel named the Mary Anne attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Garhajis. In response the Royal Navy enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city. In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this initial suggestion

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1440-601: The first year of the movement's foundation and incited an insurrection in Hargeisa in 1900. The Sultanate had a robust economy and trade was significant at the main port of Berbera but also eastwards along the coast. The Berbera trade fair was the major commercial event of the year with tens of thousands descending on the town. Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This long drawn out market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. These goods in

1485-601: The following three districts: It is primarily inhabited by the Habr Je'lo , Habr Yonis , Isamusa and Arap , all of which are subdivisions of the larger Isaaq clan-family. The Dhulbahante of the Harti Darod clan is also present in the Buuhoodle district. Maroodi Jeex Marodi Jeh ( Somali : Maroodi Jeex , Arabic : مرودي جيح ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in western Somaliland . It

1530-731: The independence movement of British Somaliland, having led a delegation of politicians and Sultans to the United Kingdom in order to petition and pressure the government to return the Haud Reserved Area that had been ceded to Ethiopia by the British. Sultan Rashid Abdillahi likewise was also active in independence and post-independence politics, being elected as the Vice President of the National Assembly of Somalia in 1966, and representing Somalia at

1575-419: The late 19th century. The Sultan would also be responsible for organizing grazing rights and in the late 19th century new agricultural spaces. The allocation of resources and sustainable use of them was also a matter that Sultans concerned themselves with and was crucial in an arid region. In the 1870s there was a famous meeting between Sheikh Madar and Sultan Deria proclaimed that hunting and tree cutting in

1620-476: The region of Woqooyi Galbeed was renamed to Maroodi Jeh (Chapter 1, Article 2 [23]. ]). Marodi Jeh is bordered by Ethiopia to the south, the region of Awdal to the west, and Togdheer to the east. Its capital is Hargeisa . It is known to be a very strategic region with rich farmlands and large ports. It also contains the town of Toon , the traditional seat of the Isaaq Sultanate . According to

1665-642: The reign of Sultan Farah Guled the Habr Yunis would break from his rule and form the Habr Yunis Sultanate . Sultan Deria Sugulle would have established his own capital at Wadhan and his own taxes. The Habr Yunis Sultanate inherited the profitable trade routes leading into the Sheikh mountains and Burao from the Isaaq Sultanate and reached a pinnacle under Sultan Hersi Aman before being engulfed in civil wars after his considerable power caused

1710-563: The throne. After the dignitaries were made aware of this fact by Du'ale they removed Roble from the line of succession and offered to crown Jama, his half brother, who promptly rejected the offer and suggested that Farah , Du'ale's full brother of Du'ale, son of Guled's fourth wife Ambaro Me'ad Gadidbe, be crowned. The Isaaq subsequently crowned Farah. With the new European incursion into the Gulf of Aden and Horn of Africa contact between Somalis and Europeans on African soil would happen again for

1755-617: The trade from Ogadayn passes through it to Bulhar on the coast. Formerly known as the Hargeisa District, it was one of six districts that made up the British Somaliland protectorate. In 1960, the then independent State of Somaliland merged with Italian Somaliland to form the Somali Republic . By 1964, the then Hargeisa District merged with the Borama district (now Awdal ) and the Berbera district (now Sahil ) to form

1800-568: The vicinity of Hargeisa would be banned The holy relics from Aw Barkhadle would be brought and the Isaaqs would swear oaths upon it in presence of the Sultan whenever fierce internal combat broke out. Aside from the leading Sultan of Isaaq there were numerous Akils, Garaads and subordinate Sultans alongside religious authorities that constituted the Sultanate before some would declare their own independence or simply break from his authority. The Isaaq Sultanate has ten rulers in total, five prior to

1845-583: The withdrawal period officer Hunters was more concerned on Berbera as rumour spread about the Mahdiyya of Sudan. He worried about Berbera more than Harar, because the Habr Awal Somalis had murdered the Governor of Berbera Abd- Al Rahman Bey. They did this because Abd Al Rahman had murdered a Somali in an attempt to rob a caravan. He also feared the Issa Somali would invade Berbera so he ordered

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1890-453: Was divided into four major and six minor districts. [REDACTED] Maroodi Jeex travel guide from Wikivoyage Isaaq Sultanate The Isaaq Sultanate ( Somali : Saldanadda Isaaq , Wadaad : سَلْدَنَدْدَ إساقْ , Arabic : السلطنة الإسحاقية ) was a Muslim sultanate that ruled parts of the Horn of Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries. The kingdom spanned the territories of

1935-702: Was incapacitated by prior Persian Gulf campaign of 1819 and was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the Gulf of Aden and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the Mocha on the Red Sea . They had numerous commercial ties with the Somalis , leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and

1980-424: Was one of three districts that comprised the Burao region. The other two regions were Las Anod and Erigavo districts. Sanaag was carved out of Togdheer region and was established as a separate region on June 23, 1973, comprising the three districts of Erigavo , Las Qorey and Garadag . As with much of Somaliland, most local residents in the Togdheer region are nomadic pastoralists. The Togdheer region consists of

2025-492: Was overthrown by a coalition of Isaaq clans. The once strong Tolje'lo clan were scattered and took refuge amongst the Habr Awal with whom they still mostly live. The modern Guled Dynasty of the Isaaq Sultanate was established in the middle of the 18th century by Sultan Guled of the Eidagale clan of Isaaq clan family . His coronation took place after the victorious battle of Lafaruug , in which Guled Abdi successfully led

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