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52-576: The 1964 Summer Olympics were seen as vitally important to the Japanese government . Much of Japan's infrastructure had been destroyed during World War II and the Olympics were seen as a chance to re-introduce Japan to the world and show off its new modernised roads and industry as well as its burgeoning economy . Every Olympics since the first modern games in 1896 Summer Olympics had been committed to film to some extent or another, usually financed by

104-823: A concrete keep was built for Nagoya castle. North Korea withdrew its athletes from the 1964 Summer Olympics just before the Games were due to start, as the IOC were refusing to accept any athletes who had participated in the Games of the New Emerging Forces (GANEFO) held in Jakarta , Indonesia, in 1963. China and Indonesia also chose not to attend the Tokyo Games due to GANEFO issues. Out of print An out-of-print ( OOP ) or out-of-commerce item or work

156-415: A portion of No. 2 and No. 3 were completed for the games. Two subway lines totaling 22 kilometers (14 mi) were also completed in time for the games, and the port of Tokyo facilities were expanded to handle the anticipated traffic. As a visual aid for foreign visitors to the Games, this Olympics was the first to use pictograms , created by Masasa Katzumie , to represent each event visually. This became

208-507: A standard visual component of the modern Olympics ever since. The mythical kappa , which featured on a pin issued with the Olympic logo, was an unofficial mascot of the Games. The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics at US$ 282 million in 2015-dollars. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, (i) operational costs incurred by

260-430: Is US$ 5.2 billion. The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo celebrated Japan's progress and reemergence on the world stage. The new Japan was no longer a wartime enemy, but a peaceful country that threatened no one, and this transformation was accomplished in fewer than 20 years. To host such a major event, Tokyo's infrastructure needed to be modernized in time for large numbers of expected tourists. Enormous energy and expense

312-430: Is exhausted, but is usually soon reprinted. Publishers will often let a book go out of stock for long periods, then reprint the book, usually with a new cover and formatting, to catch the presumably built up demand for the book. The author or their estate may have copyright reverted to them once the publisher has declared it out of print. Most publishing contracts contain reversion clauses allowing authors to regain

364-574: Is something that is no longer being published . The term applies to all types of printed matter, visual media, sound recordings , and video recordings. An out-of-print book is a book that is no longer being published . The term can apply to specific editions of more popular works, which may then go in and out of print repeatedly, or to the sole printed edition of a work, which is not picked up again by any future publishers for reprint. Most works that have ever been published are out of print at any given time, while certain highly popular books, such as

416-468: The 1980 Summer Olympics . Athletes from East Germany and West Germany competed together as the United Team of Germany , as they had done previously in 1956 and 1960. The nations would enter separate teams beginning with the 1968 Winter Olympics . Indonesia was banned from the 1964 Olympics, due to its refusal to allow Israeli and Taiwanese athletes visas at the 1962 Asian Games . Indonesia

468-484: The Bible , are always "in print". Less popular out-of-print books are often rare and may be difficult to acquire unless scanned or electronic copies of the books are available. With the advent of book scanning , and print-on-demand technology, fewer and fewer works are now considered truly out of print. A publisher creates a print run of a fixed number of copies of a new book. Print runs for most modern books number in

520-541: The International Olympic Committee (IOC) for reasons of posterity. For the 1964 Olympics the Japanese government decided to finance their own film and initially hired Akira Kurosawa who, at the time, was the most famous Japanese director worldwide thanks to films such as Ikiru and Seven Samurai . However, Kurosawa's famous tendency for complete control - he demanded to not only direct

572-645: The Winter Olympics twice with the Sapporo 1972 and Nagano 1998 games. Tokyo won the rights to the Games on 26 May 1959 at the 55th IOC Session in Munich, West Germany , over bids from Detroit, Brussels and Vienna. Toronto was an early bidder again in 1964 after the failed attempt for 1960 and failed to make the final round. The 1964 Summer Olympics featured 19 different sports encompassing 25 disciplines, and medals were awarded in 163 events. In

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624-432: The copyright to their books. One of the triggering conditions for this is an out-of-print clause which makes a book eligible for reversion to the author when a publisher no longer keeps a book in print. Often, rights do not automatically revert to the author . Instead, the author is responsible for requesting the book be put back in-print or, if the publisher declines, demand their rights back. In recent years, with

676-575: The American government and Hughes Corporation which developed the satellites, NBC the rights holder had little interest in the project. NBC's participation was due to pressure from the Under-Secretary of State for Political Affairs Averell Harriman , and NBC intended to record the live transmissions for later use in sponsored shows. NBC broadcast the opening ceremonies live on the East coast of

728-465: The Games. Indirect capital costs are not included, such as for road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or for hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to staging the Games. The cost for Tokyo 1964 compares with costs of US$ 4.6 billion for Rio 2016, US$ 40–44 billion for Beijing 2008 and US$ 51 billion for Sochi 2014, the most expensive Olympics in history. Average cost for Summer Games since 1960

780-471: The Internet has made this process much easier, as many websites sell used books offered by bookstores and individuals. Some publishers intentionally limit the print run of some or all titles to fewer copies than the anticipated demand, in creating limited editions marketed to collectors . In these cases, there is an implicit or explicit promise to collectors that the book will not be reprinted, at least in

832-463: The Olympics in Japan had initially been split, by the time the games started almost everyone was behind them. The broadcast of the opening ceremony was watched by over 70% of the viewing public, and the women's volleyball team's gold medal match was watched by over 80%. As with many other Olympics, observers later stated that 1964 Olympic preparation and construction projects had had a negative effect on

884-723: The United States, but delayed the broadcast on the West coast to 1:00 a.m. so Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show would not be interrupted. When pressed on the issue NBC announced there would be no more live telecasts which angered the American State Department which saw the broadcasts as a matter of national prestige, and also the Hughes Aircraft Company who won the bid to build the satellite system over RCA which owned NBC. TRANSPAC-1 ,

936-433: The best films about the Olympics and, indeed, as one of the best sports documentaries of all time. Its focus on the humanity of athletes and spectators, showing the physical effort, excitement, joy of victory and disappointment of defeat, rather than simply the recording of results, was seen as highly original, and the use of zoom lenses and close-ups set a new standard for the filming of sports. Based on 11 reviews collected by

988-415: The book in the same manner as the original publisher might have reprinted it. In some cases, an out-of-print book, even one that sold very poorly, may be republished if the author becomes popular again. A reader who wishes to purchase an out-of-print book must either find a bookseller who still has a copy, wait for another print run, or find someone who will sell their own copy as a used book . The advent of

1040-538: The competition), Madagascar , Malaysia , Mali , Mongolia , Nepal , Niger , Northern Rhodesia , Senegal , and Tanzania (as Tanganyika ). Northern Rhodesia achieved full independence as Zambia on the same day as the closing ceremony. Athletes from Southern Rhodesia competed under the banner of Rhodesia ; this was the last of three appearances at the Summer Olympics by a Rhodesian representation. Zimbabwe would later make its first appearance at

1092-418: The country's racial classifications; for the 1964 Games the International Olympic Committee demanded a multi-racial delegation to be sent, and after South Africa refused, they were excluded from participating. The country was, however, allowed to compete at the 1964 Summer Paralympics , also held in Tokyo, its Paralympic Games debut . The 1964 Games were also the first to be telecast internationally without

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1144-453: The development of print-on-demand services and electronic formats of books, there has been much contention between publishers and authors as to what deems a book out-of-print. Publishers have begun to explicitly state which book formats qualify as in print, and typically include print-on-demand and electronic copies . At least one publishing company has adjusted their contracts to account for this change in publishing options by removing

1196-706: The domestic market. The entire 1964 Olympic Games was chronicled in the ground-breaking 1965 sports documentary film Tokyo Olympiad , directed by Kon Ichikawa . The games were scheduled for mid-October to avoid the city's midsummer heat and humidity and the September typhoon season. The previous Olympics in Rome in 1960 started in late August and experienced hot weather. The following games in 1968 in Mexico City also began in October. The 1964 Olympics were also

1248-548: The environment and lower income people. The Cary Grant film Walk, Don't Run was filmed during the Tokyo Olympics, and set in Tokyo during the Olympics. A message at the beginning of the film thanks the Japanese Government and Tokyo Police for putting up with them filming in crowded Tokyo. The Studio Ghibli film From Up on Poppy Hill takes place one year before the Tokyo Olympics and refers to

1300-409: The film but the opening and closing ceremonies as well - led to his dismissal. This led to the bringing in of Ichikawa, who had a reputation of coming into productions where events had not followed the initial plans. Ichikawa's vision of the Tokyo Olympics was controversial at the time as it was the opposite of what the Japanese government wanted and expected of the film. Ichikawa presented a film which

1352-649: The film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , 100% of critics gave the film a positive review. Ichikawa was recognised by the IOC with the award of the Olympic Diploma of Merit . It was released in North America on DVD through The Criterion Collection in 2002 but was made out of print in 2007. It would appear on eBay regularly but often at prices around $ 70. In the UK, it was released through Tartan Video but

1404-595: The first trans-Pacific communications cable from Japan to Hawaii was also finished in June 1964 in time for these games. Before this, most communications from Japan to other countries were via shortwave. The start of operations for the first Japanese bullet train (the Tokaido Shinkansen ) between Tokyo Station and Shin-Ōsaka Station was scheduled to coincide with the Olympic games. The first regularly scheduled train ran on 1 October 1964, just nine days before

1456-571: The internet. 1964 Summer Olympics The 1964 Summer Olympics ( Japanese : 1964年夏季オリンピック , Hepburn : 1964-Nen Kaki Orinpikku ) , officially the Games of the XVIII Olympiad ( Japanese : 第18回オリンピック競技大会 , Hepburn : Dai Jūhachi-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai ) and commonly known as Tokyo 1964 ( Japanese : 東京1964 ), were an international multi-sport event held from 10 to 24 October 1964 in Tokyo , Japan. Tokyo had been awarded

1508-410: The internet. In December 2017, The Criterion Collection issued on Blu-ray and DVD, under exclusive license from the IOC , 100 Years of Olympic Films: 1912-2012 , which includes Tokyo Olympiad . Ichikawa's documentary subsequently received a new standalone release. In 2019, the official Olympic Channel's own website made a digitally restored and unedited copy of the full original release available on

1560-669: The last to use a traditional cinder track for the track events. Since 1968, a smooth, synthetic, all-weather track has been used. The United States topped the gold medal table at these Games, while the Soviet Union won the most medals overall. In 2021, due to delay over the COVID-19 pandemic , Tokyo hosted the 2020 Summer Olympics , making it the first city in Asia to host the Summer Olympic Games twice. Japan also hosted

1612-696: The list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Note: In the Japan Olympic Committee report, sailing is listed as "yachting". Conventionally, countries are ranked by the number of gold medals they receive, followed then by the number of silver medals and, finally, bronze. Ninety-four nations participated in the 1964 Games.Sixteen nations made their first Olympic appearance in Tokyo: Algeria , Cameroon , Chad , Congo , Côte d'Ivoire (as Ivory Coast ), Dominican Republic , Libya (but it withdrew before

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1664-409: The lower limit for book sales, meaning that no matter how few copies of a book sells, if it is available through a print-on-demand vendor or electronically, it is still considered in-print. The longer a book has been out of print, the more difficult it may be to obtain a copy. If there is enough demand for an out-of-print book, and all copyright issues can be resolved, another publisher may republish

1716-505: The need for tapes to be flown overseas, as they had been for the 1960 Olympics four years earlier. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, and from there to Europe using Relay 1 . These were also the first Olympic Games to have color telecasts, albeit partially. Certain events such as the sumo wrestling and judo matches, sports popular in Japan, were tried out using Toshiba 's new colour transmission system, but only for

1768-500: The opening of the games, transporting passengers 515 kilometers (320 mi) in about four hours, and connecting the three major metropolitan areas of Tokyo, Nagoya , and Osaka . Some already-planned upgrades to both highways and commuter rail lines were rescheduled for completion in time for these games. Of the eight main expressways approved by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in 1959, No. 1, No. 4 and

1820-633: The organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics , but this honor was subsequently passed to Helsinki due to Japan's invasion of China , before ultimately being cancelled due to World War II . Tokyo was chosen as the host city during the 55th IOC Session in West Germany on 26 May 1959. The 1964 Summer Games were the first Olympics held in Asia , and marked the first time South Africa was excluded for using its apartheid system in sports. Until 1960, South Africa had fielded segregated teams, conforming to

1872-582: The organizers to postpone the games to summer 2021, the first time that an Olympic Games was cancelled or rescheduled during peacetime. The Japan Society Fall 2019 exhibition, Made in Tokyo: Architecture and Living, 1964/2020 , is an architectural exhibition that examines the social, cultural, economic, and political impacts of the 1964 Tokyo Olympics on the modernization of the Tokyo landscape (Homes, Offices, Retail Businesses, Athletic Stadiums, Hotels, and Transportation Stations). The exhibition

1924-433: The organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services, and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host

1976-473: The original Japanese release is available to view on the Olympic Channel's own website. The film initially had a distributor rental income of ¥1,223,210,000 in Japanese theaters, where it drew 7.5   million admissions. It was later screened in schools and public halls, drawing a further 16   million admissions. This brought its total box office to 23.5   million admissions, setting

2028-429: The original's 165 minutes. Tokyo Olympiad was released theatrically in Japan on 20 March 1965 where it was distributed by Toho . It had its original 165-minute runtime and included an intermission . The film was released in the United States on 20 October 1965, in its edited format with a 93-minute runtime, by Pan-World Film Exchange and Jack Douglas Enterprises, and with an added English language narration. The film

2080-405: The publisher will cease to print additional copies, and may remainder or pulp the remaining unsold copies. When all of the books in a print run have been sold to booksellers, the book is said to be "out of print", meaning that a bookseller cannot get any further copies from the publisher. If a book sells out unexpectedly quickly, it may be considered out of print briefly when its initial print run

2132-442: The record for the highest-grossing film in Japan in terms of box office admissions. Its record was later matched by Hayao Miyazaki 's anime film Spirited Away (2001). In France, the film sold 993,555 tickets at the box office, bringing its total box office admissions to 24,493,555 tickets sold in Japan and France. The film is held in very high critical regard and is seen, alongside Leni Riefenstahl 's Olympia , as one of

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2184-549: The results of sprints. All of this demonstrated that Japan was now part of the first world and a technological leader, and at the same time demonstrated how other countries might modernize. In preparation for the games, 200,000 stray cats and dogs were rounded up and killed. However, the construction projects resulted in environmental damage, forced relocations for residents, and loss of industry. In addition, corruption by politicians and construction companies resulted in cost overruns and shoddy work. Although public opinion about

2236-432: The thousands. These books can be ordered in bulk by booksellers , and when all the bookseller's copies are sold, the bookseller has the option to order additional copies. If the initial print run sells out and demand still exists, the publisher will have more copies printed, if possible. When the book is no longer selling either at a rate fast enough to pay for the inventory or stock costs, or to justify another print run,

2288-492: The upcoming games. The official poster can be seen several times in the film. Tokyo attempted to bring the Olympic Games back to the city, having unsuccessfully bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics , which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro . Tokyo was chosen to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics games, making it the first Asian city to host the games twice. The worldwide coronavirus pandemic , however, forced

2340-513: Was 5 hours 41 minutes in the United States, 12 hours 27 minutes in Europe, and 14 hours 18 minutes in Canada. Pictures were received via satellite in the United States, Canada, and 21 countries in Europe. Several broadcasters recorded some sports from Japan and flown over to their countries. While the agreement to use satellite to transmit the games live to the United States was a proud achievement for

2392-461: Was also taken out of print. In 2004, it was released on DVD in Japan through Toho. In addition to the 170-minute theatrical version, there was a 148-minute "40th Anniversary Edition", which was also considered a director's cut. This has not been made available outside of Japan. In 2013, the official Olympic YouTube channel made a 125-minute edited version with the English narration available on

2444-662: Was curated by the Japanese architectural firm Atelier Bow-Wow . The majority of Japanese castles were smashed and destroyed in the late 19th century in the Meiji restoration by the Japanese people and government in order to modernize and westernize Japan and break from their past feudal era of the Daimyo and Shoguns. It was only due to the 1964 Olympics in Japan that cheap concrete replicas of those castles were built in preparation for tourists. The vast majority of castles in Japan today are new replicas made out of concrete. In 1959

2496-576: Was devoted to upgrading the city's physical infrastructure, including new buildings, highways, stadiums, hotels, airports and trains. There was a new satellite to facilitate live international broadcast. Multiple train and subway lines, a large highway building project, and the Tokaido Shinkansen, the fastest train in the world, were completed. Tokyo International Airport and the Port of Tokyo were modernized. International satellite broadcasting

2548-474: Was initiated, and Japan was now connected to the world with a new undersea communications cable. The YS-11 , a commercial turboprop plane developed in Japan, was used to transport the Olympic Flame within Japan. For swimming, a new timing system started the clock by the sound of the starter gun and stopped it with touchpads. The photo finish using a photograph with lines on it was introduced to determine

2600-435: Was later reissued in 1984 by Janus Films and Night Kitchen, Inc. with English subtitles at the original 165-minute runtime. A 125-minute cut of the film with English narration is available to view on Youtube via the official Olympics channel. It is titled The Complete Tokyo 1964 Olympics Film although this version is nearly 45 minutes shorter than the original release. As of 2020, a restored, full and unedited version of

2652-698: Was originally banned on the meeting which took place in Lausanne on 7 February 1963. The decision was changed on 26 June 1964 citing the changed position of the Government of Indonesia towards the Tokyo games. These games were the first to be telecast internationally. The games were telecast to the United States using Syncom 3 , the first geostationary communication satellite, and from there to Europe using Relay 1 , an older satellite which allowed only 15–20 minutes of broadcast during each of its orbits. Total broadcast time of programs delivered via satellite

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2704-481: Was very much a cinematic and artistic recording of the events, more concerned with the athletes and spectators, than the straight-forward journalistic, historical recording that was expected by its financiers. As a result, the Japanese Olympic Committee forced Ichikawa to re-edit the picture to better suit their requirements, with the final, re-edited, version clocking in at 93 minutes rather than

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