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63-533: TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. ( 株式会社トムス・エンタテインメント , Kabushiki-gaisha Tomusu Entateinmento ) , formerly known as Kyokuichi is a Japanese animation studio owned by Sega Corporation . TMS is one of the oldest and most renowned animation studios in Japan, known for its numerous anime franchises such as Detective Conan , Lupin the Third , and Anpanman . TMS Entertainment is the animation business company of

126-539: A Tokyo branch office and launched its animation production division, Tokyo Movie Division. The name of the company was credited as Kyokuichi Tokyo Movie in the anime works produced at that time, however international prints used the TMS-Kyokuichi name. In 1996 the Los Angeles studio was established. On January 1, 2000, Kyokuichi changed its name to TMS Entertainment Co., Ltd. The name Tokyo Movie remained as

189-449: A former staff of the puppet theater company Hitomi-za ( 人形劇団ひとみ座 , Ningyō Gekidan Hitomi-za ) , established the animation studio Tokyo Movie Co., Ltd. with investment from Tokyo Broadcasting System . Inspired by the broadcast of the first domestically produced animated TV series Astro Boy on Fuji Television the previous year, TBS encouraged Fujioka, who was working at Tokyo Ningyo Cinema ( 東京人形シネマ , Tōkyō Ningyō Shinema ) ,

252-484: A full-length animated feature film i.e. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which laid the foundation for other studios to try to make full-length movies. In 1932 Flowers and Trees , a production by Walt Disney Productions and United Artists , won the first Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . This period, from the 1920s to the 1950s or sometimes considered from 1911 to the death of Walt Disney in 1966,

315-601: A longer running manga or animated series. As the OAV market is not adapted to the rigors that are faced by television shows or feature films, they have been known to show gratuitous amounts of violence and/or pornography. Some OAV's have registered such strong acclaim that they have been remade as anime television series as well as theatrical releases. Since most new OVA's are derived from other animated media, many animation studios that have previously worked on animated series or movies, and adaptations of Japanese manga, have now entered

378-506: A new animation studio, Studio Ghibli , which would be used for the personal works of Miyazaki and his close friend, Isao Takahata . Many of Ghibli's works have become Japan's top-grossing theatrical films, whether in live-action or animated form. The market for 'OAV's or ' Original Anime Video ' later the acronym would be better known as 'OVA' meaning 'Original video animation' as the term 'OAV' could often be misunderstood for 'Original Adult Video', began in 1984. These are often tended towards

441-508: A profitable enterprise and many have entered the made for television market since, with Joseph Barbera and William Hanna refining the production process for television animation on their show Ruff and Reddy . It was in 1958 that The Huckleberry Hound Show claimed the title of being the first all-new half-hour cartoon show. This, along with their previous success with the series Tom and Jerry , elevated their animation studio, H.B. Enterprises (later Hanna-Barbera Productions ), to dominate

504-565: A series of hits, including Obake no Q-Tarō , Star of the Giants , and Attack No. 1 . Thanks to them, Tokyo Movie became independent from Kokusai Hōei in 1971, and Fujioka returned as president. The studio continued to produce a string of hits thereafter, including Tensai Bakabon , Lupin the 3rd Part I , Aim for the Ace! , and Gamba no Bouken . Fujioka invested in Madhouse when it

567-550: A very small core group. After being bought out or sold to other companies, they eventually consolidated with other studios and became larger. The drawback of this setup was that there was now a major thrust towards profitability with the management acting as a damper towards creativity of these studios, continuing even in today's scenario. Currently, the independent animation studios are looking to ensure artistic integrity by signing up with big animation studios on contracts that allow them to license out movies, without being directed by

630-692: A work-by-work basis. However, head creators sometimes have exclusive contracts and are given their own desks within the company to work on. In addition to its own studios, TMS has wholly-owned animation studios such as Telecom Animation Film , TMS Jinni's and Toon Additional Pictures. Throughout the 1980s and the 1990s, TMS and its subsidiaries, Telecom Animation Film and South Korea-based Seoul Movie, animated for various companies, including DiC , Walt Disney Television Animation , Warner Bros. Animation , Marvel Films Animation , Studio Ghibli , Madhouse , Production I.G , Sunrise , Bones , ShoPro , Shogakukan Music & Digital Entertainment among others, Since

693-569: Is a Japanese media and licensed broadcasting holding company . It is the parent company of the television network TBS Television and radio network TBS Radio . It has a 28-affiliate television network called Japan News Network , as well as a 34-affiliate radio network called Japan Radio Network . TBS produced the game show Takeshi's Castle and has also broadcast the Ultra Series programs and Sasuke ( Ninja Warrior ), whose format would inspire similar programs outside Japan. Below

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756-521: Is a selection of the many programs that the network has broadcast. Idol Japan TBS was accused of failing to protect its sources in October 1989, when it taped an interview with Tsutsumi Sakamoto regarding his investigations into the Aum Shinrikyo sect. The network secretly showed a video of the interview to Aum members without Sakamoto's knowledge. Aum officials then pressured TBS to cancel

819-707: Is commonly known as the Golden Age of American Animation as it included the growth of Disney, as well as the rise of Warner Bros. Cartoons and the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio as prominent animation studios. Disney continued to lead in technical prowess among studios for a long time afterwards, as can be seen with their achievements . In 1941, Otto Messmer created the first animated television commercials for Botany Tie ads/weather reports. They were shown on NBC-TV in New York until 1949. This marked

882-591: Is dated around 1917, but it would take until 1956 for the Japanese animation industry to successfully adopt the studio format as used in the United States. In 1961, these productions began to be aired in the US. Toei Animation , formed in 1948, was the first Japanese animation studio of importance and saw the reduction of animators as independent anime artists. After the formation of Toei Animation Co. Ltd. in 1948,

945-606: Is subject to local intellectual property rights. The animators must also be aware of the contracts laws and labour laws prevalent in the jurisdiction to which the animation studio is subject to. There have been numerous legal battles fought over the copyright of famous franchises, such as Kung Fu Panda and SpongeBob SquarePants . This has come about as a result of the clause in Copyright contracts that states that an idea cannot be protected, only an actual piece of work can be said to be infringed upon. This means that though

1008-516: The 1984 rate) ran out before the animation work began, and the project was suspended in August 1984. In June 1988, TMS dissolved its own production division, Tokyo Movie and absorbed it, Tokyo Movie would continue as a TMS subsidiary until 1993. Fujioka resumed production after securing an additional investment of 1 billion yen (6.9 million dollars at the 1987 rate) from Lake in 1987 and terminated his contract with Kurtz and took full responsibility for

1071-621: The Japanese studios churned out minor works of animation. But with the release of Toei's first theatrical feature, The Tale of the White Serpent released in October 1958, the animation industry in Japan came into the eye of the general public. The success of Alakazam the Great led to the finding of the artist Osamu Tezuka , who would go on to become the father of Japanese manga with his brand of modern, fast-paced fantasy storylines. He became influenced by Hanna-Barbera productions of

1134-582: The Japanese-Italian co-production TV series Sherlock Hound in 1981 at the request of RAI , the Italian national public broadcasting company. The series was directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Telecom Animation Film. However, the collaboration was dissolved after six episodes were produced, and the remaining 20 episodes were subsequently financed by Japanese companies. Kyosuke Mikuriya took over as director, and with Telecom leaving to focus on

1197-858: The North American and European markets, direct-to-video animation has seen a rise, as a concept, in the Western markets. With many comic characters receiving their versions of OVA 's, original video animations , under the Westernized title of direct-to-video animations, the OVA market has spread to American animation houses. Their popularity has resulted in animated adaptations of comic characters ranging from Hellboy , Green Lantern and Avengers . Television shows such as Family Guy and Futurama also released direct-to-video animations. DC Comics have continually released their own animated movies for

1260-406: The North American television animation market during the latter half of the 20th century. In 2002, Shrek , produced by DreamWorks and Pacific Data Images won the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . Since then, Disney / Pixar have produced the most number of movies either to win or be nominated for the award. Though the term "direct-to-video" carries negative connotations in

1323-413: The OVA market, looking to capitalize on the popularity of their flagship shows. Studios participating in such circumstances include Production I.G and Studio Deen . Although there are permanent/full-time positions in studios, most animators work on a contract basis. There are some animators that are considered to be in the core group of the studio, which can either be as a result of being there since

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1386-593: The Sega Group and a well-established animation studio with its origins in Tokyo Movie. Originally established in 1946 as a textile manufacturer, the company entered animation when they merged with animation studio Tokyo Movie Shinsha to start an animation production business, known as the Kyokuichi Tokyo Movie division or TMS-Kyokuichi . Tokyo Movie Shinsha was one of the five major studios in

1449-466: The Sega Group in 1992 through a business alliance with Sega and Sega Toys . In the same year, Tokyo Movie Shinsha became a subsidiary of Sega through a stock acquisition. On November 1, 1995, Sega absorbed Tokyo Movie Shinsha into Kyokuichi, with Kyokuichi as the surviving company. In conjunction with this merger, Kyokuichi made Telecom Animation Film and TMS Photo, which were subsidiaries of Tokyo Movie Shinsha, its own subsidiaries. Kyokuichi established

1512-470: The U.S. release), and production costs eventually rose to 5.5 billion yen (43.3 million dollars at the 1992 rate). The main staff changed constantly, and later left behind a vast number of ideas, designs, and sketches submitted by various creators, scenarios by Bradley, Columbus, most of which were never used, and others, and pilots in three versions: Sadao Tsukioka's version, Yoshifumi Kondō and Kazuhide Tomonaga 's version, and Osamu Desaki's version. It

1575-472: The U.S. under the guise of training. While the Japanese staff members were greatly inspired by the two during their training, when the two saw the sketches drawn by Miyazaki, they said there was nothing they could teach them. Young American animators who had heard rumors of the Nemo production also came to Kineto TMS to sell themselves, including John Lasseter and Brad Bird , who reportedly met Miyazaki there for

1638-472: The US in animation, such as the relationship between Miyazaki and the Nine Old Men. The composition of members at Telecom Animation Film for animated feature films directed by Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata also served as a stepping stone for the transfer of Toei Animation's feature film production techniques to Studio Ghibli . Kyokuichi Co., Ltd. opened its first amusement arcade in 1991, and joined

1701-555: The United States was appointed film producer . Kurtz recommended Ray Bradbury as the screenwriter, and the project got underway. When the Japanese production team was handed the first draft of Bradbury's screenplay, they wondered if it was too philosophical to be entertaining. Miyazaki presented various ideas for the script to Kurtz, but he never adopted them. Kurtz was executive producing Return to Oz for Disney at this time and spent most of his time in London and New York , visiting

1764-477: The animators may have forwarded ideas to the animation studios about certain characters and plots, these ideas alone cannot be protected and can lead to studios profiting on individual animator's ideas. However, this has not stopped many independent artists from filing claims to characters produced by different studios. Due to the wide range of animation techniques and styles, many animation studios typically specialize in certain types. Traditional animation employs

1827-623: The art of full animation. In the early 1980s, Tokyo Movie Shinsha (TMS) began working on international co-productions by big-name directors with the goal of expanding overseas. TMS partnered with the French (later American) company DiC as an overseas subcontractor to produce animation for the company in 1980. Two Japanese-French co-productions, Ulysses 31 in 1981, directed by Tadao Nagahama, and Lupin VIII in 1982, directed by Rintaro , were produced in cooperation with DIC. TMS began production of

1890-547: The bigger studios. Examples of such co-operation are the joint ventures between DreamWorks and Paramount Pictures and that of Blue Sky Studios and 20th Century Studios . On August 22, 2016, Comcast's NBCUniversal acquired DreamWorks Animation , appointing Meledandri oversee Comcast's Universal Animation/DreamWorks/Illumination, Disney's Disney Animation/Pixar/20th Century Animation, & Warner Bros. Warner Bros. Animation/Warner Bros. Pictures Animation. The first known example of Japanese animation, also called anime ,

1953-531: The early 2000s, TMS itself has no longer supplied animation services to Western studios due to increasingly demanding costs, although there have been a few exceptions such as Green Lantern: First Flight (2009) and Superman vs. The Elite (2012). While it still produces feature films, these films are primarily spinoffs from existing anime properties, which include the likes of Anpanman and Detective Conan . In 1946, Asahi Glove Manufacturing Co., Ltd. ( アサヒ手袋製造株式会社 , Asahi Tebukuro Seizō Kabushiki-gaisha )

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2016-643: The early days of Japanese animation, producing and/or animating a string of popular works from the 1960s to the 1970s, including Obake no Q-Tarō , Star of the Giants , Moomin , Attack No. 1 , Tensai Bakabon , Lupin the 3rd Part I , Aim for the Ace! , and Gamba no Bouken . TMS has studios 1 through 7 under its production headquarters, each with a nickname for the work they are involved in, such as Studio 1, 3xCube, Trois Studios, Rogue Studio, and Double Eagle. Each studio has its own production and management staff, including producers and production assistants. As for animators, each studio contracts them on

2079-548: The film Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland . The initial production budget was reported to be about 3.6 billion yen (16 million dollars at the exchange rate in 1981). Under Fujioka's grand order to produce a world-class animation film, creators from Japan and abroad were assembled. Many prominent figures were involved in the production, including Hayao Miyazaki, Isao Takahata, Osamu Dezaki, Yasuo Ōtsuka, Ray Bradbury , Jean Giraud (Mobius), and Chris Columbus . However,

2142-400: The film Nemo , TMS outsourced the animation to the fledgling studio Gallop . Osamu Dezaki directed the largest number of animated co-productions, including Mighty Orbots , Bionic Six , and Sweet Sea . In the spring of 1981, Fujioka received an investment from Lake, a consumer finance company , and established Kineto TMS, a U.S. incorporated company, to begin full-scale production of

2205-417: The film production division of Hitomi-za, which had produced puppet theater programs for the station, to establish a studio. The studio's first production was an animated adaptation of Osamu Tezuka's Big X . However, because all the staff came from puppet theater backgrounds and were unfamiliar with animation, the studio suffered a huge loss and fell into financial crisis. In order to restore management,

2268-494: The film rights to Little Nemo . However, due to difficulties in raising funds and securing staff, production was slow to begin, so Telecom produced TV series and movies under Ōtsuka, including Lupin the 3rd Part II . Ōtsuka approached Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, with Miyazaki directing the second Lupin the 3rd film, The Castle of Cagliostro , and Takahata directing Jarinko Chie . Fujioka frequently invited Hollywood film professionals to screen The two films to promote

2331-494: The film, becoming executive producer himself. The film was completed in 1988 and released in Japan in July 1989, and received mixed reviews, it ended up grossing around 900 million yen (7 million dollars at the 1988 rate) at the box office. It was released in the United States in 1992 in 2,300 theaters and sold 4 million videos, but the production costs were not recouped. The film took about seven years to complete (it took 10 years for

2394-452: The first forays of animation designed for the smaller screen and was to be followed by the first animated series specifically made for television, Crusader Rabbit , in 1948. Its creator, Alex Anderson , had to create the studio 'Television Arts Productions' specifically for the purpose of creating this series as his old studio, Terrytoons , refused to make a series for television. Since Crusader Rabbit, however, many studios have seen this as

2457-468: The first time. Bird brought in his own film and unofficially drew several image boards. Fujioka succeeded in meeting George Lucas and asked him to be the American producer, but he declined, saying he was busy with the new Star Wars and Indiana Jones films, and instead recommended Gary Kurtz , who was also a producer on Star Wars . Fujioka from Japan was appointed line producer , and Kurtz from

2520-414: The home video market, while not tending to the television or theatrical audience as such. They refer to those movies that are launched as direct-to-video releases and not meant to be released in theatres. Video productions can run from half an hour productions to well over two hours. They require that premise or story be original in order to be counted as an OVA, though sometimes, the story can be derived from

2583-421: The inception of the company or being talented recruits from other animation studios. These are the more secure positions in an animation studio, though the studio might have policies concerning the possible tenure of animators. Since studios can hire animators on a work for hire basis nowadays, many artists do not retain rights over their creations, unlike some of the early animators. The extent of these copyrights

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2646-575: The late 1950s and made Japan's first made for television animation studio, Mushi Productions . The success of the studios' first show in 1963, Astro Boy , was so immense that there were 3 other television animation studios by the end of the year and Toei had opened their own made for television division. The greatest difference between Japanese studios and North American studios was the difference in adult-themed material to make way in Japan. Tezuka's thought that animation should not be restricted to kids alone has brought about many studios that are employed in

2709-487: The name of the animation production division and as the brand name for animation production. In 2003, the company completely withdrew from the textile business. Since then, animation production and amusement arcade operations were the two mainstays of its business. In 2003, American brokerage group Merrill Lynch became the second-largest shareholder in TMS Entertainment after acquiring a 7.54 percent stake in

2772-524: The production capabilities of Telecom and Japanese animation industry, which at the time was underrated in the United States. These films attracted attention, especially among young animators, including John Lasseter . The event also drew an unexpected response, with Telecom receiving requests to produce a TV series from countries outside the U.S., including Italy . In the U.S., the studio took on subcontracting work for production companies such as Disney, Warner Bros. , and Filmation , and became proficient in

2835-560: The production of adult-themed adaptations of classic stories such as Heidi ( Heidi, Girl of the Alps ), One Thousand and One Nights and The Diary of a Young Girl and many more. In the 1980s, animation studios were led back to their theatrical roots due to the success of Hayao Miyazaki 's film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind , which led publishing house Tokuma Shoten to finance

2898-482: The production ran into difficulties due to various crosscurrents between Japan and the U.S. Miyazaki and Takahata, who were originally slated to direct the film, dropped out of the project, and the staff was replaced one by one in the following years. In 1982, Fujioka secured the cooperation of Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston from Disney's Nine Old Men . In the summer of that year, at their invitation, Miyazaki, Takahata, Ōtsuka, and other Japanese staff members visited

2961-619: The resulting frames are played back. Notable studios specializing in this style of animation include Aardman Animations , Laika and ShadowMachine . 3D animation is the newest of the animation techniques, using the assistance of computers and software, such as Houdini , to create 3D models that are then manipulated and rendered to create movement. Notable studios include Pixar Animation Studios , Sony Pictures Imageworks , Blue Sky Studios , Illumination , DNEG and Marza Animation Planet . TBS Holdings TBS Holdings, Inc. , (formerly Tokyo Broadcasting System Holdings, Inc. , )

3024-578: The site of Nemo in Los Angeles only once a month, and then for just a couple of hours in the afternoon. Due to conflicts with Kurtz, Miyazaki resigned from Telecom in November 1982, and Takahata in March 1983. Kurtz's dictatorship continued, and the project went astray. The directors changed one after another, and the team went all to bits. The production budget of 4.5 billion yen (19 million dollars at

3087-417: The sole purpose of sale in the direct-to-video market. With growing worries about piracy, direct to video animation might become more popular in the near future. With the growth of animation as an industry, the trends of ownership of studios have gradually changed with time. Current studios such as Warner Bros. and early ones such as Fleischer Studios , started life as small, independent studios, being run by

3150-566: The studio created by J.R. Bray , Bray Productions , to the honor of the first studio dedicated to animation. Though beaten to the post of being the first studio, Bray's studio employee, Earl Hurd , came up with patents designed for mass-producing the output for the studio. As Hurd did not file for these patents under his own name but handed them to Bray, they would go on to form the Bray-Hurd Patent Company and sold these techniques for royalties to other animation studios of

3213-574: The studio received capital participation from the TV production company Kokusai Hōei (formerly Shintoho ). Fujioka, the founder of the company, was demoted to director and head of the production department, and Rokuzo Abe of Kokusai Hōei was appointed as the new president. In 1965, Fujioka established A Production to rebuild the production system, and Tokyo Movie formed a business alliance with A Production as an actual animation production company. Fujioka approached Daikichirō Kusube, who had left Toei Doga and

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3276-615: The studio. Merrill Lynch purchased the stake purely for investment purposes and had no intention of acquiring control of the firm's management. In 2005, Sega Sammy Holdings acquired a 50.2% stake in TMS Entertainment, making it a subsidiary. In 2006, the Tokyo branch was reorganized as the Tokyo headquarters and merged with the Head Office in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture. The headquarters then moved to Shinjuku, Tokyo . The Los Angeles studio

3339-417: The time. The biggest name in animation studios during this early time was Disney Brothers Animation Studio (now known as Walt Disney Animation Studios ), co-founded by Walt and Roy O. Disney . Started on October 16, 1923, the studio went on to make its first animated short, Steamboat Willie in 1928, to much critical success, though the real breakthrough was in 1937, when the studio was able to produce

3402-513: The use of hand-drawn frames, and is used in the world of cartoons, movies and anime. Notable studios that specialize in this style include Studio Ghibli , Cartoon Saloon , Nickelodeon Animation Studio , Disney Television Animation , 20th Television Animation , Warner Bros. Animation , Cartoon Network Studios , Titmouse , Ufotable , Studio Chizu and CoMix Wave Films . Stop-motion animation uses objects that are incrementally moved and photographed in order to create an illusion of movement when

3465-431: Was an unprecedented project in the history of Japanese animation, but it ended in failure, and Fujioka took responsibility for it, relinquished all rights related to Tokyo Movie, and retired from the industry. Although Fujioka's ambitions ended in failure, Nemo left a great legacy, laying the foundation for the subsequent expansion of Japanese animation into the American market and also pioneering exchanges between Japan and

3528-431: Was considered a genius, as a lecturer for the first year, and Yasuo Ōtsuka the following year. In June 1976, Tokyo Movie spun off its sales division to establish Tokyo Movie Shinsha Co., Ltd. ,, and the original Tokyo Movie was absorbed into it. Kusube and A Production terminated its business alliance with Tokyo Movie, changed its name to Shin-Ei Animation , and began its own path. In the summer of 1978, Fujioka acquired

3591-441: Was delisted and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sega Sammy Holdings through a share exchange. In 2011, the credits for Detective Conan and Anpanman were changed to TMS Entertainment, and animation production under the Tokyo Movie name ended. Animation studio The idea of a studio dedicated to animating cartoons was spearheaded by Raoul Barré and his studio, Barré Studio , co-founded with Bill Nolan , beating out

3654-399: Was founded in 1972. In 1975, Tokyo Movie established Telecom Animation Film to train animators who could draw full animations. Feeling the limitations of the Japanese animation business, Fujioka dreamed of expanding to the United States and making full animation films that could compete with Disney . However, since limited animation , which had been adopted and developed by Osamu Tezuka,

3717-488: Was founded in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture and the trade name was soon changed to Kyokuichi Knitting & Weaving Co., Ltd. ( 旭一編織株式会社 , Kyokuichi Amiori Kabushiki-gaisha ) . The company changed its name to Kyokuichi Co., Ltd. ( 株式会社キョクイチ , Kabushiki-gaisha Kyokuichi ) in 1947, and then to Kyokuichi Shine Industries Co., Ltd. ( 旭一シャイン工業株式会社 , Kyokuichi Shain Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha ) in 1957, and

3780-649: Was listed on the Nagoya Stock Exchange. The company established Shine Mink Co., Ltd. in Sapporo, Hokkaido in 1961, opened a mink breeding farm and began its fur business in 1962, and merged with Shine Mink in 1974 to form the Mink Division. In 1989, Kyokuichi Shine Industries was acquired by Watchman Group, a mass retail group of watches and home appliances, and changed its business format to entertainment business. In 1964, Yutaka Fujioka,

3843-520: Was reorganized as TMS ENTERTAINMENT, USA, INC. In February 2007, TMS Entertainment announced the completion of its fourth Tokyo studio (Building D) in Nakano, Tokyo . The company stated that Shinjuku would thereafter serve as the base for its corporate division and Nakano as the base for its production division. In 2008, the company withdrew from the amusement arcade business and concentrated its business on animation production. In 2010, TMS Entertainment

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3906-693: Was the mainstream in Japan, he planned to establish a new animation studio that would handle full animation and use it as a base to produce joint Japanese-US animated films. Fujioka chose the legendary American cartoon Little Nemo as the basis for his animated film, and began acquiring the film rights in 1977. Telecom received over 1,000 applications for its employee recruitment, and Fujioka hired 43 people with no animation production experience. Rather than hiring animators with limited animation production experience, Fujioka chose to hire inexperienced amateurs and train them to become first-class animators who could draw full animations. Telecom invited Sadao Tsukioka, who

3969-602: Was working as a freelancer , and by making him the representative of A Production, he succeeded in inviting talented Toei creators such as Tsutomu Shibayama , Yoshio Kabashima, and Keisuke Morishita. Fujioka also welcomed Isao Takahata , Hayao Miyazaki , Yasuo Ōtsuka , and Yōichi Kotabe , who had been forced out of Toei for overspending on The Great Adventure of Horus, Prince of the Sun . Early directors, such as Tadao Nagahama and Masaaki Ōsumi , were all from puppet theater companies with no animation experience, but they produced

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