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69-597: The earliest historically documented representative of the family is Keno Kenesna, who in 1309 was one of the three consules et advocati terrae Nordensis . Originally, the family's property in Brokmerland was probably not very large. Descendants had already ruled the parishes of Uttum and Visquard around 1347 and the family was one of the most influential in the Emsigerland and the Norderland. In Brokmerland

138-422: A Dutch newspaper. However, the same test also revealed that native Dutch speakers understood 63.9% of a spoken Frisian text, 59.4% of a spoken Afrikaans text and 89.4% of a spoken Dutch text, read aloud by native speakers of the respective languages. The saying "As milk is to cheese, are English and Fries" describes the observed similarity between Frisian and English. One rhyme that is sometimes used to demonstrate

207-470: A charter that they alleged had been written by Charlemagne and confirmed their freedom from serfdom , feudal duties and taxation . In 1248, William II of Holland confirmed "all the rights, liberties and privileges conceded to all Frisians by the emperor Charlemagne", but the terms were kept vague, so the decree had little significant effect. In 1338, Frisian communitates sent a letter to Philip VI of France , in which they request he be "mindful of

276-590: A codified legal system without any kind of central government . Frisians formed treaties with other powers to protect their freedom, which was recognised by a number of German kings during the Late Middle Ages . Frisian freedom was brought to an end in the late-15th century, as increasing levels of class stratification in the East culminated in the establishment of the County of East Frisia , while West Frisia

345-462: A few runic inscriptions from the region which are probably older and possibly in the Frisian language. These runic writings, however, usually do not amount to more than single- or few-word inscriptions, and cannot be said to constitute literature as such. The Middle Frisian language period ( c.  1550 – c.  1820 ) is rooted in geopolitics and the consequent fairly abrupt halt in

414-729: A fire caused by a blaze started by warriors of the Archbishop of Bremen, the Count of Oldenburg and other allies. This prompted the Hanseatic League to intervene against the Vital Brothers around 1400. Widzeld's successor was Keno II , who defeated the Emden chieftain, Hisko Abdena , in 1413. In 1415, he extended his rule to the western part of Frisia . In 1400, the Hanseatic League forced him to give up his alliance with

483-591: A joint pact to protect Frisian freedom from "coercion by oppression". This alliance was later invoked during attempts by the Burgundian State to conquer Frisia. According to a Frisian law book from c.  1295 , Frisians collaborated with Rudolf I of Germany on military campaigns, in return for the protection of the Frisian freedom. In 1417, the German king Sigismund issued a charter that granted Frisia "imperial liberty" from princely rule. But as

552-616: A prominent grammatical feature in almost all West Frisian dialects, with the notable exception of Súdwesthoeksk . Therefore, the New Frisian period is considered to have begun at this time, around 1820. Most speakers of West Frisian live in the province of Friesland in the north of the Netherlands . Friesland has 643,000 inhabitants (2005), of whom 94% can understand spoken West Frisian, 74% can speak West Frisian, 75% can read West Frisian, and 27% can write it. For over half of

621-556: A striking similarity to Old English . This similarity was reinforced in the late Middle Ages by the Ingvaeonic sound shift, which affected Frisian and English, but the other West Germanic varieties hardly at all. Both English and Frisian are marked by the suppression of the Germanic nasal in a word like us ( ús ), soft ( sêft ) or goose ( goes ): see Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law . Also, when followed by some vowels

690-586: A violation of Frisian freedom and Ocko I was murdered in front of his castle at Aurich. Ocko's widow, Foelke the Cruel , initially took over the reins of power as regent and the guardian of their son, Widzeld . After he had become ruler, he took in the Victual Brothers under Klaus Störtebeker and offered them a place of retreat in East Frisia. Widzeld died in 1399 in the church at Detern from

759-599: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Frisian Freedom The Frisian freedom ( West Frisian : Fryske frijheid ; Dutch : Friese vrijheid ; German : Friesische Freiheit ) was a period of the absence of feudalism in Frisia during the Middle Ages . Its main aspects included freedom from serfdom , feudal duties and taxation , as well as the election of judges and adjudicators . According to medieval chronicles, exemption from feudalism

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828-589: Is no difference between ei and ij , whereas in Clay Frisian, there is no difference between ei and aai . Other phonological differences include: Some lexical differences between Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian include: West Frisian uses the Latin alphabet. A, E, O and U may be accompanied by circumflex or acute accents. In alphabetical listings both I and Y are usually found between H and J. When two words differ only because one has I and

897-573: Is not a proper Frisian") was used, according to legend, by the 16th century Frisian rebel and pirate Pier Gerlofs Donia as a shibboleth that he forced his captives to repeat to distinguish Frisians from Dutch and Low Germans . Here is a short example of the West Frisian language in comparison with English , Old English , and Dutch . Not all Frisian varieties spoken in Dutch Friesland are mutually intelligible . The varieties on

966-693: Is only used outside the Netherlands, to distinguish this language from the closely related Frisian languages of East Frisian , including Saterland Frisian , and North Frisian spoken in Germany . Within the Netherlands, however, "West Frisian" refers to the West Frisian dialect of the Dutch language while the West Frisian language is almost always just called "Frisian" (in Dutch: Fries for

1035-468: Is that in the Old Frisian period ( c.  1150 – c.  1550 ) grammatical cases still occurred. Some of the texts that are preserved from this period are from the 12th or 13th, but most are from the 14th and 15th centuries. Generally, these texts are restricted to legal documents. Although the earliest definite written examples of Frisian are from approximately the 9th century, there are

1104-576: The Aduard Abbey also recognised that the Frisians "utterly abhorred the state of servitude for reason of the severity of the princes, as they had experienced earlier." A largely leaderless society, from 1298, references began to be made to urban officeholders known as aldermen and elected military leaders known as haedlingen , which were often compared to the Italian podestà . By

1173-538: The County of East Frisia , ending the Frisian freedom there and finally establishing feudal rule in the east. The Frisian freedom finally came to an end as a result of civil war between the Schieringers and Vetkopers , two factions of the Frisian nobility. In 1498, Maximilian appointed Albert III, Duke of Saxony as governor of the region, with the support of the Schieringers . In 1504, Frisia

1242-501: The County of Holland . During the Friso-Hollandic Wars , the concept of Frisian freedom was used to mobilise armed resistance to feudalisation attempts by the counts of Holland. In contrast to developments in feudal counties , the Frisian nobility never developed feudal titles, knighthoods were never established, and the centralisation of polities into states was a slow-moving process. Rural communes became

1311-606: The Holy Roman Empire , some of these communes, including in Frisia, eliminated the power of local princes, establishing quasi- republican systems of government. Frisian lands existed in a state of autonomy from at least the 11th century. Although Frisia was officially brought under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, a de facto system of self-governance developed in the region. The Frisians disregarded

1380-574: The Italian city-states and Old Swiss Confederacy , due to their shared quasi-republican systems of government, Frisia was unique in its contemporary understanding of liberty as an intrinsic value. For most of its history, Frisian self-governance was maintained in East Frisia , between the Weser and Lauwers rivers. Meanwhile, parts of West Frisia periodically fell under the feudal occupation of

1449-489: The 11 towns, use two names (both Dutch and West Frisian) or only a West Frisian name. Within ISO 639 West Frisian falls under the codes fy and fry , which were assigned to the collective Frisian languages. The mutual intelligibility in reading between Dutch and Frisian is poor. A cloze test in 2005 revealed native Dutch speakers understood 31.9% of a West Frisian newspaper, 66.4% of an Afrikaans newspaper and 97.1% of

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1518-460: The 1970s. Frisian is still spoken by some Dutch Canadians , Dutch Americans , Dutch Australians and Dutch New Zealanders . Apart from the use of West Frisian as a first language, it is also spoken as a second language by about 120,000 people in the province of Friesland. West Frisian is considered by UNESCO to be a language in danger of becoming extinct , officially listed as "vulnerable". In 1951, Frisian language activists, protesting at

1587-407: The 19th century and have debated the historical continuity of the Frisian freedom. West Frisian language West Frisian , Frisian, or English on Expert (West Frisian: Frysk [frisk] or Westerlauwersk Frysk ; Dutch : Fries [fris] , also Westerlauwers Fries ), is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland ( Fryslân ) in

1656-605: The Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian dialects are the words my ("me"), dy ("you"), hy ("he"), sy ("she" or "they"), wy ("we"), and by ("by"), which are pronounced in the Wood Frisian as mi , di , hi , si , wi , and bi and in Clay Frisian as mij , dij , hij , sij , wij , and bij . Other differences are in the pronunciation of the diphthongs ei , ai , and aai which are pronounced ij , ai , and aai in Wood Frisian, but ôi , òi , and ôi in Clay Frisian. Thus, in Wood Frisian, there

1725-678: The East Frisian chief Focko Ukena over Ocko II at Detern in 1426, Focko allied himself with the Bishop of Münster and numerous East Frisian chiefs against Ocko, who was limited to Brokmerland and defeated him on 28 October at the Wild Fields between Oldeborg and Marienhafe for good. He was brought to Leer and was imprisoned for four years. In 1435, he died powerless as the last of his family in Norden . This German history article

1794-423: The East Frisian chieftains culminated with the establishment of a "Freedom League", in which an alliance of Frisian communities attempted to end their quasi-feudal rule. In the mid-to-late 15th century, the Frisian haedlingen recast the Frisian freedom to simply mean freedom from external taxation. In 1464, one of the most powerful East Frisian chieftains, Ulrich I , had reorganised the eastern territories into

1863-549: The Frisian freedom was reinterpreted during the Dutch Revolt , when it was used to argue for the reinstatement of historic rights that had been lost under Habsburg rule . In Friesland, the revolt was seen as a restoration of the Frisian freedom, as described in the writings of the Frisian republican Ubbo Emmius . Towards the end of the 16th century, a fictionalised version of the history of Frisia , Andreas Cornelius's Croniicke ende waarachtige Beschrijvinge van Vrieslant ,

1932-589: The Frisian landscape. In the western and north-western parts of the province, the region where Clay Frisian is spoken, the soil is made up of thick marine clay, hence the name. While in the Clay Frisian-speaking area ditches are used to separate the pastures, in the eastern part of the province, where the soil is sandy, and water sinks away much faster, rows of trees are used to that purpose. The natural landscape in which Wâldfrysk exists mirrors The Weald and North Weald areas of south-eastern England –

2001-455: The Frisian language and Westfries for the Dutch dialect). The unambiguous name used for the West Frisian language by linguists in the Netherlands is Westerlauwers Fries [ˈʋɛstərˌlʌu.ərs ˈfris] (West Lauwers Frisian), the Lauwers being a border river that separates the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen . In the early Middle Ages the Frisian lands stretched from

2070-414: The Frisian poet Gysbert Japiks (1603–1666), a schoolteacher and cantor from the city of Bolsward ( Boalsert ), who largely fathered modern West Frisian literature and orthography, was an exception to the rule. His example was not followed until the 19th century, when entire generations of Frisian authors and poets appeared. This coincided with the introduction of the so-called newer breaking system,

2139-407: The Frisians' freedom from feudal rule and serfdom, as well as their annual election of judges, writing that they "hazard their life for liberty and prefer death to being oppressed by the yoke of servitude". In the early 13th century, mentions of Frisian liberties having been granted by Charlemagne began to appear in historical literature. According to these medieval chronicles, the Frisian freedom

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2208-501: The Germanic k developed into a ch sound. For example, the West Frisian for cheese and church is tsiis and tsjerke , whereas in Dutch they are kaas and kerk . Modern English and Frisian on the other hand have become very divergent, largely due to wholesale Norse and French imports into English and similarly heavy Dutch and Low German influences on Frisian. One major difference between Old Frisian and modern Frisian

2277-428: The Germanic words wald and weald are cognate. Although Klaaifrysk and Wâldfrysk are mutually very easily intelligible, there are, at least to native West Frisian speakers, a few very conspicuous differences. These include the pronunciation of the words my ("me"), dy ("thee"), hy ("he"), sy ("she" or "they"), wy ("we") and by ("by"), and the diphthongs ei and aai . Of

2346-429: The area around Bruges , in what is now Belgium , to the river Weser , in northern Germany . At that time, the Frisian language was spoken along the entire southern North Sea coast. Today this region is sometimes referred to as "Greater Frisia " or Frisia Magna , and many of the areas within it still treasure their Frisian heritage, even though in most places the Frisian language has been lost. Old Frisian bore

2415-551: The city of Groningen attempted to revive the Upstalsboom League as its leading polity. It was not until the Late Middle Ages that Frisian freedom was officially recognised by foreign feudal powers. In 1232, the Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht recognised that the Frisians "are free men, and released from any yoke of servitude or anyone’s oppressive rule." The French Bartholomaeus Anglicus also recognised

2484-530: The dominant institutional form in Frisia, with higher-level subdivisions coalescing into self-governing districts, known as communitates terrae ( West Frisian : Steatsmienskippen ; German : Landesgemeinden ). Frisians largely governed themselves through community assemblies, also known as things . Each year, Frisians elected judges from their own ranks. All freeholders were eligible to become adjudicators and were rotated out on an annual basis. The Frisian historian Ubbo Emmius later claimed that

2553-401: The election of judges was "the principle element of liberty". Frisian freedom incentivised the codification of customary law ; the earliest surviving Frisian legal manuscripts date back to the late 13th century and the most recent date to the early 16th century. Medieval Frisian legal codes established a kind of honour system , in which compensation tariffs were used to prevent feuds . This

2622-678: The exclusive use of Dutch in the courts, caused a riot in Leeuwarden . The resulting inquiry led to the establishment of a committee of inquiry. This committee recommended that the Frisian language should receive legal status as a minority language. Subsequently, the Use of Frisian in Legal Transactions Act of 11 May 1956 was passed, which provided for the use of Frisian in transactions with the courts. Since 1956, West Frisian has an official status along with and equal to Dutch in

2691-461: The inhabitants of the province of Friesland, 55% ( c.  354,000 people ), West Frisian is the native language. In the central east, West Frisian speakers spill over the province border, with some 4,000–6,000 of them actually living in the province of Groningen , in the triangular area of the villages Marum (West Frisian: Mearum ), De Wilp ( De Wylp ), and Opende ( De Grinzer Pein ). Also, many West Frisians have left their province in

2760-466: The islands are rather divergent, and Glottolog distinguishes four languages: The dialects within mainstream mainland West Frisian are all readily intelligible. Three are usually distinguished: The Súdwesthoeksk ("South Western") dialect, which is spoken in an area called de Súdwesthoeke ("the Southwest Corner"), deviates from mainstream West Frisian in that it does not adhere to

2829-520: The last 60 years for more prosperous parts of the Netherlands. Therefore, possibly as many as 150,000 West Frisian speakers live in other Dutch provinces, particularly in the urban agglomeration in the West, and in neighbouring Groningen and newly reclaimed Flevoland . A Frisian diaspora exists abroad; Friesland sent more emigrants than any other Dutch province between the Second World War and

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2898-487: The lines of feudalism , as nobles gained the right of sovereignty over certain territories; but Frisia notably developed along a different path. Beginning in the mid-11th century, Medieval communes spread from northern Italy across much of Europe, gathering strength in areas outside the authority of feudal lords. These communes extended personal freedoms including public participation to its populace, which cultivated within them an antagonism towards feudalism. Within

2967-458: The mid-14th century, haedlingen had grown more rich and powerful, developing into an agrarian aristocracy and becoming the region's de facto ruling class . Between the Ems and Jade rivers in eastern Frisia, the strength of communal institutions were diminished and the communes effectively disappeared, while in the west, village heads increasingly exerted more influence over the communes. As

3036-490: The most beneficial gift of Frisian freedom, [...] conceded to us by Charlemagne, king of the Romans [...], in perpetuity." That same year, following a dispute between Frisians and the city of Groningen , arbitrators issued a charter that declared Groningen would agree to protect the Frisian freedom from feudal lords. In 1361, another charter was issued by a league of Frisian terrae and the city of Groningen, which reaffirmed

3105-656: The north of the Netherlands , mostly by those of Frisian ancestry . It is the most widely spoken of the Frisian languages . In the study of the evolution of English , West Frisian is notable as being the most closely related foreign tongue to the various dialects of Old English spoken across the Heptarchy , these being part of the Anglo-Frisian branch of the West Germanic family. The name "West Frisian"

3174-511: The oath in Frisian in courts anywhere in the Netherlands . Primary education in Friesland was made bilingual in 1956, which means West Frisian can be used as a teaching medium. In the same year, West Frisian became an official school subject, having been introduced to primary education as an optional extra in 1937. It was not until 1980, however, that West Frisian had the status of a required subject in primary schools, and not until 1993 that it

3243-423: The other one has Y (such as stikje and stykje ), the word with I precedes the one with Y. In handwriting, IJ (used for Dutch loanwords and personal names) is written as a single letter (see IJ (digraph) ), whereas in print the string IJ is used. In alphabetical listings IJ is most commonly considered to consist of the two letters I and J, although in dictionaries there is an entry IJ between X and Z telling

3312-484: The palpable similarity between Frisian and English is "Bread, butter and green cheese is good English and good Fries", which does not sound very different from " Brea, bûter en griene tsiis is goed Ingelsk en goed Frysk ". Another rhyme on this theme, " Bûter, brea en griene tsiis; wa't dat net sizze kin is gjin oprjochte Fries " ( example ; in English, "Butter, bread and green cheese, whoever can't say that

3381-477: The pirates. Keno's son Ocko II inherited such large territories that he was able call himself the chief of East Frisia. He consolidated his rule in West Frisia and Emden in 1421/22 with a victory by the chieftain, Focko Ukena , who was allied with him. In the following period, however, there were disputes between Focko Ukena and Ocko tom Brok, which turned into open acts of war. After the first victory of

3450-659: The power of the haedlingen grew, elements of the Frisian freedom such as personal freedom and the election of judges were discarded, as freedom was recast to mean freedom from foreign princes. In 1420, the East Frisian chieftains Ocko II tom Brok and Sibet Papinga  [ fy ] formed an alliance to protect the Frisian freedom from the Teutonic Order ; they reinterpreted Frisian freedom in as political freedom from foreign rule, rather than freedom from feudal servitude. In 1430, mounting opposition to

3519-450: The province of Friesland . It is used in many domains of Frisian society, among which are education, legislation, and administration. In 2010, some sixty public transportation ticket machines in Friesland and Groningen added a West Frisian-language option. Although in the courts of law the Dutch language is still mainly used, in the province of Friesland , Frisians have the right to give evidence in their own language. Also, they can take

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3588-523: The rights of local feudal lords, but still recognised the rule of the Empire, although this remained at a distance in practice. The earliest references to a "Frisian freedom" date back to the 13th century; with the first documentary evidence of self-governance being found in c.  1220 , while the encyclopedist Bartholomaeus Anglicus referred to Frisian attitudes towards liberty in c.  1240 . Although medieval Frisia has been compared to

3657-494: The sap of liberty preserving its strength and its verdure." By the end of the early modern period , when Friesland was integrated into the United Kingdom of the Netherlands , the concept was again reinterpreted during the rise of Frisian nationalism ; the Frisian freedom lost its political connotations and was reconceived as a cultural trait of the Frisian people. To nationalists of the 19th and 20th centuries, liberty

3726-401: The so-called newer breaking system, a prominent grammatical feature in the three other main dialects. The Noardhoeksk ("Northern") dialect, spoken in the north eastern corner of the province, does not differ much from Wood Frisian. By far the two most-widely spoken West Frisian dialects are Clay Frisian ( Klaaifrysk ) and Wood Frisian ( Wâldfrysk ). Both these names are derived from

3795-501: The terms of the charter required that they pay tribute to the state, the Frisians rejected it. Instead, in 1421, they briefly recognised the count of Holland and the Empire subsequently declared Frisia to be a rebellious province. In 1493, German king Maximilian I issued a charter that granted the West Frisians imperial privilege, but this too was rejected by the Frisians, as it stipulated the payment of tribute. A chronicle at

3864-631: The tom Broks maintained a Redgerhof in Engerhafe , which gave the owner the right to exercise the office of judge. Keno Hilmerisna was elected chief by the Brookmerlanders. He was the first to call himself tom Brok. In 1361, he led the state militia against Edo Wiemken and in 1371 was the first chief of Brokmerland. Furthermore, he was one of the four 'consules' elected annually for the Norderland . Keno's son Ocko I (around 1345–1391)

3933-474: The two, Wâldfrysk probably has more speakers, but because the western clay area was originally the more prosperous part of the mostly agricultural province, Klaaifrysk has had the larger influence on the West Frisian standardised language. There are few if any differences in morphology or syntax among the West Frisian dialects, all of which are easily mutually intelligible , but there are slight variances in lexicon . The largest difference between

4002-442: The use of Frisian as a written language. Until the 16th century, West Frisian was widely spoken and written, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation of its stronghold, the Dutch province of Friesland ( Fryslân ), in 1498, by Albert III, Duke of Saxony , who replaced West Frisian as the language of government with Dutch. This practice

4071-405: Was an innate characteristic of the Frisian national identity. The Frisian freedom then became a national myth , assuming a continuous history of Frisian independence that lasted for over eight centuries, and the concept was subjected to increased commodification . This reconception has been disputed by academic historians, who have pointed out that the national myth was retroactively constructed in

4140-472: Was brought under the rule of Saxony . Since the 16th century, the Frisian freedom has been subject to numerous reinterpretations. During the Dutch Revolt , it was used to argue for the restoration of rights lost under Habsburg rule , and Frisian freedom later inspired American and French Revolutionaries . One Frisian history book from this period contained a fictionalised portrayal of the Frisian freedom, which deeply influenced later Frisian historiography. It

4209-469: Was continued under the Habsburg rulers of the Netherlands ( Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and his son Philip II, King of Spain ). When the Netherlands became independent in 1585 , West Frisian did not regain its former status, because Holland rose as the dominant part of the Netherlands and its language, Dutch, as the dominant language in judicial, administrative and religious affairs. In this period

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4278-478: Was established by Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor . But no evidence of this Karelsprivilege has been found prior to the 13th century, leading historian Han Nijdam to describe it as an "ideological embellishment". Frisian scholars also made frequent references to Roman law and philosophy, in their justifications for the Frisian freedom. Between 1297 and 1319, in an attempt to retroactively justify their freedom from feudal rule, some Frisians fabricated

4347-511: Was given the same position in secondary education. In 1997, the province of Friesland officially changed its name from the Dutch form Friesland to the West Frisian Fryslân . So far 4 out of 18 municipalities ( Dantumadiel , De Fryske Marren , Noardeast-Fryslân , Súdwest-Fryslân ) have changed their official geographical names from Dutch to West Frisian. Some other municipalities, like Heerenveen and

4416-570: Was granted to the Frisians by Charlemagne , although the earliest clear evidence of the Frisian freedom has been dated to the 13th century. Throughout the Middle Ages, Frisians resisted the expansion of feudalism into their lands, fighting a series of wars against the County of Holland in order to maintain their autonomy . During this period, Frisian society was organised in a network of rural communes , people largely governed themselves through public assemblies , and elected judges established

4485-529: Was implemented without any kind of central government , with historian Han Nijdam comparing its functioning to the Icelandic Commonwealth . In 1323, the "Ubstalsboom Laws" were promulgated, declaring that "if any prince, secular or ecclesiastical, [...] shall have assailed us, Frisians, or any of us, wanting to subject us to the yoke of servitude, then together, through a joint call-up and by force of arms, we shall protect our liberty." In 1361,

4554-679: Was knighted at the court of Naples and expanded his territory to include the Norderland. In 1379, the Emsigerland north of Emden was acquired, as well as the Harlingerland and Auricherland . In the following years, the Auricherland with its castle in Aurich becomes the centre of the lordship of tom Brok. In 1381, Ocko I offered his domain as a fief to Duke Albert of Bavaria (as Count of Holland). The East Frisians saw this as

4623-659: Was later recast as a national myth by Frisian nationalism , which depicted freedom as an inherent trait of the Frisian people and portrayed a level of historical continuity that is disputed by historians. The region of Frisia extends along the North Sea coastline , from the Zuiderzee in the west to the Weser in the east. In most of western Europe during the High Middle Ages , social organisation developed along

4692-463: Was officially brought under Saxon law . Although the Frisian freedom was abolished, the Saxons ultimately struggled to introduce feudalism in west Frisia, as the local haedlingen rejected moves to bring them into the nobility. In an attempt to capture Frisia from the Saxons, in 1514, Charles II, Duke of Guelders invaded Frisia, claiming his intention to restore the Frisian freedom. The concept of

4761-460: Was published. Although its account of events was heavily mythologised, the book became very influential on the development of Frisian historiography over the subsequent centuries. The idea of the Frisian freedom continued to endure into the late 18th century; American Revolutionary John Adams commented that Frisians were "famous for the spirit of liberty", while French Revolutionary Honoré Gabriel Riqueti compared Frisian to "a robust oak, with

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