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48-559: The town was founded at the end of the 16th century by Jan Zamoyski as Jelitowo. It is known by its current name since 1613 when it was renamed after Zamoyski's son, Tomasz . It obtained its city charter in 1621. It was administratively located in the Bełz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of Poland. The area around the city saw serious fighting in 1914 during World War I . On September 17–26, 1939, during

96-640: A Renaissance citta ideale or " ideal city " by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando . In the city, in 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska , the third university in the history of education in Poland . In addition to Zamość, he also funded four other towns: Szarogród , Skinderpol , Busza and Jasnogród . Zamoyski collected a significant library, and was a patron of numerous artists in his Fee Tail. Artists under his patronage included

144-687: A French speaking university during the French Revolution . The university was refounded as the German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität in 1872, after the Franco-Prussian war and the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany provoked a westwards exodus of Francophone teachers. During the German Empire the university was greatly expanded and numerous new buildings were erected because the university

192-483: A candidate of some Slav stock should henceforth be eligible to the Polish throne. This was a project which could even imagine the possibility of some kind of union between Catholic Poland, Orthodox Moscovy and semi-Protestant Bohemia. In fact, it was a circuitous and clumsy counter-proposal against pro-Habsburg policy. From 1589 Zamoyski, in his role as the hetman, tried to prevent the intensifying Tatar incursions along

240-531: A decade; shortly afterwards with Bathory's consent Zborowski was executed. This political conflict between Báthory, Zamoyski and the Zborowski family , framed as a clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years, beginning with a major dispute at the Sejm of 1585. After Báthory's death in 1586, Zamoyski helped Sigismund III Vasa gain

288-547: A royal task force, sent to remove the noble family of Starzechowscy from the royal lands they were decreed to hold illegally. Another major task he completed at that time was the reorganization of the Chancellery archive. In 1571 he married Anna Ossolińska; his wife and their young son died shortly afterwards, in 1572. After the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572 during the election sejm (special session of

336-542: A short period of depression. Later that year, in August, he captured Velizh in September he participated in the siege of Velikiye Luki , and then took Zavoloc . On 11 August 1581 he received the nomination for the post of Grand Crown Hetman; this nomination, although uncontroversial at that time, was technically illegal . Following that he participated in the long and inconclusive Siege of Pskov , which ended with

384-632: A skilled commander in sieges, and latter events would prove him to be an equally able leader in the open field. Zamoyski gathered a significant fortune; his estates generated a revenue of over 200,000 zlotys in the early 17th century. His personal lands covered 6,445 square kilometres (2,488 sq mi), and included eleven towns and over 200 villages. He was a royal caretaker of another dozen or so cities and over 600 villages. Totaled, his personal and leased lands covered over 17,000 square kilometres (6,600 sq mi), with 23 towns and cities and 816 villages. In 1589 he succeeded in establishing

432-503: A wide range of notable individuals in their respective fields. Among them are Goethe , statesman Robert Schuman , historian Marc Bloch and several chemists such as Louis Pasteur . The university emerged from a Lutheran humanist German Gymnasium , founded in 1538 by Johannes Sturm in the Free Imperial City of Strassburg. It was transformed to a university in 1621 ( German : Universität Straßburg ) and elevated to

480-496: Is a popular annual music festival organized since 1990. Since 2008 the town council organizes reconstructions of Battle of Tomaszów . Tomaszów is the home for the football team Tomasovia . There are two main newspapers published weekly in Tomaszów Lubelski. First of them, ReWizje Tomaszowskie , is financed by the town council. Second of them, Tygodnik Tomaszowski , belongs to a private company. Tomaszów Lubelski

528-420: Is considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history. Even though his military career begun almost as an afterthought, or by accident, Zamoyski is also remembered as one of the most accomplished Polish military commanders. In his tactics, he favored sieges, flanking maneuvers, conserving his forces, and the new Western art of fortification and artillery. The war with Muscovy shown him to be

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576-435: Is mostly positive, and historian Janusz Tazbir remarked that Zamoyski's posthumous career was even more magnificent than his real one. Leśniewski, ending his recent biography of Zamoyski, concludes that he is a significant, if controversial, figure of Polish Renaissance . Zamoyski was the subject of several paintings and drawings. Most notably, he is one of the characters in two large paintings by Jan Matejko , featured on

624-518: Is twinned with: Jan Zamoyski Jan Sariusz Zamoyski ( Latin : Ioannes Zamoyski de Zamoscie ; 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman , magnate , statesman and the 1st ordynat of Zamość . He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Chancellor of the Crown from 1578, and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581. Zamoyski was

672-606: The Skarga's Sermon and Batory at Pskov . Having control of both the Chancellorship and the Grand Hetman office, Zamoyski was one of the most powerful people in the country, having obtained both the power of Grand Hetman (commander in chief of the armed forces) and that of chancellor, combined for the first time in the hands of one person. He was responsible for much of the Polish internal and foreign policies. He

720-559: The Peace of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582. Though Zamoyski failed to capture Pskov, he drained the Russian resources, and the ongoing siege was a major reason for the final treaty, which was highly favorable to Poland. In June 1583 Zamoyski took his third wife, Gryzelda Bathory , a relative of king Bathory himself. In May 1584 Zamoyski's men captured Samuel Zborowski , a noble whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly

768-546: The Sorbonne University and Collège de France . In 1559 he briefly visited Poland, then attended the University of Strasbourg ; after a few months there he moved to University of Padua , where from 1561 he studied law and received a doctorate in 1564. During his years abroad he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism . During his education, he became active in university politics, and in 1563 he

816-521: The Zamoyski Family Fee Tail ( ordynacja zamojska ), a de facto duchy . Zamoyski supported economical development of his lands, investing in colonization of frontiers, and the development of industry, both small (sawmills, breweries, mills and such) and large (his lands had four iron mills and four glass factories). His most prized creation was the capital of his Fee Tail, the city of Zamość , founded in 1580, built and designed as

864-436: The "first tribune of nobility" or "Polish Gracchus ." In that first election he was in favour of Henry de Valois (later, Henry III of France). Subsequently, he was part of the diplomatic mission that traveled to France to finish formalities with the newly elected king. He also published a pamphlet praising the new king, and thus suffered a loss of face when Henry secretly abandoned Poland and returned to France. During

912-696: The Bukova (Bucovu) and restored Ieremia to the throne. He also helped his brother, Simion Movilă to become brief ruler of Wallachia, thus spreading the influence of the Commonwealth to the Central Danube . In 1600 and 1601 Zamoyski took part in the war against Sweden commanding the Commonwealth forces in Livonia (Inflanty). At the same time he was a vocal opponent of that war on the political scene. In 1600 he recaptured several strongholds from

960-652: The Commonwealth kings, begun to distance himself from the King. Sigismund had quickly allied himself with the Habsburgs, much to chancellors dissatisfaction. Zamoyski was dissatisfied with Sigismund's early plans to use Poland as a stepping stone to gaining the Swedish crown, as Sigismund was plotting to cede the Polish crown to the Habsburgs in exchange for their support of his right to the Swedish throne. The new King feared

1008-422: The Commonwealth parliament) he used his influence to enforce the viritim election (meaning all nobles had the right to vote for the new king during the upcoming 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election ). However, his proposal for majority voting did not pass, which opened the process for abuses of liberum veto in the future. He was a colleague of Mikołaj Sienicki and Hieronim Ossolinski , and with them he

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1056-542: The Commonwealth's south-eastern border, but with little success. In order to deal with the recurring disturbances in that region Zamoyski developed a plan to turn Moldavia into a buffer zone between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire; this would lead to a lengthy campaign . Meanwhile, in internal Commonwealth politics, early on in Sigismund III's reign, Zamoyski, who was once a staunch supporter of

1104-533: The Doctoral College of Strasbourg, Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute (ISIS), Atrium, Pangloss, PEGE (Pôle européen de gestion et d'économie) and others. The student residence building for the Doctoral College of Strasbourg was designed by London-based Nicholas Hare Architects in 2007. The structures are depicted on the main inner wall of the Esplanade university restaurant, accompanied by

1152-465: The General Starost of the city of Kraków from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Bełz , Międzyrzecz , Krzeszów , Knyszyn and Tartu . An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Báthory , he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa , and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as a major figure in

1200-679: The Jews in a ghetto established in the town, then exterminated them in 1942 at Bełżec extermination camp located a few km. south of the town. The Jewish community ceased to exist. In 1975–1998, the town was administratively located in the Zamość Voivodeship . In the town there are two faculties of Catholic University of Lublin (Legal and Economic Sciences). It has two high schools (Bartosz Głowacki High School and Władysław Sikorski High School), three technical colleges, two gymnasiums and two primary schools. International Folk Festival Roztocze

1248-521: The Polish throne , fighting in the brief civil war against the forces supporting Habsburg archduke Maximilian III of Austria . The camp supporting Sigismund was rallied around Zamoyski, whereas Maximilian was supported by the Zborowski family. Zamoyski defended Kraków and defeated Maximilian's forces in the Battle of Byczyna in 1588. In that battle, which Sławomir Leśniewski describes as "one of

1296-455: The Sejm of 1591, culminating in a heated exchange of words and the king storming out of the chamber. Despite their tensed relations, neither the king nor the chancellor wanted a civil war; soon after their quarrel Zamoyski would issue a public apology to the king and their uneasy relationship would continue until Zamoyski's death. In 1594 Zamoyski once again failed to stop a Tatar incursion in

1344-527: The Swedes and a year later captured Wolmar on 19 December 1601 Fellin on 16 May 1602, and Bialy Kamien on 30 September 1602. The rigours of the campaign, however, placed a strain on his health, and he resigned the command. At the Sejm of 1603 Zamoyski led opposition to the governance reforms proposed by Sigismund; seeing in them intentions of transforming the Commonwealth into an absolute monarchy . Later, he also opposed Sigismund's plans to intervene in

1392-444: The chancellor's power, but due to Commonwealth laws he was unable to dismiss him from his posts. He offered him a prestigious voivode of Kraków office, but Zamoyski declined, as if he was to accept, the law would require him to resign from his slightly less prestigious but more influential chancellorship. By 1590–1591 Zamoyski was seen as one of the king's staunchest opponents. Open quarrel between king and chancellor broke out during

1440-806: The civil war plaguing Muscovy (the Time of Troubles and the Dymitriads ). He clashed with Sigismund for the final time during the Sejm of January 1605. Zamoyski died suddenly on 3 June 1605, due to a stroke . His fortune was inherited by his single son, Tomasz Zamoyski . The fame of Zamoyski, significance in life, endured after his death. He was praised by artists such as Szymon Starowolski and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , and historians, including Stanisław Staszic , Stanisław Tarnowski and Artur Śliwiński . There were also those critical of him: Hugo Kołłątaj , Józef Szujski , Michał Bobrzyński . Nonetheless, Polish historiography and culture treatment of Zamoyski

1488-479: The following 1575 election he was a vocal enemy of the Habsburg dynasty and its candidate , and this anti-Habsburg stance, resounding among the lesser nobility, helped him regain his popularity. For the king, Zamoyski championed the case of a Polish candidate, which ended up in the marriage of Anna Jagiellon with the anti-Habsburg Stephen Bathory of Transylvania . Bathory thanked Zamoyski by granting him

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1536-520: The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland which started World War II , the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski was fought between Poland and Germany. The town was bombed by the Germans and eventually found itself under German occupation . The town's Jewish community, which numbered over 5,600 in 1939 at the start of the war, was persecuted by the occupiers in the Holocaust . The Nazi Germans first placed

1584-460: The limits of law instead, avoiding a war that could devastate the country, and thus curbing his own ambitions. University of Strasbourg The University of Strasbourg ( French : Université de Strasbourg , Unistra ) is a public research university located in Strasbourg , France , with over 52,000 students and 3,300 researchers. Founded in the 16th century by Jean Sturm , it

1632-492: The most important in Polish history, and the most important in Zamoyski's military career", Maximilian was taken prisoner and in the resulting Treaty of Bytom and Będzin of 1589 had to give up all pretenses to the Polish crown. Later that year Zamoyski proposed a reform of the royal elections, which failed to pass the Sejm. Zamoyski presented to this Sejm a project that in case the present King should die without issue none but

1680-574: The most powerful family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1578 he received the post of the Grand Crown Chancellor . That year poet Jan Kochanowski dedicated his Odprawa Posłów Greckich , the first Polish tragedy , to him. He took part in the preparation for a war against Muscovy in 1579–1581, where he contributed a group of 400 or 600 mercenaries. Through he had little prior military background nor experience, he

1728-524: The office of Deputy Chancellor on 16 May 1576. He participated on Batory's side in the quelling of the Danzig rebellion in 1576–1577, sponsoring a chorągiew of pancerni (cavalry unit) and participating in close combat on several occasions. In 1577 he married again, this time marrying Krystyna Radziwiłł, daughter of magnate Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny ; this made him a close ally of the Radziwiłł family ,

1776-506: The poets Jan Kochanowski and Szymon Szymonowic , and the writer and historian Joachim Bielski . Zamoyski was not a deeply religious person, and his conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism was primarily pragmatic. Leśniewski notes that Zamoyski was often motivated by greed, for example during the Danzig Rebellion, when he supported lenient treatment of the rebels, and during the 1577–1578 negotiations with, when he favored

1824-637: The politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life. Jan Zamoyski was born on 19 March 1542 to Stanisław Zamoyski and Anna Herburt in Skokówka . He started his education in a school in Krasnystaw but when he was thirteen years old he was sent to study abroad; from 1555 to 1559 he was a page at the royal court in Paris. Already at this young age he attended lectures at

1872-412: The ranks of a royal university in 1631. Among its earliest university students was Johann Scheffler who studied medicine and later converted to Catholicism and became the mystic and poet Angelus Silesius . The Lutheran German university still persisted even after the annexation of the city by King Louis XIV in 1681 (one famous student was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1770/71), but mainly turned into

1920-544: The solution of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach ; in both cases his decision was likely influenced by bribes or favors. In another example, Leśniewski describes how Zamoyski openly demanded rewards following his victory at Byczyna, and tried to include an article favoring him in the Bytom and Będzin treaty. He further notes, critically, that with raising power and political success Zamoyski begun displaying negative qualities, such as egoism and arrogance. Zamoyski

1968-528: The southern borders. The next year was much more successful, as in Moldavia in 1595 he was victorious in the Battle of Cecora , and helped hospodar Ieremia Movilă (Jeremi Mohyła) gain the throne. In 1600 he fought against Michael the Brave (Michał Waleczny, Mihai Viteazul), hospodar of Wallachia and the new Prince of Transylvania , who had conquered Moldavia a few months earlier. He defeated him on

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2016-615: Was an intellectual hotbed during the Age of Enlightenment . The old university was split into three separate entities during the 1970s, before they merged back together in 2009. The University of Strasbourg is currently composed of 35 academic faculties, schools and institutes, plus 71 research laboratories spread over six campuses, including the historic site in the Neustadt . Throughout its existence, Unistra alumni, faculty, or researchers have included 18 Nobel laureates, two Fields Medalists and

2064-496: Was created. In 1971, the university was subdivided into three separate institutions: Following a national reform of higher education, these universities merged on 1 January 2009, and the new institution became one of the first French universities to benefit from greater autonomy. The university campus covers a vast part near the center of the city, located between the "Cité Administrative", "Esplanade" and "Gallia" bus-tram stations. Modern architectural buildings include: Escarpe,

2112-570: Was elected the rector of the law department. Around that time he also wrote De senatu Romano , a brochure about Ancient Rome government. He returned to the Commonwealth in 1565, and was the first person to receive a commendation letter from the senate of the Republic of Venice . After returning to Poland, he was appointed to the Royal Chancellery , and soon became a favorite secretary to King Sigismund II . In 1567 he commanded

2160-578: Was intended to be a showcase of German against French culture in Alsace. In 1918, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, so a reverse exodus of Germanophone teachers took place. During the Second World War , when France was occupied, personnel and equipment of the University of Strasbourg were transferred to Clermont-Ferrand . In its place, the short-lived German Reichsuniversität Straßburg

2208-466: Was interested in mastering the military art, and proved to be an adept learner. With Batory's support, he began filling in for some of the roles of Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Mielecki , particularly when Mielecki was not present. While not campaigning, he was also instrumental in ensuring that the ongoing political support for the war continued. In 1580 he was hit by another personal tragedy, as his wife died in labor, together with their child; entering

2256-402: Was one of the leaders of a faction of the lesser and middle nobility ( szlachta ) in the Commonwealth, whose goal was the reform the country – the execution movement – preserving the unique constitutional and parliamentary government of the Commonwealth with the dominant role of poorer nobility ( Golden Freedom ). He was so influential and popular among the lesser nobility that he was known as

2304-417: Was ruthless to those weaker than him. At the same time, he was respected by his opponents, widely recognized as highly intelligent, a cunning strategist and tactician in matters political and military, and a popular political leader. He valued the good of the country at least as high as his own, and although he could have become the king after a victorious civil war against Sigismund, he preferred to act within

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