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61-598: Tomaszów is situated in the Łódź Voivodeship (since 1999); previously, it was part of Piotrków Voivodeship (1975–1998). Tomaszów occupies an area of 41.3 square kilometres (15.9 sq mi) as of 2002. The town is situated on the banks of three rivers, the Pilica , Wolbórka, and Czarna Bielina, and is near the Sulejow Reservoir and the edge of the Puszcza Spalska wilderness area. Tomaszów Mazowiecki

122-585: A name for itself and became known throughout the Russian Empire . After World War II, the company was nationalized and renamed the "Weltom". In the 1990s, the plant underwent a transformation into a joint-stock company. Today, in addition to carpets, the company produces upholstery and coconut wipers. The entire western district of the city (Rolandówka) has been named after the company's founders. Within Tomaszów's food and beverage sector PepsiCo produces

183-716: A powerful 12th century magnate from Silesia . The name of the city comes from the Polish version of the name Peter ( Piotr ), in a diminutive form ( Piotrek , or "Pete"). Trybunalski indicates that tribunal sessions (including the Crown Tribunal ) were held in the town. The town has been known in Yiddish as פּעטריקעװ or Petrikev , in German as Petrikau , and in Russian as Петроков or Petrokov . Piotrków Trybunalski

244-434: A private clinic at its plant for employees to use. The region has several specialist equipment manufacturers that include Markom, a producer of welding and transport equipment, and Glass Product, which manufactures automatic fertilization and raw material transport systems. The Japanese car manufacturer Toyota has a base in Tomaszów, specializing in the production of upholstery for its range of premium vehicles. Weltom,

305-428: A producer or carpets and rugs, also has a base in the city. The company was founded by Eleonora and Jan Roland. Their son, Edward Roland, began the business in 1848 from a small workshop consisting of a spinning mill and a weaving mill operated by three people. The workshop was located on Kaliska Street (today Piłsudskiego). In 1905, the company had expanded to employ a hundred and thirty weavers. The company quickly made

366-406: A recycling company. The town's most notable sport clubs are Lechia Tomaszów Mazowiecki  [ pl ] with football and volleyball sections and Pilica Tomaszów Mazowiecki  [ pl ] with speed skating and bowling sections. The sports venue Ice Arena Tomaszów Mazowiecki hosts main international speed skating competitions; including ISU Speed Skating World Cups . It

427-463: Is a city in central Poland with 71,252 inhabitants (2021). It is the capital of Piotrków County and the second-largest city in the Łódź Voivodeship . Founded in the late Middle Ages , Piotrków was once a royal city and holds an important place in Polish history; the first parliament sitting was held here in the 15th century. It then became the seat of a Crown Tribunal , the highest court of

488-512: Is a large reservoir built from 1969–1973 in order to help meet the demand for fresh drinking water in the city of Łódź and the city of Tomaszów Mazowiecki. The reservoir is situated on the territory of three gminas : Tomaszów, Piotrków and Wolbórz. It is a popular place for water sports , including windsurfing, canoeing and sailing. In the south of the town there is an eighteenth-century quartz sand mine - The Nagórzyckie Grottoes (Polish: Groty Nagórzyckie). Today, an underground tourist route. At

549-680: Is also an ice hockey venue. There are seven high schools in Tomaszów Mazowiecki as well as branches of notable universities including: In the city there is first in Poland year-round ice skating rink that serves for speed skating , figure skating , ice hockey , short track and roller skating . It is located near Pilica River . During the occupation of Poland in World War II, several strategic bunkers were built by Nazi Germany near Tomaszów Mazowiecki. The construction of

610-578: Is put to agricultural use, 13% is forested, and the city itself covers about 4.03% of the area. In the valley of the Pilica river in the south-eastern part of the town, there is a unique natural karst spring of water containing calcium salts, that is an object of protection in Niebieskie Źródła Nature Reserve in Sulejów Landscape Park . The origin of the name of the reserve Niebieskie Źródła , which means Blue Springs , comes from

671-525: Is situated in the middle-west part (Piotrków Plains) of the Łódź Uplands. The population of the city is approximately 80,000 and its area is nearly 68 square kilometres (26 sq mi). The landscape of the Piotrków region and its geological structure was formed during the glaciation of 180,000–128,000 years ago. There are hardly any forests on the Piotrków Plains. Two rivers cross the region,

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732-740: The Duchy of Warsaw (1807–15) and was a district seat in the Kalisz Department . After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Piotrków became part of Congress Poland , a puppet state of the Russian Empire . When the Warsaw-Vienna railway was built in 1846, there was a slight increase in the economic and industrial development of Piotrków. In January 1863, the Polish January Uprising broke out. Among local Polish insurgents were many young people and Poles conscripted into

793-505: The Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Tomaszów Mazowiecki. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. 30,000 Poles expelled from Warsaw stayed in the town and nearby settlements, as of 1 November 1944. According to 2006 data, Tomaszów has an area of 41.3 square kilometres (15.9 sq mi); about 45 percent of the land

854-548: The Köppen climate classification ). Since the mid-19th century to the 1990s, a large center of the textile industry . The second, after Łódź , center of clothing wool production in the Congress Poland and nineteenth-century Russia . In the 20th century – thanks to Tomaszów's Artificial Silk Factory – one of the largest European centers for the production of fibers and plastics. Nowadays, Tomaszów Mazowiecki incorporates

915-829: The Polish Socialist Party ), People's Guard and People's Army ( Polish Workers' Party ), Peasants' Battalions ( Polish People's Party ), the National Military Organization and the National Armed Forces ( National Party ). In 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising , the Germans deported over 15,000 Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Piotrków. Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children. After

976-544: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The city also hosted one of Poland's oldest Jewish communities , which was entirely destroyed by the Holocaust . The old town in Piotrków features many historical and architectural monuments, including tenements , churches, synagogues and the medieval Royal Castle . According to tradition, but not confirmed by historical sources, Piotrków was founded by Piotr Włostowic,

1037-586: The Russian Partition . The metal industry was expanded around 1820. Tomaszów received city rights in 1830 during the Polish November Uprising against the Russian Empire . The first weavers came to Tomaszów from Zgorzelec . The first Lutheran church was established in 1823. In 1825, Antoni Ostrowski transferred from the village of Tobiasze to Tomaszów a Catholic parish with the church of St. Wenceslas – Duke of Bohemia , which

1098-548: The invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II , Piotrków was the setting for fierce fighting between the Polish 19th Infantry Division and the 16th Panzer Corps of the German Wehrmacht on 5 September 1939. On the next day, German troops committed a massacre of Polish prisoners of war, including 19 officers, in the present-day neighbourhood of Moryca (see also German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war ). The Einsatzgruppe II then entered

1159-568: The 1291 assembly that the Prince of Sieradz, Władysław I the Elbow-high , granted Piotrków civic rights , because in documents from the beginning of the 14th century he mentions "civitate nostra Petricouiensi". The first certificate of foundation and the other documents were burnt in a great fire which destroyed the city around 1400. The privileges and rights were re-granted by King Władysław II Jagiełło in 1404. The city walls were built during

1220-654: The Germans carried out a massacre of 42 Poles from the prison in the Wolborski Forest in the northern part of the city. Among the victims were 14 students aged 17–18, eight reserve officers, and people of various professions, including pharmacists, an architect, railwayman, teacher, farmer and local secretary. 121 Poles from the local prison were deported to the Auschwitz , Gross-Rosen and Dachau concentration camps in June 1940. Many Poles, who were born or lived in

1281-675: The Germans founded a local branch of the Arbeitsamt , which sent local Poles to forced labour . The Great Synagogue was burned to the ground as first on 16 October 1939; the remaining two synagogues were destroyed on 7–14 November. Before the Polish Independence Day (November 11), in 1939, the German police carried out mass arrests of about 300 Poles , including priests, teachers, doctors, judges, workers and activists. Most were released after November 11, but some, including

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1342-743: The Holocaust, In the Mouth of the Wolf details the escape of the author Rose Zar (née Rose Guterman) from the Piotrków Ghetto and hiding in plain sight, by working for the Wehrmacht and the SS. The secret Polish Council to Aid Jews "Żegota" , established by the Polish resistance movement , operated in the city. From the first months of the war, Piotrków was a center for underground resistance . From

1403-824: The Nature of Ancient Monuments in the Kingdom of Poland , led by Kazimierz Stronczyński from 1844 to 1855, describes the Great Synagogue of Piotrków as one of Poland's architecturally notable buildings. In 1793, the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the town in the Second Partition of Poland and administered it as part of the Province of South Prussia . During the Napoleonic Wars , Piotrków became part of

1464-531: The Piotrków Voivodeship was dissolved and Piotrków became the capital of Piotrków County within the Łódź Voivodeship. Piotrków, thanks to its location, is known as the second largest "logistic center" after Warsaw . There is a high concentration of warehouses and distribution centers around the city. The biggest distribution centers are: In Piotrków are also located: and many small and medium textile processing factories. Piotrków lies almost in

1525-715: The Polish Sejm (during the latter Polish kings of the Jagiellon dynasty were elected there). In Piotrków, two Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order pledged allegiance to Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon in 1469 and 1470. It was in the city of Piotrków that the Polish Parliament was given its final structure with the division into an Upper House and Lower Chamber in 1493. King John I Albert published his "Piotrków privilege" on 26 May 1493, which expanded

1586-561: The Russian army, who were stationed in the city. The Russians established a prison for captured insurgents in Piotrków. Thousands of Poles passed through the prison, were subjected to flagellation and tortures, and then either deported to the Warsaw Citadel or to Siberia , or executed in Piotrków. Two insurgents, wanting to escape from torture, committed suicide by jumping out of the prison windows. As punishment for supporting

1647-636: The White , where there is a mention of the duke's tribunal held "in Petrecoue". Medieval Piotrków was a trading place on the trade routes from Pomerania to Russia and Hungary , and later from Masovia to Silesia . During the 13th century, apart from the tribunals, Polish provincial princes made Piotrków the seat of some assemblies of the Sieradz knights, which according to historical sources were held in 1233, in 1241, and in 1291. It might have been during

1708-862: The Wolbórka and the Luciąża , which with their tributaries flow into the Pilica River and belong to the catchment area of the Vistula River . The watershed of Poland's two main rivers, the Vistula and the Oder (Odra) , runs along the meridional line three km west of Piotrków. Two small rivers, the Strawa and the Strawka flow through the city, and it is between their valleys that the first settlement of Piotrków

1769-490: The advantageous arrangement of the roads linking the provinces of Poland in Piast times. At first, a market town and a place of the princes' tribunals (in the 13th and 15th centuries), Piotrków became an administrative center (the capital of the district since 1418), and in later centuries it also became an important political center in Poland. The first record of Piotrków is in a document issued in 1217 by Polish monarch Leszek I

1830-422: The area of the former Artificial Silk Company of Tomaszów), is a producer of granite sinks Within the construction sector Balex Metal produces high quality steel construction components. Ezbud-Budownictwo focuses on the construction of residential and service premises, sales and management of constructed properties and also produces ready-mixed concrete and other building materials. The company has been engaged in

1891-792: The best developed industry of all of Congress Poland until 1914. Many Poles demonstrated and went on strike during the 1905 Russian Revolution . During World War I , Piotrków was occupied by Austria-Hungary . From 1915 to 1916, it was a center for Polish patriotic activity. The city was a seat of the Military Department of the National Committee, and a headquarters for the Polish Legions , which were voluntary troops organized by Józef Piłsudski , Władysław Sikorski and others to fight against Russia. Piotrków became part of restored independent Poland in 1918, following

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1952-491: The center of Poland . It has a train station on the PKP rail line 1 from Warsaw to Częstochowa . Direct trains go among others to Kraków , Zakopane , Katowice , Bielsko-Biała , Wrocław , Łódź , Poznań , Szczecin , Świnoujście , Gdynia , Olsztyn and Białystok . A highway , an expressway and three national roads cross Piotrków: There is a small airfield for light passenger aircraft in Piotrków. The nearest airport

2013-522: The city declined in the 17th and 18th centuries, due to fires, epidemics, wars against Sweden , and finally the Partitions of Poland . One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the city in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. The first official inventory of important buildings in Poland, A General View of

2074-823: The city to commit various crimes against the population . The town was occupied by Nazi Germany for the following six years. In autumn of 1939, the Germans carried out mass arrests of dozens of Poles, including teachers, local activists, judges, parliamentarians, editors and bank employees, however some were later released. 47 Poles arrested in Tomaszów Mazowiecki , including Tomaszów's mayor, were also imprisoned in Piotrków. Further mass arrests of hundreds of Poles were carried out in January, March, June and August 1940. Among Poles arrested in March were 12 teachers and students of secret Polish schools . On 29 June 1940

2135-644: The city, were murdered by the Russians in the large Katyń massacre in April–May 1940. As early as October 1939 Piotrków became the site of the first Jewish ghetto of World War II set up in occupied Poland . Approximately 25,000 people from Piotrków and the nearby towns and villages were imprisoned there. During the Holocaust 22,000 were sent to the Treblinka extermination camp , while 3,000 were imprisoned in other Nazi concentration camps . A personal account of

2196-528: The city: Tomaszów Mazowiecki is twinned with: The 25th Air Cavalry Brigade is deployed in Tomaszów Mazowiecki. Headquarters there are in the town and main barracks. Garnison Polish Armed Forces in Tomaszów Mazowiecki has existed since 1918. At the north-eastern border of the town, by Expressway S8 there is the Brigade airport (Tomaszów Mazowiecki Airport). Piotrk%C3%B3w Voivodeship Piotrków Voivodeship ( Polish : województwo piotrkowskie )

2257-411: The construction of several housing estates in Tomaszów and Łódź from 1989 onwards and since 2019 has been the main sponsor of Tomaszów's largest football club - "Lechia 1923". Major chemical companies in Tomaszów include Sicher Bautechnik which is a producer of construction chemicals, EcoHydroCarbon which specializes in polymer waste processing and Toma a plastics processing company that also operates

2318-577: The defeat of the Central Powers in the war. In the interwar period , Piotrków was the capital of Piotrków County in the Łódź Voivodeship , and lost its previous importance. In 1922, the old monastery was restored to the Bernardines. In 1938 the town had 51,000 inhabitants, including 25,000 Jews and 1,500 Germans. The town had a large Jewish settlement and until the Holocaust a thriving Hebrew printing and publishing industry. During

2379-474: The entrance there is a pavilion with ticket desk, food vending machines and public toilets. They can be reached from the town center by a city bus or by an illuminated bicycle path . Public transportation by buses was established in 1929. Since 2018, public transport in the city is free of charge. Directly by train from Tomaszów it is possible to travel to: Kraków , Łodź , Poznań , Gdynia , Szczecin . Several national and regional routes cross each other in

2440-456: The fact that red waves are absorbed by water and only blue and green are reflected from the bottom of the spring, giving that atypical colour. The reserve is situated near the end of Saint Anthony Street (in Polish: ulica świętego Antoniego) that begins in the centre of Tomaszów Mazowiecki, in proximity to the central Kościuszko Square. Tomaszów Mazowiecki has a humid continental climate ( Cfb in

2501-625: The fall of the uprising, the headquarters of the Polish Red Cross was temporarily located in the local Royal Castle from October 1944 to January 1945. On 18 January 1945 the Soviet Red Army entered the city, dislodging the German troops. The city was restored to Poland, although with a Soviet-installed communist regime, which stayed in power until the Fall of Communism in the 1980s. Anti-communist partisans continued to fight in

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2562-409: The famous Cheetos crisps, Chipita produces croissants and Roldrob (Drosed) produces poultry products for customers such as KFC . Additionally, Las Vegas is a producer of energy drinks where the group also own the "Bulwary" shopping center in the city. Other companies in the region specializing in logistics and services are FM Logistic, serving Carrefour and Makro Cash and Carry, and Syntom,

2623-570: The following days, forcing many inhabitants to flee. The Germans bombed houses, factories and fire engines . On September 6, the Battle of Tomaszów Mazowiecki was fought between Poland and Germany. On September 7, the Germans entered the town and the Einsatzgruppe III arrived to commit various atrocities against the populace . The Germans then looted the town, burned houses, and committed some murders of its inhabitants. On September 26,

2684-595: The population. During the war, local Poles organized secret resistance in the town, including the Polish Military Organisation . After the war, on November 11, 1918, Poland regained independence, and the Poles disarmed German troops, who afterwards left the town. In mid-November 1918, the town's first Polish military unit was organized. Within interwar Poland, the Polish Army was stationed in

2745-429: The pre-war mayor, were imprisoned in Piotrków Trybunalski . Further mass arrests of Poles were carried out in January, June and August 1940. On 12–13 June, the Germans arrested 280 people, while on 12–13 August they arrested many women. The victims were then interrogated by the Gestapo , and most were afterwards deported to the Sachsenhausen , Ravensbrück and Buchenwald concentration camps, while some were murdered on

2806-432: The privileges of the szlachta (nobility) at the expense of the bourgeoisie and the peasantry. Piotrków became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569. When the seat of the Parliament was moved to Warsaw , the town became the seat of the highest court of Poland, the Crown Tribunal , and trials were held there from 1578 to 1793; the highest Lithuanian court was held in Grodno . Piotrków's Jewish population

2867-421: The reign of King Casimir III the Great , and after the great fire, they were rebuilt at the beginning of the 15th century. During the reign of Casimir III, many expelled German Jews from the Holy Roman Empire migrated to the town, which grew to have one of the largest Jewish settlements in the kingdom. Between 1354 and 1567 the city held general assemblies of Polish knights, and general or elective meetings of

2928-442: The spot. A ghetto for the imprisonment of 16,500 Polish Jews was created in December 1940 and closed off from the outside in December 1941. Hunger was rampant, followed by the typhus epidemic. In December 1942, 15,000 Jews were deported aboard Holocaust trains to the Treblinka extermination camp . Some 200 Jews from Tomaszów are known to have survived World War II. The Germans carried out further executions of Poles, among which

2989-408: The spring of 1940, it was the seat of the district headquarters of the Armia Krajowa , or Home Army. In the summer of 1944, the 25th Infantry Regiment of the Home Army was formed in the district; it was the largest military unit of the Łódź Voivodeship, and fought against the Germans until November 1944. In the city and district, there were also other partisan groups: the Military Troops (connected with

3050-401: The town, and it administratively belonged to the Łódź Voivodeship . By 1931 the Jewish population of the city grew to 11,310 inhabitants, or about 30% of the general population of Tomaszów. On September 1, 1939, the first day of the German-Soviet invasion of Poland that started World War II , the Germans air raided the town twice, killing seven people. Further air raids were carried out in

3111-452: The two large air-raid shelters was started in early 1940. The so-called Konewka Bunkers (now a tourist attraction) were a complex of various concrete structures hidden in the woods, including an enormous 380 metres (1,250 ft) long bunker capable of protecting an entire trainset from the possible air raid. The shelters in Konewka and in Jeleń , built of reinforced concrete, served as unloading stations for military cargo. The Sulejow Lake

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3172-439: The uprising, the Russians closed down the Bernardine monastery in 1864, and the last Bernardine monks were expelled in 1867. In 1867 the Russian authorities formed the Piotrków Governorate , which included Łódź , Częstochowa , and the coal fields of Dąbrowa Górnicza and Sosnowiec . According to the Russian census of 1897 , out of the total population of 30,800, Jews constituted 9,500 (around 31% percent). The province had

3233-435: The vicinity in the following years. From 1949 to 1970, Piotrków was transformed into an industrial center. Piotrków remained a district capital in the Łódź Voivodeship , until 1975. Then, following the changes in the administrative division of the country, the city became the capital of the new Piotrków Voivodeship , thus regaining the status of an important administrative, educational and cultural center of Poland. In 1999,

3294-458: The warmest is July (with 18 °C (64 °F) on average). Yearly rainfall is from 550 to 600 mm (22 to 24 in). The sandy soil of the region is not fertile. In the early Middle Ages the Piotrków region was part of the province of Łęczyca of Poland ruled by the Piast dynasty . In c.  1264 it became part of a separate principality. The foundation of the city and its development were connected with its geographical position and

3355-467: The Łódź Special Economic Zone, which is one of the 14 special economic zones in Poland . The city is home to a variety of industries: ceramics , construction , chemicals , plastics producers, electrical machinery manufacturers, upholstery, food, logistics and service. The major minerals companies in the area are Ceramika Paradyż a manufacturer of ceramic tiles and Sacmi which specialises in ceramic tile production machines. The Wagran factory (built on

3416-571: Was a voivodeship , or unit of administrative division and local government, in Poland from 1975 to 1998, superseded by Łódź Voivodeship . Its capital city was Piotrków Trybunalski . 51°24′18″N 19°41′36″E  /  51.405033°N 19.693289°E  / 51.405033; 19.693289 This Poland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Piotrk%C3%B3w Trybunalski Piotrków Trybunalski ( [ˈpʲɔtrkuf trɨbuˈnalskʲi] ; also known by alternative names ), often simplified to Piotrków ,

3477-410: Was expelled in 1578 and only allowed back a century later. The town became a post station in 1684. Around 1705, German settlers (often Swabians ) arrived in the town's vicinity and founded villages; they largely retained their customs and language until their expulsion in 1945. While the importance of Piotrków in the political life of the country had contributed to its development in the 16th century,

3538-402: Was founded in 1788 by Count Tomasz Adam Ostrowski when iron ore was discovered there. Ostrowski invited the first miners and metallurgists from the Old-Polish Industrial Region . The settlement fell into the Prussian Partition in 1793 during the Second Partition of Poland . In 1807 it was regained by Poles and included within the short-lived Duchy of Warsaw , and since 1815 it was located in

3599-463: Was founded in the early Middle Ages . Recently two more rivers have been included within the boundary of the city area—the Wierzejka, which in the western part of the city forms a reservoir, and the Śrutowy Dołek to the south of Piotrków. The city is 200 m (656.17  ft ) above sea level . The average temperature during the year is about 8 °C (46 °F), the coldest month is January (ranging from −20 to 2.5 °C (−4.0 to 36.5 °F)),

3660-439: Was located at Wieczność St., in the area of the first Catholic cemetery (nowadays Słowackiego St). In 1831 Qahal was founded. During the January Uprising , on July 12 and September 1, 1863, clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian soldiers took place. From 1867, it was administratively located in the Piotrków Governorate . During World War I , Tomaszów was occupied by Germany, which policies led to poverty and hunger among

3721-417: Was priest Wojciech Dionizy Bryndza-Nacki, and also established and operated a Nazi prison, and a Baudienst forced labour camp for young Poles in the town. In 1944, even 12-year-old Polish children were used as slave labourers to build fortifications in the area in preparation for the advancing Eastern Front . In 1944, during and following the Warsaw Uprising , the Germans deported thousands of Varsovians from

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