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100-530: The official El-Ghad Party, headed by Moussa Moustafa Moussa, was running the 2011–12 Egyptian parliamentary election as an independent list. The split faction Ghad El-Thawra Party , headed by Ayman Nour , was part of the Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party -led Democratic Alliance for Egypt . Ayman Nour left the New Wafd Party in 2001. He was named the first secretary of

200-521: A "knowledgeable source" described the order of the Prosecutor General to freeze Mubarak's assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for Mubarak to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly. In February 2011, Voice of America reported that Egypt's top prosecutor had ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for Mubarak and his family as he considered further action. On 21 May 2014

300-646: A CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report. In February 2011, ABC News reported that experts believed the personal wealth of Mubarak and his family was between US$ 40 billion and US$ 70 billion from military contracts made during his time as an air force officer. The Guardian reported that Mubarak and his family might be worth up to US$ 70 billion garnered from corruption, bribes and legitimate business activities. The money

400-593: A Cairo administrative court found Mubarak guilty of damaging the national economy during the protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone services. He was fined LE200 million—about US$ 33.6 million —which the court ordered he must pay from his personal assets. This was the first court ruling against Mubarak, who would next have to answer to the murder charges. The trial of Hosni Mubarak, his sons Ala'a and Gamal, former interior minister Habib el-Adly and six former top police officials began on 3 August 2011 at

500-494: A Cairo court convicted Mubarak and his sons of embezzling the equivalent of US$ 17.6 million of state funds which were allocated for renovation and maintenance of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of US$ 17.6 million , fined the trio US$ 2.9 million , and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years. The National Democratic Party of Egypt continued to state that Hosni Mubarak

600-695: A Palestinian settlement continued under Mubarak. He quietly improved relations with the former Soviet Union. In 1987, Mubarak won an election to a second six-year term. In his early years in power, Mubarak expanded the Egyptian State Security Investigations Service ( Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla ) and the Central Security Forces (anti-riot and containment forces). According to Tarek Osman , the experience of seeing his predecessor assassinated "right in front of him" and his lengthy military career—which

700-586: A change in the electoral law would have to be met by 2 October, else they would boycott the election. After a meeting with political party leaders on 1 October 2011, the SCAF agreed to allow party members to run for the directly elected seats, set a clearer timetable for the transition to civilian rule and possibly abolish military trials for civilians. On 11 November 2011, an administrative court in Mansoura ruled that former NDP members were not allowed to stand in

800-561: A coma. Most sources said he was no longer interested in performing any duties and wanted to "die in Sharm El-Sheikh". On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting Mubarak and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that Mubarak was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him. As a result, Mubarak and his family were placed under house arrest at

900-552: A financial statement listing their assets and sources of income while performing government work. On 21   February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following the 25   January 2011 revolution , said it had no objection to a trial of Mubarak on charges of corruption. On 23   February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that

1000-611: A form of bloc voting in two-seat constituencies. Prior to the elections there were concerns that a change to the electoral system would be required, as the pre-existing system would have favoured the National Democratic Party , the party of Mubarak loyalists. The National Democratic Party was dissolved in April, however. The proposed draft law for the electoral system to be used was revealed on 30 May 2011; controversially, it retained bloc voting for two-thirds of

1100-516: A friendship with the nation's powerful Crown Prince Fahd , whom Sadat had refused to meet or contact and who was now seen as a major player who could help mend the failing relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia . Mubarak also developed friendships with several other important Arab leaders, including Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud , Oman's Sultan Qaboos , Morocco's King Hassan II , and Sudan's President Jaafar Nimeiry . Sadat also sent Mubarak to numerous meetings with foreign leaders outside

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1200-418: A hospital bed and held in a cage for the session. Upon hearing the charges against him, Mubarak pleaded not guilty. Judge Ahmed Refaat adjourned the court, ruling that Mubarak be transferred under continued arrest to the military hospital on the outskirts of Cairo. The second court session scheduled for 15 August. On 15 August, the resumed trial lasted three hours. At the end of the session, Rifaat announced that

1300-512: A major crisis in relations when the U.S Air Force forced an EgyptAir plane carrying the Achille Lauro hijackers to Tunisia to land in Italy ; otherwise the plane would have been shot down. Mubarak stated in a press conference on 12 October 1985: "I am very wounded. Now there is coolness and strain as a result of this incident." Egypt had been ostracized by the other Arab states for signing

1400-622: A moderate Islamic offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood , was officially approved as a party on 19 February, fifteen years after its foundation. After withdrawing from the Democratic Alliance for Egypt , it formed an electoral coalition with the Renaissance Party and the Pioneer Party , both of which were founded by former members of the Muslim Brotherhood . The Al-Wasat Party fielded the overwhelming majority of

1500-495: A pilot officer on 13 March 1950 and eventually receiving a bachelor's degree in aviation sciences. Mubarak served as an Egyptian Air Force officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in a Spitfire fighter squadron. Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. From February 1959 to June 1961, Mubarak undertook further training in

1600-499: A population in excess of 85 million – with candidates from 50 registered political parties. The overall voter turnout was 54%. In the first phase of election, the voter turnout was 59%. Large crowds turned out at the polling stations for the first stage of the polls. Such a turnout prompted the election committee to extend the hours of polling by two hours to end at 21:00. A majority of the protesters in Tahrir square who had been at

1700-512: A population of 75 million. Because of his positions against Islamic fundamentalism and his diplomacy towards Israel, Mubarak was the target of repeated assassination attempts. According to the BBC, Mubarak survived six attempts on his life. In June 1995, there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while Mubarak was in Ethiopia for a conference of

1800-632: A presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by Mubarak ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution. Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora Prison ; state television reported that Mubarak

1900-531: A prosecutor ordered Mubarak and his two sons Alaa and Gamal to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. Mubarak was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution. These trials began on 3 August 2011, making him the first Arab leader to be tried in his own country in an ordinary court of law. On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced Mubarak to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he

2000-545: A specific visual symbol, as an alternative detection to help the illiterate voters. The same voting procedures shall apply to the upper house's election, too. The election for the upper house , the Shura Council ("the Consultative Council") are to follow on 29 January 2012, and will take place in 3 stages as well between 29 January and 22 February. (process was sped due to ongoing protests). Out of

2100-482: A speech that he would not leave, and would die on Egyptian soil. Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei paid no attention to Mubarak's remarks and labeled it as a trick designed to help Mubarak to stay in power. In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, Mubarak announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform. This compromise

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2200-472: A summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheik with King Abdullah II of Jordan , President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert . On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect. According to The New York Times , neither side fully respected the terms of the ceasefire. The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce

2300-524: A temporary criminal court at the Police Academy in north Cairo. They were charged with corruption and the premeditated killing of peaceful protesters during the mass movement to oust the Mubarak government, the latter of which carries the death penalty. The trial was broadcast on Egyptian television; Mubarak made an unexpected appearance—his first since his resignation. He was taken into the court on

2400-677: A total 270 seats in the Upper House: 180 seats are up for grabs and 90 seats shall be appointed after the presidential election, by the president-elect. Following these elections, the parliament shall select a committee that will draft a new constitution for Egypt. The new constitution shall than be submitted to a referendum. Only then will presidential election be held, "no later than 30 June 2012" according to Hussein Tantawi 's statement. (parties / coalition-lists) (Individuals) The Muslim Brotherhood announced on 15 February it would form

2500-651: A tough time and that it was too early to judge him. On 24 May 2011, Mubarak was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters during the revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The decision to try Mubarak was made days before a scheduled protest in Tahrir Square. The full list of charges released by the public prosecutor was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence, deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits". On 28 May,

2600-668: Is the most populous Arab country and Saudi Arabia the richest, the Saudi–Egyptian axis was a powerful force in the Arab world. At an Arab League summit later in 1982 in Fez, Saudi Arabia put forward an Egyptian peace plan where in exchange for Israel resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by allowing a Palestinian state , the entire Arab world would make peace with Israel. The Islamic Republic of Iran had, from 1979 onward, been making

2700-630: The 1967 war , stifled political opposition , the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread. Mubarak stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. On 11 February 2011, then–Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that both he and Mubarak had resigned and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces . On 13 April 2011,

2800-662: The Arab League , which had been frozen since the Camp David Accords with Israel, and in returning the Arab League's headquarters back to Cairo . He was known for his supportive stance on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process , in addition to his role in the Gulf War . Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The state of emergency , which had not been lifted since

2900-491: The Arab Spring , Egyptian activists called for protesters to turn up in cities around Egypt on specific days. Though violence was reported at some points, protests were largely peaceful with the army staying quiet until 10 February 2011, when calls for Hosni Mubarak to resign were at their peak. The following day, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak's resignation from the presidency while turning power over to

3000-676: The Authenticity Party and the Building and Development Party) announced that they would run a united candidate list. Their common list is officially called the "Alliance for Egypt", and is unofficially referred to as the " Islamist Bloc ". The Al-Nour Party fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Alliance for Egypt joint candidates are running under the Al-Nour Party label. The Al-Wasat Party ,

3100-802: The Cairo Anti-war Conference , which had criticised his lack of action against Israel. Protests against Mubarak and his regime erupted in Cairo and other Egyptian cities in January 2011. On 1 February, Mubarak announced he would not contest the presidential election due in September. He also promised constitutional reform. This did not satisfy most protesters, who expected Mubarak to depart immediately. The demonstrations continued and on 2 February, violent clashes occurred between pro-Mubarak and anti-Mubarak protesters. On 10 February, contrary to rumours, Mubarak said he would not resign until

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3200-710: The Egyptian Bloc after it allowed Mubarak figures in its ranks; the Socialist Popular Alliance Party formed The Revolution Continues Alliance . The liberal New Wafd Party announced on 13 June 2011 that it would contest the election in an alliance with the Freedom and Justice Party . The New Wafd later decided to abandon its alliance with the Islamists over discrepancies concerning the prospective constitution, and considered joining

3300-588: The FJP label. As a reaction to this centre-right alliance, the different liberal democratic and centrist parties intensified cooperation. Five parties drafted a joint statement criticising the current electoral law and proposing a new one. On 16 August 15 political and social movements, some of which defected from the Democratic Alliance for Egypt , announced the Egyptian Bloc electoral alliance. It consisted of liberal, secularist, and centre-left political parties, as well as social organizations and labour unions, and also

3400-505: The Freedom and Justice Party to run in the election. Together with 27 other parties representing diverse political families, the Freedom and Justice Party formed the Democratic Alliance for Egypt . After several defections and entries, the Freedom and Justice Party -dominated coalition settled on 11 parties. The FJP fielded the overwhelming majority of the candidates, and all the Democratic Alliance for Egypt joint candidates ran under

3500-630: The Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, Egypt supported Iraq militarily and economically with one million Egyptians working in Iraq to take the place of Iraqi men serving on the front-line. In December 1983, Mubarak welcomed Yasser Arafat of the PLO to a summit in Cairo, marking a rapprochement with the PLO, and from that time, Egypt became the PLO's main ally. In 1985, the Achille Lauro hijacking caused

3600-603: The Military Council , and usually by the President. Under the parallel voting system used, out of 498 total seats, two-thirds, meaning 332, were elected by means of party list proportional representation . For these seats the public voted for parties or coalition-lists and the result was determined by the largest remainder method with a 0.5 percent threshold, in 46 districts. The remaining 166 seats were elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies, with

3700-659: The Organization of African Unity . He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in Port Said in September 1999. Egypt was a member of the allied coalition during the 1991 Gulf War ; Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Egypt's participation in the war solidified its central role in the Arab World and brought financial benefits for

3800-453: The SCAF announced: In late September 2011, again new division was announced, in which only one third of the seats would be elected by bloc voting in two-seat constituencies. However, constituency MPs could only be independents and not members of political parties; this restriction led to threats of boycotting the election by a wide swath of the political parties which intended to contest the election. The parties stated that their demands for

3900-674: The Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control, Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab leaders and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab–Israeli conflict . Sadat even transferred his decision-making authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations. Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli . Following Sadat's death, Mubarak became

4000-804: The Soviet Union , attending a Soviet pilot training school in Moscow and another at Kant Air Base near Bishkek in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic . Mubarak undertook training on the Ilyushin Il-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded

4100-416: The revolution that ousted President Hosni Mubarak , after which the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) dissolved Parliament . However the dissolution was ruled unconstitutional and Parliament was reinstated. Originally, the elections had been scheduled to be held in September 2011, but were postponed amid concerns that established parties would gain undue advantage. The elections were proclaimed

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4200-585: The 1973 war. In a 2011 interview with the independent Egyptian newspaper Al-Masry Al-Youm , El-Shazli said Mubarak altered documents to take credit from her father for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with Mubarak. She stated she intended to take legal action. In April 1975, President Anwar Sadat appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt. In this position, he took part in government consultations that dealt with

4300-489: The 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, violations of human rights by the security services in Egypt were described as "systematic" by Amnesty International. In 2007, Amnesty International reported that the Egyptian police routinely engaged in "beatings, electric shocks, prolonged suspension by the wrists and ankles in contorted positions, death threats and sexual abuse". The state remained large under Mubarak employing 8 million people out of

4400-468: The Arab world. Mubarak's political significance as Vice President can be seen from a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador Hermann Eilts . Fahmy told Eilts that "Mubarak is, for the time being at least, likely to be a regular participant in all sensitive meetings" and he advised the ambassador not to antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice. Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring

4500-584: The Armed Forces appointed the remaining 10 MPs. Note that various media sources report slightly different numbers. This is due to the fact that many "independents" and appointed MPs are party members, or joined established parties. In addition, some smaller parties fielded candidates on the official lists of larger allied parties. Percentage of votes received by party Total number of parliamentary seats First phase assigned seats Hosni Mubarak Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak ( Arabic : محمد حسني مبارك ‎; 4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020)

4600-726: The Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the Beni Suef Air Base. In November 1967, Mubarak became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling the number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre- October War years. Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force. In 1972, Mubarak became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On 6 October 1973, at

4700-586: The Camp David Accords in 1979, but Egypt's weight within the Arab world had led to Egypt regaining its "central place in the Arab world" by 1989. In 1989, Egypt was re-admitted as a full member to the Arab League and the League's headquarters were moved to their original location in Cairo . Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. By

4800-589: The Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freezing of Mubarak's assets and those of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal Mubarak, and his daughters-in-law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also ordered the Egyptian foreign minister to communicate this to other countries where Mubarak and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that Mubarak filed his financial statement. Egyptian regulations mandate government officials submit

4900-420: The Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that often feed corruption. Freedom House said, "corruption remained a significant problem under Mubarak, who promised to do much, but in fact never did anything significant to tackle it effectively". In 2010, Transparency International 's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with

5000-472: The Egyptian government. Reports of sums of up to US$ 20 billion worth of debt forgiveness were published in the news media. According to The Economist : The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the [International Monetary Fund]. In fact, luck was on Hosni Mubarak's side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After

5100-456: The El-Ghad name and party, even being accused of internal monopoly by other party members. Since both Nour and Moussa factions were using (and still are) the same name and insignia (ex: Ghad El-Thawra website), it was often difficult to tell them apart. For instance, Liberal International listed El-Ghad, specifying its leader as Ayman Nour, as an observer member. Many poll and media outlets used

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5200-477: The Mubarak administration's Ministry of the Interior rose dramatically. Political figures and young activists were imprisoned without trial. Illegal, undocumented, hidden detention facilities were established, and universities, mosques, and newspaper staff were rejected because of their political views. In 2005 Freedom House , a non-governmental organization that conducts research into democracy, reported that

5300-574: The National Democratic Party, said Gamal Mubarak intended to usurp the presidency, assisted by then Interior Minister, Habib El-Adly . During his presidency, Mubarak upheld the U.S.-brokered Camp David Accords treaty signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978. Mubarak on occasion also hosted meetings relating to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and made a number of attempts to serve as a broker between them. Mubarak

5400-548: The September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar Suleiman . The next day, Suleiman announced that Mubarak had resigned. The announcement sparked cheers, flag-waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt. Discussions about the nation's future direction began. It had been suggested that Egypt be put in the hands of a caretaker government . On 25 January 2011, protests against Mubarak and his government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for Mubarak's resignation. Mubarak stated in

5500-612: The breakout of the Yom Kippur War , the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making Mubarak a national hero. The next year he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel. Mubarak was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in

5600-592: The ceasefire throughout Gaza . In exchange, Hamas expected the blockade to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels. Israel tied an easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza. Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks. In 2009, Mubarak's government banned

5700-745: The claim to be the leader of the Islamic world, and in particular Ayatollah Khomeini had called for the overthrow of the governments of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Arab states along the southern shores of the Persian Gulf, calling these states illegitimate. The claim of the Ayatollah Khomeini to be the rightful leader of the Islamic world and his attempts to export the Iranian revolution by working to overthrow governments that Khomeini deemed un-Islamic caused profound alarm and fear in

5800-412: The coalition candidates, all of which ran under the Al-Wasat Party label. Some analysts voiced concerns that former members of the ruling NDP might gain a lot of influence in the newly elected parliament. Among the parties identified to have had a strong base in former NDP members were: The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces announced that it would bar foreign monitors because of what it claimed

5900-492: The control of the President. On 28 July 2005, Mubarak announced his candidacy. The election was scheduled for 7 September 2005; according to civil organizations that observed the election it was marred by mass rigging activities. In a move widely seen as political persecution, Ayman Nour , a dissident and candidate for the El-Ghad Party ("Tomorrow party") was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years' hard labor on 24 December 2005. While in office, political corruption in

6000-415: The count, that the Freedom and Justice Party, led by the Muslim Brotherhood, was expected to receive around 40% of the vote and al-Nour would get between 15–30 percent. The Election Commission announced the participation of 62% of eligible voters, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh". In the second phase of the election, many analysts predicted a similar result as that of the previous phase due to

6100-405: The country first." The statement, which said "The Supreme Council is currently studying the situation," did not state what the council would do next. Mubarak made no media appearances after his resignation. Except for his family and a close circle of aides, he reportedly refused to talk to anyone—even his supporters. His health was speculated to be rapidly deteriorating; some reports said he was in

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6200-449: The country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848. Less than two weeks after the assassination of President Sadat, Mubarak quickly assumed the presidency in the single-candidate 1981 referendum , and renewed his term through single-candidate referendums in 1987 , 1993 , and 1999 . Under United States pressure, Mubarak held the country's first multi-party election in 2005 , which he won. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt's membership in

6300-459: The election as independent candidates. It was not immediately known whether this ruling would eventually apply to the whole country. On 14 November 2011, the Higher Administrative Court in Cairo overruled the decision and allowed the former NDP members to stand. The election to the People's Assembly took place on the following dates: There are a total 508 seats in the Lower house: 498 seats are elected, and 10 seats appointed, in this case, by

6400-476: The first honest national elections of any sort held in Egypt since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1952. However, there were also complaints of irregularities and fraud. The main focus of the newly elected Parliament was to be the selection of the members of a Constituent Assembly . In late 2010, a parliamentary election was held, though it was followed by controversy and repression as well as accusations of fraud . Following similar events in Tunisia during

6500-419: The first round was 65%. Turnout for the run-offs of the second phase was 43%. Voter turnout was 62%. Many individual candidates did not receive the required 50% vote during the first phase, and therefore faced a run-off on 5 December. Even before the official results for each party or coalition-list were released, it was thought, by various international channels as well as leaks from people involved in

6600-409: The fourth president of Egypt. Until Libya's suspension from the Arab League at the beginning of the Libyan Civil War , Egypt was the only state in the history of the organization to have had its membership suspended, because of President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. In June 1982, Mubarak met King Fahd of Saudi Arabia , which marked a beginning of an Egyptian-Saudi rapprochement. Since Egypt

6700-405: The future disengagement of forces agreement with Israel. In September 1975, Mubarak went on a mission to Riyadh and Damascus to persuade the Saudi Arabian and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government ("Sinai II"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian president Hafez Al-Assad . During his meetings with the Saudi government, Mubarak developed

6800-454: The future. The Israeli historian Major Efraim Karsh wrote in 2006 that in Egypt "...numberless articles, scholarly writings, books, cartoons, public statements, and radio and television programs, Jews are painted in the blackest terms imaginable". Karsh accused Mubarak of being personally antisemitic, writing he "evidently shared the premises" of his propaganda. Egypt's heavy dependence on US aid and its hopes for US pressure on Israel for

6900-438: The governments that were targeted like Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In the face of the Iranian challenge, the other Arab states looked towards Egypt as an ally. For King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and the other leaders of the Arab Gulf states, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict faded into the background and the main concern was resisting Iranian pretensions to be the leader of the Islamic world, meaning that Egypt could not be ignored. During

7000-438: The head of the election committee stated that the overall turnout was 62%, "the highest number since the days of Pharaoh." The turnout was relatively low according to Al Jazeera , one of the reasons was that the Egyptians were not given a day off as they were given on 28–29 November. Early reports on the voting turnout indicated a high turnout of long waiting lines, a repeat of the first PR phase voting day. The turnout for

7100-496: The military. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, headed by Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi , would lead the country for a transitional period until a civilian government took over. A constitutional referendum was then approved on 19 March that would ease the process of electing a president. The election was conducted under a parallel voting system. Two-thirds of seats were elected by party-list proportional representation . The remaining one-third were elected under

7200-508: The more conservative, poor, and rural nature of the second phase electoral districts. State television reported the initial result, with the FJP in the lead and al-Nour following in second place. Toward the third phase it was clear that it would be a continuation of the Islamist trend that emerged from the two previous phases. After the third phase, on 21 January 2012, the Supreme Council of

7300-415: The new Egyptian Bloc liberal coalition instead. The New Wafd ended up running its own independent lists. The Salafi Al-Nour Party withdrew from the Democratic Alliance for Egypt coalition due to disagreements with the Freedom and Justice Party over its share in the coalition's joint candidate lists. On 12 August, three Islamic Salafi parties ( Nour , and two unregistered groups that later became

7400-428: The parliament. If the winner of one of the two seats that are allocated to a certain district, is a "professional", the second seat in the district shall be handed to a "laborer" or a "farmer". Run-offs are assigned to the individual candidates who did not receive over 50% of the votes in the first round. For a detailed explanation, see. Additional requirements for parties include listing at least one woman and adopting

7500-487: The party in October that year. The party was legalized in 2004. After facing president Hosni Mubarak in the 2005 Egyptian presidential election , Nour was sentenced to five years in jail on forgery charges. In 2005, just before Nour being sentenced, the El-Ghad party split in two factions. One was headed by Moussa Moustafa Moussa, the other by Nour's (now former) wife Gameela Ismail . Legal battle ensued between both factions, both claiming legitimacy and simultaneously using

7600-668: The party name and insignia. The final court ruling in May 2011 was in favor of Moussa. Ayman Nour hence filed for a new party, Ghad El-Thawra Party or "Revolution's Tomorrow Party", which was approved on 9 October 2011. The removal of Nour from the party leadership by Moussa, and the latter's election to the Egyptian Upper House , have been seen as compliances with the Hosni Mubarak regime. The party platform calls for: Ayman Nour has been tightly associated with both

7700-416: The possibility of a run off . In the election voters each cast two votes, which could not be for the same individual. These seats were open to candidates running as individuals, who might not be affiliated to political parties, numbering two per each of the 83 districts. Out of these, the new parliament must have at least half "laborers" or "farmers", while the "professionals" should constitute at most half of

7800-486: The relatives of those killed by Mubarak's forces were angered by the verdict. Thousands of demonstrators protested the verdict in Tahrir Square, Arbein Square and Al-Qaed Ibrahim Square. In January 2013, an appeals court overturned Mubarak's life sentence and ordered a retrial. He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters. On 21 August 2013,

7900-440: The seats, with only one third of the seats elected by proportional representation (However, later it was changed as to two-thirds, 332 of MPs to be elected proportionally from lists). On 7 July 2011, the caretaker government approved the new electoral law. It outlined a new 50–50 division between proportional seats and constituency seats; the minimum age limit for candidates is also to be reduced from 30 to 25. On 21 July 2011,

8000-443: The sit-in after deadly clashes a week earlier, left their sit-in to join the polls before returning to Tahrir Square, although some boycotted the election. Even before the government gave the official figures, the FJP's observers estimated a turnout of about 30 to 32 percent, for the first day, in the 9 governorates that voted in the first phase, while in Cairo, turnout was reported at about 27 percent. An "exceptionally high turnout"

8100-751: The term "El-Ghad" without specifying which party or faction they are referring to, although they often meant the Ayman Nour Ghad El-Thawra faction. 2011%E2%80%9312 Egyptian parliamentary election SCAF Saad El-Katatny Freedom and Justice [REDACTED] Member State of the African Union [REDACTED] Member State of the Arab League Parliamentary elections were held in Egypt from 28 November 2011 to 11 January 2012, following

8200-487: The third session would take place on 5 September and that the remainder of the proceedings would be off-limits to television cameras. The trial resumed in December 2011 and lasted until January 2012. The defense strategy was that Mubarak never actually resigned, was still president, and thus had immunity . On 2 June 2012, Mubarak was found guilty of not halting the killing of protesters by the Egyptian security forces; he

8300-507: The time he became president, Mubarak was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing relations with the Israeli government . Under Mubarak, Israeli journalists often wrote about the "cold peace" with Egypt, observing Israeli–Egyptian relations were frosty at best. Mubarak was quick to deny that his policies would result in difficulties for Egyptian–Israeli dealings in

8400-700: The traditional Islamic Sufi Liberation Party. Its main objective was to prevent an imminent electoral victory of the Muslim Brotherhood , and the Freedom and Justice Party . After suffering many defections, the remaining Egyptian Bloc parties were: the Free Egyptians Party , the Egyptian Social Democratic Party and the National Progressive Unionist Party (Tagammu). The Socialist Popular Alliance Party and other parties defected from

8500-536: The war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $ 20 billion of debt. President Mubarak spoke out against the 2003 invasion of Iraq , arguing that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict should have been resolved first. He also said the war would cause "100 Bin Ladens ". However, as President he did not support an immediate US withdrawal from Iraq because he believed it would probably lead to chaos. President Mubarak

8600-516: The war. The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out the crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity. However Mubarak's influence was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad el-Shazly . She said Mubarak exaggerated his role in

8700-662: Was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and was released on 24 March 2017. Mubarak died in 2020, aged 91. He was honoured with a state funeral and buried at a family plot outside Cairo. Hosni Mubarak was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate , Egypt. On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy , gaining his commission as

8800-400: Was also reported in the governorate of Asyut , especially among women. On the second day of the first round, independent monitors placed the turnout at over 50 percent, while a spokesman for the military said that it could exceed 70 percent, maybe even reaching 80 percent. Abroad, turnout was around 60–70 percent according to the Egyptian foreign minister, and when reading the official results

8900-625: Was an Egyptian politician and military officer who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force . He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. Mubarak's presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha , who ruled

9000-533: Was concerned that Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson did not trust him on the issue and considered meeting him in New York. In October 2000, Mubarak hosted an emergency summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheikh to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In attendance were: U.S. President Bill Clinton , P.L.O. Chairman Yasser Arafat , Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak , King Abdullah of Jordan, NATO Sec. General Javier Solana , and U.N. Sec. General Kofi Annan . Mubarak

9100-525: Was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack. Former Israeli Cabinet minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer told Israeli Radio that he had offered Mubarak refuge in the southern Israeli city of Eilat . On 11 May 2013, he told El-Watan in his first media appearance since his resignation said, "History will judge and I am still certain that the coming generations will view me fairly." He added that President Mohammed Morsi faced

9200-662: Was involved in the Arab League , supporting Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative , a Saudi-inspired plan to end the Arab–Israeli conflict . In 2006, Mubarak condemned the Israeli military attack in Lebanon , but also indirectly criticised Hezbollah for harming Arab interests. In June 2007, Mubarak held

9300-407: Was longer than those of Nasser or Sadat—may have instilled in him more focus and absorption with security than seemed the case with the latter heads of state. Mubarak sought advice and confidence not in leading ministers, senior advisers or leading intellectuals, but from his security chiefs—"interior ministers, army commanders, and the heads of the ultra-influential intelligence services." All through

9400-526: Was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace. On 11 February, then Vice President Omar Suleiman announced Mubarak had resigned and that power would be turned over to the Egyptian military . Two and a half hours after Mubarak's resignation, an Egyptian military member came on air and thanked Mubarak for "putting the interests of

9500-401: Was re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Each time, Mubarak secured his position by having himself nominated by Parliament then confirmed without opposition in a referendum. The September 2005 ballot was a multiple-candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions and security apparatus remain under

9600-416: Was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned Mubarak's sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, Mubarak and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences. Mubarak was detained in a military hospital while his sons were freed on 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. Mubarak

9700-633: Was said to be spread out in various bank accounts, including some in Switzerland and the UK, and invested in foreign property. The newspaper said some of the information about the family's wealth might be ten years old. According to Newsweek , these allegations are poorly substantiated and lack credibility. On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of Mubarak and his family. On 20   February 2011,

9800-408: Was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court found Mubarak not guilty of ordering the crackdown on Egyptian protesters. All other charges against Mubarak, including profiteering and economic fraud, were dismissed. Mubarak's sons, Habib el-Adly, and six senior police officials were all acquitted for their roles in the killing of demonstrators because of a lack of evidence. According to The Guardian ,

9900-753: Was the preservation of Egyptian sovereignty. However, it would welcome foreign "Observers". Groups such as NDI, The Carter Center, the International Republican Institute and South African, Turkish, Polish and Danish groups have taken part. Alongside 300 foreign civil society representatives there are 25,000 accredited monitors and a lot more concerned citizens who have pledged to alert the organizers regarding any abuses they encounter. Additionally, many Egyptians have turned to citizen monitoring through social media such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube, uploading cited violations or turnouts. About 50 million people were eligible to vote out of

10000-421: Was to be the party's only candidate in the 2011 Presidential Election. Mubarak said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal Mubarak would not run for president. With the escalation of the demonstration and the fall of Mubarak, Hamdy El-Sayed , a former influential figure in

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