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61-501: Toner may refer to: Toner (printing) , a powder mixture used in laser printers and photocopiers Toner (skin care) , a water-based lotion, tonic, or wash designed to cleanse the skin in preparation for other skincare products Hair toner , product used in hair dying Toner cartridge , component of a laser printer which contains toner powder Toner refill , refilling empty laser printer toner cartridges with new toner powder Toner,

122-448: A stratum germinativum and stratum corneum , but the other intermediate layers found in humans are not always distinguishable. Hair is a distinctive feature of mammalian skin, while feathers are (at least among living species) similarly unique to birds . Birds and reptiles have relatively few skin glands , although there may be a few structures for specific purposes, such as pheromone -secreting cells in some reptiles , or

183-449: A styrene acrylate copolymer , a polyester resin , a styrene butadiene copolymer, or a few other special polymers. Toner formulations vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and even from machine to machine. Typically formulation, granule size and melting point vary the most. Originally, the particle size of toner averaged 14–16 micrometres or greater. Theoretically, for the perfect reproduction of dots and print features at 600 dpi,

244-560: A chemical used in photographic print toning Toner (surname) , surname in English and Turkish See also [ edit ] John L. Toner Award Toner Prize for Excellence in Political Reporting Tone Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Toner . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

305-419: A cylindrical shape. When the ducts mature and fill with fluid, the base of the ducts become swollen due to the pressure from the inside. This causes the epidermal layer to form a pit like opening on the surface of the duct in which the inner fluid will be secreted in an upwards fashion. The intercalary region of granular glands is more developed and mature in comparison with mucous glands. This region resides as

366-463: A different functionality for amphibians than granular. Mucous glands cover the entire surface area of the amphibian body and specialize in keeping the body lubricated. There are many other functions of the mucous glands such as controlling the pH, thermoregulation, adhesive properties to the environment, anti-predator behaviors (slimy to the grasp), chemical communication, even anti-bacterial/viral properties for protection against pathogens. The ducts of

427-435: A large fraction of which are ultimately recycled in paper recovery and recycling operations. Removal of toner from the pulp is not easy, and toner formulations to ease this step have been reported. Hydrolyzable, water-soluble, and caustic-soluble toner resins have been reported, but do not appear to enjoy widespread application. Most paper recycling facilities mix toner with other waste material, such as inks and resins, into

488-460: A modified intercalary region (depending on the function of the glands), yet the majority share the same structure. The alveolar or mucous glands are much more simple and only consist of an epithelium layer as well as connective tissue which forms a cover over the gland. This gland lacks a tunica propria and appears to have delicate and intricate fibers which pass over the gland's muscle and epithelial layers. The epidermis of birds and reptiles

549-417: A numerous individual mucus -secreting skin cells that aid in insulation and protection, but may also have poison glands , photophores , or cells that produce a more watery, serous fluid. In amphibians , the mucous cells are gathered together to form sac-like glands . Most living amphibians also possess granular glands in the skin, that secrete irritating or toxic compounds. Although melanin

610-469: A particle size of about 5 μm is required and, at 1200 dpi, about 3 μm is required. Further reductions in particle size producing further improvements in resolution are being developed through the application of new technologies such as Emulsion-Aggregation . Toner manufacturers maintain a quality control standard for particle size distribution in order to produce a powder suitable for use in their printers. Toner has traditionally been made by compounding

671-436: A regular pattern. Sonic hedgehog-expressing epidermal cells induce the condensation of cells in the mesoderm . The clusters of mesodermal cells signal back to the epidermis to form the appropriate structure for that position. BMP signals from the epidermis inhibit the formation of placodes in nearby ectoderm. It is believed that the mesoderm defines the pattern. The epidermis instructs the mesodermal cells to condense and then

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732-400: A ring of cells surrounding the basal portion of the duct which are argued to have an ectodermal muscular nature due to their influence over the lumen (space inside the tube) of the duct with dilation and constriction functions during secretions. The cells are found radially around the duct and provide a distinct attachment site for muscle fibers around the gland's body. The gland alveolus is

793-430: A sac that is divided into three specific regions/layers. The outer layer or tunica fibrosa is composed of densely packed connective-tissue which connects with fibers from the spongy intermediate layer where elastic fibers, as well as nerves, reside. The nerves send signals to the muscles as well as the epithelial layers. Lastly, the epithelium or tunica propria encloses the gland. Mucous glands are non-venomous and offer

854-400: A simple pack, for toner storage and transportation, or further, a consumable component of the printer. The most common way to consume toner is with a toner cartridge (or laser toner ), as an office supply of a laser printer or photocopier. Several toner manufacturers offer toner in wholesale quantities. Typically, bulk loose toner is sold in barrels or 10 kg (22-pound) bags. Toner

915-434: A sludge with no commercial use. Since toner consists of several copolymers and it is a carbon-based material, it can be used as a useful modifier for the asphalt industry. It has been shown that inclusion of left-over burnt toner enhances the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binder, significantly. Such an application can be placed as an environmentally friendly alternative to prevent soil contamination due to

976-416: A thin sheet of fibers called the basement membrane , which is made through the action of both tissues . The basement membrane controls the traffic of the cells and molecules between the dermis and epidermis but also serves, through the binding of a variety of cytokines and growth factors , as a reservoir for their controlled release during physiological remodeling or repair processes. The dermis

1037-438: Is closer to that of mammals , with a layer of dead keratin-filled cells at the surface, to help reduce water loss. A similar pattern is also seen in some of the more terrestrial amphibians such as toads . In these animals, there is no clear differentiation of the epidermis into distinct layers, as occurs in humans , with the change in cell type being relatively gradual. The mammalian epidermis always possesses at least

1098-407: Is found in the skin of many species, in the reptiles , the amphibians , and fish , the epidermis is often relatively colorless. Instead, the color of the skin is largely due to chromatophores in the dermis , which, in addition to melanin, may contain guanine or carotenoid pigments . Many species, such as chameleons and flounders may be able to change the color of their skin by adjusting

1159-563: Is maintained as a stem cell layer through an autocrine signal, TGF alpha , and through paracrine signaling from FGF7 ( keratinocyte growth factor ) produced by the dermis below the basal cells. In mice, over-expression of these factors leads to an overproduction of granular cells and thick skin. Hair and feathers are formed in a regular pattern and it is believed to be the result of a reaction-diffusion system. This reaction-diffusion system combines an activator, Sonic hedgehog , with an inhibitor, BMP4 or BMP2, to form clusters of cells in

1220-535: Is practiced by most manufacturers. Classifying toner to the desired size distribution produces off-size rejects, but these become valuable feedstocks for the compounding operation, and are recycled this way. Post-consumer waste toner appears primarily in the cleaning operation of the photo-printing machine. In early printers, as much as 20 to 25% of feed toner would wind up in the cleaner sump and be discarded as waste. Improved printer efficiencies have reduced this waste stream to lower levels, although on average 13% of

1281-491: Is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis provides tensile strength and elasticity to the skin through an extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibrils , microfibrils , and elastic fibers , embedded in hyaluronan and proteoglycans . Skin proteoglycans are varied and have very specific locations. For example, hyaluronan , versican and decorin are present throughout

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1342-433: Is then used by a variety of industries in order to provide consumers with a finished laser toner cartridge. Original Equipment manufacturers such as HP and Canon as well as manufacturers of compatible toner cartridges use the toner in the process of manufacturing a brand new OEM cartridge. Remanufacturers of toner cartridges use the bulk toner in the process of creating remanufactured toner cartridges. Other companies use

1403-569: The University of Rostock has found that the microscopic particles in toner are carcinogenic, similar to asbestos. Several technicians who had been working with printers and copiers on a daily basis were observed for several years. They showed increased lung problems. This confirms previous research published in 2006. Research at Harvard University has shown that, during printing, metal-oxide nanoparticles (defined as 100 nanometres and smaller, hence 0.1 micrometres and smaller) are released into

1464-902: The arthropod exoskeleton , have different developmental origin , structure and chemical composition . The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin cutis 'skin'). In mammals , the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles , bones , ligaments , and internal organs . Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians , reptiles , and birds . Skin (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues) plays crucial roles in formation, structure, and function of extraskeletal apparatus such as horns of bovids (e.g., cattle) and rhinos, cervids' antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillos' osteoderm, and os penis / os clitoris . All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales , dolphins , and porpoises that appear to be hairless. The skin interfaces with

1525-429: The dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as for the epidermis . Dermis and subcutaneous tissues are thought to contain germinative cells involved in formation of horns, osteoderm, and other extra-skeletal apparatus in mammals. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to

1586-402: The skull , these scales are lost in tetrapods , although many reptiles do have scales of a different kind, as do pangolins . Cartilaginous fish have numerous tooth-like denticles embedded in their skin, in place of true scales . Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are both unique to mammals , but other types of skin gland are found in other vertebrates . Fish typically have

1647-403: The uropygial gland of most birds. Cutaneous structures arise from the epidermis and include a variety of features such as hair, feathers, claws and nails. During embryogenesis, the epidermis splits into two layers: the periderm (which is lost) and the basal layer . The basal layer is a stem cell layer and through asymmetrical divisions, becomes the source of skin cells throughout life. It

1708-543: The 1970s that raised concerns about health effects resulting from pyrrole , a contaminant created during manufacture of the carbon black used in black toner, manufacturing processes were changed to eliminate pyrrole from the finished product. Research by the Queensland University of Technology has indicated that some laser printers emit submicrometer particles which have been associated in other environmental studies with respiratory diseases . A study at

1769-656: The air from toner-based laser printers and multifunction devices. These machines use toner particles that are on average 20 micrometres in overall diameter, but the surfaces of the toner particles themselves carry innumerable tiny metal-oxide nanoparticles. These ultra-small metal-oxide nanoparticles are highly bioactive and could cause harm to the lungs and also elsewhere in the body, given that particles 0.1 micrometres and smaller can cross biological membranes (including lung alveoli), thereby gaining access to all organs via blood circulation. This remains an area of active research, with many knowledge gaps. The toner container can be

1830-400: The alveolar gland (sac). Structurally, the duct is derived via keratinocytes and passes through to the surface of the epidermal or outer skin layer thus allowing external secretions of the body. The gland alveolus is a sac-shaped structure that is found on the bottom or base region of the granular gland. The cells in this sac specialize in secretion. Between the alveolar gland and the duct is

1891-401: The amphibians. They are located in clusters differing in concentration depending on amphibian taxa. The toxins can be fatal to most vertebrates or have no effect against others. These glands are alveolar meaning they structurally have little sacs in which venom is produced and held before it is secreted upon defensive behaviors. Structurally, the ducts of the granular gland initially maintain

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1952-429: The body. Microorganisms like Staphylococcus epidermidis colonize the skin surface. The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing in the deeper areas of the hair follicle , gut and urogenital openings. The epidermis of fish and of most amphibians consists entirely of live cells , with only minimal quantities of keratin in

2013-414: The cells of the superficial layer. It is generally permeable, and in the case of many amphibians , may actually be a major respiratory organ. The dermis of bony fish typically contains relatively little of the connective tissue found in tetrapods . Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony scales . Apart from some particularly large dermal bones that form parts of

2074-416: The dermis and epidermis extracellular matrix , whereas biglycan and perlecan are only found in the epidermis. It harbors many mechanoreceptors (nerve endings) that provide the sense of touch and heat through nociceptors and thermoreceptors . It also contains the hair follicles , sweat glands , sebaceous glands , apocrine glands , lymphatic vessels and blood vessels . The blood vessels in

2135-506: The environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation , temperature regulation , sensation, and the production of vitamin D folates. Severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue . This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans, for example,

2196-408: The epidermis, called the papillary region , and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region . The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue . This is named for its fingerlike projections called papillae that extend toward the epidermis . The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between

2257-484: The following functions: Skin is a soft tissue and exhibits key mechanical behaviors of these tissues. The most pronounced feature is the J-curve stress strain response, in which a region of large strain and minimal stress exists and corresponds to the microstructural straightening and reorientation of collagen fibrils. In some cases the intact skin is prestreched, like wetsuits around the diver's body, and in other cases

2318-418: The formation of an extracellular matrix and provide mechanical strength to the skin. Keratinocytes from the stratum corneum are eventually shed from the surface ( desquamation ). The epidermis contains no blood vessels , and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis . The epidermis and dermis are separated by

2379-611: The ingredients and creating a slab which was broken or pelletized, then turned into a fine powder with a controlled particle size range by air jet milling . This process results in toner granules with varying sizes and aspherical shapes. To get a finer print, some companies are using a chemical process to grow toner particles from molecular reagents. This results in more uniform size and shapes of toner particles. The smaller, uniform shapes permit more accurate colour reproduction and more efficient toner use. Toner can be washed off skin and garments with cold water. Hot or warm water softens

2440-418: The insulation the skin provides but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage . On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick and can be processed to create leather . Reptiles and most fish have hard protective scales on their skin for protection, and birds have hard feathers , all made of tough beta-keratins . Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier, especially regarding

2501-459: The intact skin is under compression. Small circular holes punched on the skin may widen or close into ellipses, or shrink and remain circular, depending on preexisting stresses. Tissue homeostasis generally declines with age, in part because stem /progenitor cells fail to self-renew or differentiate . Skin aging is caused in part by TGF-β by blocking the conversion of dermal fibroblasts into fat cells which provide support. Common changes in

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2562-420: The intercalary system which can be summed up as a transitional region connecting the duct to the grand alveolar beneath the epidermal skin layer. In general, granular glands are larger in size than the mucous glands, which are greater in number. Granular glands can be identified as venomous and often differ in the type of toxin as well as the concentrations of secretions across various orders and species within

2623-461: The interiors of transport systems and vacuum cleaner hoses. Because of this and the small particle size, toner should not be vacuumed with a conventional home vacuum cleaner . Static discharge from charged toner particles theoretically may ignite dust in the vacuum cleaner bag or create a small explosion if sufficient toner is airborne. Toner particles are so fine that they are poorly filtered by household vacuum cleaner filter bags and can blow through

2684-484: The landfilling of waste toner. Adding waste toner into asphalt binder and mixture decreases the binder's glass transition temperature and also, in the meantime increase the crystallization temperature as well. Skin Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation. Other animal coverings , such as

2745-415: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toner&oldid=1259608913 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Toner (printing) In earlier photocopiers, this low-cost carbon toner

2806-689: The major cells , constituting 95% of the epidermis , while Merkel cells , melanocytes and Langerhans cells are also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following strata or layers (beginning with the outermost layer): Keratinocytes in the stratum basale proliferate through mitosis and the daughter cells move up the strata changing shape and composition as they undergo multiple stages of cell differentiation to eventually become anucleated. During that process, keratinocytes will become highly organized, forming cellular junctions ( desmosomes ) between each other and secreting keratin proteins and lipids which contribute to

2867-435: The mesoderm instructs the epidermis of what structure to make through a series of reciprocal inductions. Transplantation experiments involving frog and newt epidermis indicated that the mesodermal signals are conserved between species but the epidermal response is species-specific meaning that the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of its position and the epidermis uses this information to make a specific structure. Skin performs

2928-413: The mucous gland appear as cylindrical vertical tubes that break through the epidermal layer to the surface of the skin. The cells lining the inside of the ducts are oriented with their longitudinal axis forming 90-degree angles surrounding the duct in a helical fashion. Intercalary cells react identically to those of granular glands but on a smaller scale. Among the amphibians, there are taxa which contain

2989-500: The oldest known skin, fossilized about 289 million years ago, and possibly the skin from an ancient reptile. The word skin originally only referred to dressed and tanned animal hide and the usual word for human skin was hide. Skin is a borrowing from Old Norse skinn "animal hide, fur", ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-, meaning "to cut" (probably a reference to the fact that in those times animal hide

3050-411: The passage of chemicals via skin, and is often subject to osmosis and diffusive forces. For example, a frog sitting in an anesthetic solution would be sedated quickly as the chemical diffuses through its skin. Amphibian skin plays key roles in everyday survival and their ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and ecological conditions. On 11 January 2024, biologists reported the discovery of

3111-420: The relative size of their chromatophores . Amphibians possess two types of glands , mucous and granular (serous). Both of these glands are part of the integument and thus considered cutaneous . Mucous and granular glands are both divided into three different sections which all connect to structure the gland as a whole. The three individual parts of the gland are the duct, the intercalary region, and lastly

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3172-647: The responses to chronically inhaled copying toner, a plastic dust pigmented with carbon black, titanium dioxide and silica, were also similar qualitatively to titanium dioxide and diesel exhaust . Carbon black , one of the components of toner, is classified as "possibly carcinogenic" ( Group 2B ) by the IARC . As a fine powder, toner can remain suspended in the air for some period, and is considered to have health effects comparable to inert dust . It can be an irritant to people with respiratory conditions such as asthma or bronchitis . Following studies on bacteria in

3233-581: The reticular region are the roots of the hair , sweat glands , sebaceous glands , receptors , nails , and blood vessels . The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis . Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves . It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin . The main cell types are fibroblasts , macrophages and adipocytes (the subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat ). Fat serves as padding and insulation for

3294-422: The skin located under the eyes and around the eyelids is the thinnest skin on the body at 0.5 mm thick and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as "crows feet" and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is the thickest skin on the body at 4 mm thick. The speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by estrogen . Fur is dense hair. Primarily, fur augments

3355-487: The toner in each cartridge is still wasted. Some printer designs have attempted to divert this waste toner back into the virgin toner reservoir for direct reuse in the printer; these attempts have met with mixed success as the composition of the toner will change by expending fusibles while retaining developer particles. Some consideration and fewer industry attempts have been made to reclaim waste toner by cleaning it and "remanufacturing" it. Most toner goes to printed pages,

3416-474: The toner to provide a toner refill service. Most toner cartridges are available to the average consumer through retail outlets or local remanufacturing operations. Remanufactured and refilled toner cartridges are generally offered at a lower cost than original toner cartridges, having been either wholly remanufactured and then refilled with toner (the more-optimal method) or just refilled with toner (the less-optimal method). Recycling of pre-consumer waste toner

3477-521: The toner, causing it to bond in place. Toner fused to skin eventually wears off, or can be partially removed using an abrasive hand cleaner. Toner fused to clothing usually cannot be removed. Unfused toner is easily cleaned from most water-washable clothing. Because toner is a wax or plastic powder with a low melting temperature it must be kept cold while cleaning. Toner particles have electrostatic properties by design and can develop static-electric charges when they rub against other particles, objects, or

3538-418: The two layers of skin. The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous , elastic , and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength , extensibility , and elasticity . Also located within

3599-598: The vacuum motor into the room. They can also cause overheating by clogging the motor filter and short circuit by their electric conductivity (carbon, iron) when they melt inside the motor. If toner spills into the laser printer or photocopier, a special type of vacuum cleaner with an electrically conductive hose and a high efficiency ( HEPA ) filter may be needed for effective cleaning. These are called electrostatic discharge -safe (ESD-safe) or toner vacuums. Similar HEPA-filter equipped vacuums should be used for clean-up of larger toner spills. Muhle et al. (1991) reported that

3660-453: Was commonly cut off to be used as garment). Mammalian skin is composed of two primary layers: The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin. It forms a protective barrier over the body's surface, responsible for keeping water in the body and preventing pathogens from entering, and is a stratified squamous epithelium , composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes . Keratinocytes are

3721-442: Was poured by the user from a bottle into a reservoir in the machine . Later copiers, and laser printers from the first 1984 Hewlett-Packard LaserJet, feed directly from a sealed toner cartridge. Laser toner cartridges for use in color copiers and printers come in sets of cyan, magenta, yellow and black ( CMYK ), allowing a very large color gamut to be generated by mixing. The specific polymer used varies by manufacturer but can be

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