Tonquin was a 290-ton American merchant ship initially operated by Fanning & Coles and later by the Pacific Fur Company (PFC), a subsidiary of the American Fur Company (AFC). Its first commander was Edmund Fanning , who sailed to the Qing Empire for valuable Chinese trade goods in 1807. The vessel was outfitted for another journey to China and then was sold to German-American entrepreneur John Jacob Astor . Included within his intricate plans to assume control over portions of the lucrative North American fur trade , the ship was intended to establish and supply trading outposts on the Pacific Northwest coast. Valuable animal furs purchased and trapped in the region would then be shipped to China, where consumer demand was high for particular pelts.
56-476: Tonquin may refer to: Ships [ edit ] Tonquin (1807) , an American merchant vessel destroyed on Vancouver Island in 1811 Tonquin (1845) , a later American commercial vessel that sank in 1849 near San Francisco, CA SS City of Paris (1865) , a French steamship briefly named Tonquin that sank in 1885 Locations [ edit ] Tonquin Valley ,
112-686: A blacksmith; Johann Koaster, a carpenter; Job Aitkem, a boat builder; and George Bell, a cooper. After leaving the national waters of the United States, Tonquin sailed southeast into the Atlantic. On 5 October, the ship came within sight of Boa Vista in the Cape Verde Islands . The enforced policy of impressment by the United Kingdom made Thorn wary of passing British vessels. Consequently, he decided against staying at
168-463: A crew of 24 and sailed north for Vancouver Island to trade with various Nuu-chah-nulth peoples living on the island's west coast. Alexander McKay was aboard the ship as supercargo and James Lewis as clerk. Near Destruction Island , a member of the Quinault nation , Joseachal , was recruited by Thorn to act as an interpreter, being recorded as "Joseachal" by McDougall in company records. He had
224-401: A knife a piece." Violence immediately erupted as warriors led by Wickaninnish attacked the crew on board, killing all but four of the men. Three crew members escaped in a rowboat during the confusion, and one badly wounded man, James Lewis, was left aboard the ship. The following day, 16 June, Lewis allegedly scuttled Tonquin by lighting a fuse that detonated the ship's powder magazine when
280-504: A major problem. Thorn sent five men in a boat to attempt to locate the channel, but the rough surf capsized the vessel and its crew was lost. Two days later another attempt by an additional small boat also sank. Of the five crew members, which included two Hawaiian Kanakas, only an American and a Hawaiian survived. In total eight men died attempting to find a safe route past the Columbia Bar. Finally, on March 24, Tonquin crossed into
336-573: A potential roadblock in this overseas project. Coles and Fanning both went to Washington, D.C. to request federal approval for the voyage to Fiji. There they held meetings with Albert Gallatin , the Secretary of the Treasury . Gallatin sent the proposal to President Thomas Jefferson , who formally approved it. Tonquin was dispatched to Fiji on 15 June 1808. Brumley was appointed captain, with Coles and Fanning both on board. From New York City,
392-524: A sister married to a Tla-o-qui-aht man, a factor that has been attributed to his later survival on Vancouver Island. While anchored at Clayoquot Sound , the Tonquin crew engaged in fur trading activities with the natives. Members of the neighboring Tla-o-qui-aht nation boarded the ship in large numbers to trade. Commercial dealings were negotiated between an experienced elder, Nookamis, and Thorn. Thorn offered an exchange rate found to be unsatisfactory by
448-686: A valley located in Alberta Tonquin Pass , a mountain pass in the Canadian Rockies Tonquin, Oregon , an unincorporated locale of Oregon Vietnam [ edit ] Tonkin , the northern region of Vietnam Tonquin War , an alternative name for the Sino-French War Plants [ edit ] Tonquin bean , a flowering pea tree native to Central and South America Topics referred to by
504-483: Is 4,200 years (at Yuquot, Nootka Island ). Because post-glacial sea-levels are known to have risen, overtaking earlier locations, most scholars will date the beginnings of human habitation beyond 9,000 years BP before present . In the late 18th century, Clayoquot Sound and the Native American peoples were explored by ship by various Europeans and Americans who were involved mainly in the fur trade . In 1791,
560-670: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Tonquin (1807) Tonquin began its journey to the Columbia River in late 1810, departing New York City and heading south through the Atlantic Ocean . In December, it reached the Falkland Islands , where Captain Jonathan Thorn briefly marooned eight PFC employees. After passing Cape Horn into
616-864: Is phasing out salmon farms by 2022 in the Discovery Islands on Vancouver Island's east side. The members of three major First Nations band governments of the Nuu-chah-nulth peoples inhabit the Clayoquot Sound: the Hesquiaht in the North, the Ahousaht in the middle, and the Tla-o-qui-aht in the south. The latter group is based in the village of Opitsaht on Meares Island . The village of Tofino lies opposite Opitsaht on
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#1732773176771672-657: Is the only one detailing the fate of the Tonquin . Notable namesakes include Tonquin Beach in Tofino, Canada; and Tonquin Valley and Tonquin Pass , both in the Canadian Rockies. A movie was in planning stages in 2008, to portray the events ending with the 1811 destruction of Tonquin . Clayoquot Sound Clayoquot Sound / ˈ k l ɑː k w ɒ t / is located on the west coast of Vancouver Island in
728-605: The Canadian province of British Columbia . It is bordered by the Esowista Peninsula to the south, and the Hesquiaht Peninsula to the North. It is a body of water with many inlets and islands. Major inlets include Sydney Inlet, Shelter Inlet, Herbert Inlet, Bedwell Inlet, Lemmens Inlet, and Tofino Inlet. Major islands include Flores Island , Vargas Island, and Meares Island . The name is also used for
784-579: The Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest. Cargo on board included fur trade goods, seeds, building material for a trading post, tools, and the frame of a schooner to be used in the coastal trade. The crew consisted of 34 people including the captain, 30 of whom were British subjects. Four partners of the company were on board: Duncan McDougall , David and Robert Stuart , and Alexander McKay . Additionally there were 12 clerks and 13 Canadian voyageurs , plus four tradesmen: Augustus Roussel,
840-488: The Falkland Islands on 4 December to make repairs and take on water supplies, with a suitable source of freshwater located at Port Egmont . Captain Thorn set sail on 11 December without eight of the men, including partner David Stuart, Gabriel Franchère and Alexander Ross . Having only a rowboat, the eight men spent over six hours rowing before they caught up with Tonquin . Robert Stuart quickly threatened Thorn to stop
896-708: The Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Tonquin was assigned to the Pacific Fur Company (PFC) to accomplish this major commercial goal. The PFC was a subsidiary venture funded largely by the American Fur Company , the original fur enterprise founded by Astor in 1808. Astor was able to gain the services of United States Navy lieutenant Jonathan Thorn and put him in command of the 10-gun merchant vessel. On 8 September 1810, Tonquin departed New York harbor bound for
952-781: The Pacific Ocean , Tonquin visited the Kingdom of Hawaii in February 1811, where the ship restocked and hired 24 Native Hawaiian Kanakas after negotiations with Kamehameha I and Kalanimoku . Tonquin finally reached the Columbia River on 22 March 1811. Eight crewmen died before the ship found a safe route over the Columbia Bar . Work began in May 1811 on the sole trading post founded by Tonquin , Fort Astoria , on
1008-449: The Pacific Ocean . Tonquin reached the Kingdom of Hawaii on 12 February 1811, dropping anchor at Kealakekua Bay . The possibility of men deserting the ship in favor of the islands became a major threat. Thorn had no choice but to make amends with the PFC partners to police the crew. Several men abandoned ship but the cooperation of the nearby Native Hawaiians saw their return. One man
1064-672: The intensive farming operation, occurred in 2019. The densely packed farms have the disadvantage of providing conditions that allow for the rapid spread of disease. A highly contagious virus variant found in Norwegian salmon farms has been found in Clayoquot Sound farmed salmon. Environmental advocacy organizations have stated such events are evidence of the environmental damage associated with this type of fish farming. The British Columbia provincial government has closed other salmon farming sites on Vancouver Island. For instance, it
1120-477: The Clayoquot Sound region, including both land and water, is 350,000 hectares (860,000 acres). More than 200,000 hectares (490,000 acres) have been included as the subject of a multi-year study using Terrestrial Ecosystem Mapping (TEM) to identify areas prone to geologic and geomorphic hazards, in particular, landslides, soil erosion, and sedimentation. The study is also to identify and characterize terrain conditions associated with these hazards. The region contains
1176-568: The Columbia's estuary and laid anchor in Baker Bay . The personnel then proceeded fifteen miles up the river to present-day Astoria, Oregon , where they spent two months laboring to establish Fort Astoria . Some trade goods and other materials that composed the cargo were transferred to the new trading post. During this work, small transactions with curious Chinookan Clatsop people occurred. On 5 June 1811, Tonquin left Baker's Bay with
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#17327731767711232-545: The Equator Isles. After entering the Guangzhou port, the sandalwood cargo was sold in return for various Chinese products. Tonquin safely returned to New York City. Tonquin was sold for $ 37,860 (equivalent to $ 738,000 in 2023) to German-American businessman John Jacob Astor on 23 August 1810. Astor purchased the vessel to spearhead his plans for gaining a foothold in the ongoing maritime fur trade on
1288-682: The Forests Minister of British Columbia, Andrew Petter , and the Environment Minister, Elizabeth Cull , officially accepted the 127 panel recommendations, on behalf of the NDP government. Members of Greenpeace were reported to play a significant role in these protests and instigated a boycott of BC forest products to apply pressure on the industry. After the government accepted the scientific panel's recommendations, specifically deferring logging until an inventory of pristine areas
1344-566: The Noongar would initiate potential commercial transactions by establishing their peaceful intentions through dropping their weapons. Only after the Americans would put down their firearms would a spirited trade begin between the two groups. American goods such as beads, metal buttons and knives were often exchanged in return for Noongar-manufactured stone tools and food supplies. Those of the crew afflicted with illness were restored to health over
1400-481: The Tla-o-qui-aht returned to loot the ship; the explosion may have killed more than 100 natives. The crew members who had escaped during the initial massacre were allegedly captured and tortured to death by the Tla-o-qui-aht following the explosion. The only known survivor of the crew was Joseachal , who arrived back at Fort Astoria with the assistance of prominent Lower Chinookan noble Comcomly . His account
1456-518: The Tla-o-qui-aht still on board. The Tla-o-qui-aht consulted among themselves and on 15 June, as Tonquin was close to leaving the area, offered to trade their fur stockpiles again. They proposed that in return for a skin, the PFC officers sell three blankets and a knife. McDougall recounted that "A brisk trade was carried on untill all the Indians setting round on the decks of the Ship were supplied with
1512-500: The complex inner waters were explored and mapped by José María Narváez and Juan Carrasco ; their commander, Francisco de Eliza , met and befriended Wickaninnish , the chief of the Tla-o-qui-aht peoples. These explorers recognized the region's wealth of natural resources. These resources attracted growing numbers of non-First Nations peoples, who limited First Nation access to land, and generated resentment among
1568-528: The crew was greeted by Francisco de Paula Marín and Isaac Davis . Marín acted as an interpreter in negotiations with Kamehameha I and Kalanimoku , a prominent Hawaiian government official. Besides his work in discussion between the Hawaiian Monarch and the PFC officers, Marín also acted as the pilot to guide the ship into port, for which he received five Spanish dollars . Twenty-four Hawaiian kanakas were recruited for three years service, half in
1624-401: The crew were killed by armed Tla-o-qui-aht led by chief Wickaninnish . The survivors intentionally detonated the ship's powder magazine, and Tonquin was destroyed and sunk. Joseachal , a Quinault interpreter previously hired by Thorn, was the sole crew member to survive the entire incident and return to Fort Astoria. While there, he held several conversations with Duncan McDougall and gave
1680-565: The early 21st century, the communities surrounding Clayoquot Sound (Tofino, Ucluelet, and Ahousaht) have been developing new sources of income. They are emphasizing ecotourism and selective logging, based on co-management strategies. The land around Clayoquot Sound includes vast coastal temperate rain forest , rivers, lakes, marine areas and beaches. It includes part of the Pacific Rim National Park Reserve and some of Strathcona Provincial Park . The total size of
1736-431: The elder, who wanted five blankets for every fur skin sold. These discussions continued on throughout the day and Thorn increasingly became frustrated at the indigenous intransigence to accept his terms. The interpreter later informed McDougall that Thorn "got in a passion with Nookamis", taking one of Nookamis' fur skins and hitting him on the face with it. After this outburst, Thorn ordered the ship prepare to depart, with
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1792-490: The following days. Tonquin left the sound on 21 October for Tongatapu , where local peoples sold the crew stockpiles of "hogs, bread-fruit , [and] yams" among other products. On 10 December, Tonquin passed Vatoa and landed at Vanua Levu the following day. Greeted by a group of iTaukei men bearing gifts of fruit, the Americans informed their hosts of the previous agreement made over sandalwood. The dignitaries soon departed to transmit news elsewhere. Shortly after sunrise
1848-608: The fur venture and the other half as laborers on Tonquin . One of the Hawaiians, Naukane , was appointed by Kamehameha I to oversee the interests of these laborers. Naukane was given the name John Coxe while on Tonquin and later joined the North West Company . Tonquin and its crew left the Hawaiian Kingdom on 1 March 1811. The Columbia River was reached on 22 March 1811, but its dangerous bar posed
1904-486: The holdings of the Kingdom of Portugal and avoided the Cape Verde Islands. After sailing down the coast of West Africa , Tonquin made way for South America. Off the coast of Argentina an extreme storm struck, ruining many of the sails and adding two additional leaks in the hull. As the voyage continued on, the freshwater supplies dwindled to three gills a day per sailing member. The vessel landed at
1960-605: The larger region of land around the waterbody (essentially its watershed). The name Clayoquot is derived from the name of a subgroup of the Nuu-chah-nulth, who lived at Clayoqua . In the late 20th century, this group merged into the multi-group band government known as the Tla-o-qui-aht , meaning "different" or "changing" in their language. First Nations have inhabited the area for thousands of years. The oldest dated location within Nuu-cha-nulth territory
2016-399: The largest area of intact (unlogged) temperate rainforest left on Vancouver Island. Clayoquot Sound is home to wolves , black bears , cougars , grey whales , orcas , porpoises , seals , sea lions , river otters , bald eagles , osprey , marbled murrelets , Pacific loons , Roosevelt elk , martens , and raccoons . In 2000, Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve was designated as
2072-569: The late 1980s, the situation escalated when the government approved MacMillan Bloedel Corporation's permit to log Meares Island. The First Nations peoples expressed their opposition to the MacMillan Bloedel Corporation logging in the Clayoquot Sound by several peaceful protests and blockades of logging roads from 1980 to 1994. In the summer of 1993, over 800 protestors were arrested, and many were tried for interfering with approved industry. Protestors included members of
2128-471: The local Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation and Ahousaht First Nation bands, as well as NDP MP Svend Robinson , and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and Friends of Clayoquot Sound . International mass media covered the protests and blockades, helping to create national support for environmental movements in British Columbia and foster strong advocacy for anti-logging campaigns. Media reported
2184-474: The locals. Government support of private company resource extraction allowed for the growth of such industry over time. Logging companies were active in harvesting timber in the Clayoquot Sound area as late as the 1980s and 1990s. In the late 20th century, First Nations became more active in trying to defend their rights and resources. They developed Native lobbying organizations and insisted on negotiations regarding governmental policies about such resources. In
2240-450: The next day, iTaukei men gave fresh coconuts, breadfruit, hogs, and yams from their assembled canoes. The local leader, Tynahoa, arrived with his followers and announced that he had the agreed amount of sandalwood harvested and stockpiled. Over the course of an hour the Americans and Tynahoa held a discussion on board Tonquin . He told the merchants that several British ships from Port Jackson had visited and were still anchored nearby during
2296-537: The only detailed account of how Tonquin was destroyed. Tonquin was constructed by Adam and Noah Brown at a dry dock in New York City in 1807. Tonquin was first purchased by Fanning & Coles to participate in the Old China Trade . It originally had a crew of 24, including its captain, Edmund Fanning . She departed New York City harbor on 26 May 1807 for the port of Guangzhou . Outside
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2352-432: The perceived injustice of numerous individuals being arrested for joining peaceful protests and blockades. In some cases, law enforcement responded aggressively, which eventually helped strengthen public support for non-violent protests. After the 1990 protests, the provincial government made its first significant change in policy. It commissioned a scientific panel to examine issues related to Clayoquot Sound. In July 1995,
2408-545: The port cities of China, Tonquin survived a typhoon while crossing the Macclesfield Bank . From there the vessel passed the Wanshan Archipelago on its way to Guangzhou. Prior to returning to the United States, Tonquin was detained by Commodore Edward Pellew . Apparently Fanning was previously acquainted with both Pellew and his father, and after a discussion with Pellew, Fanning subsequently
2464-473: The present-day Oregon coast. After construction was completed, the ship departed with a majority of the trade goods and general provisions from the fort, intending to trade them with indigenous tribes on the coast of Vancouver Island . When the crew began bartering with Tla-o-qui-aht natives at Clayoquot Sound in June, a dispute arose due to Captain Thorn's poor treatment of an elder. All but four members of
2520-618: The provincial government and Nuu-chah-nulth first nations signing the Interim Measures Act (IMA) on March 19, 1994. (This followed protests in 1993 that gained international coverage on this issue, increasing the pressure.) Since the IMA was signed, the First Nations and government have negotiated to co-manage local land and resources, including economic development strategies. With the reduction in logging in this area, in
2576-559: The raw material. The tabu was formally absolved by Tynahoa, allowing the waiting British merchants to finally purchase their own supplies of sandalwood. Tonquin departed for Guangzhou on 22 March 1809. Sailing roughly northwest from Vanua Levu, the islands of modern Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands were sighted, in addition to parts of the Federated States of Micronesia , such as Kapingamarangi , which Fanning called
2632-410: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tonquin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tonquin&oldid=700078589 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2688-518: The second voyage of Tonquin was focused on the active sandalwood trade throughout the Pacific Ocean. The previous year, an arrangement with a group of iTaukei people on Fiji was made by Captain Brumley of Hope . The sandalwood tree Santalum yasi was to be cut, collected, and processed by the iTaukei until Brumley returned in 18 months. The then still active Embargo Act of 1807 was
2744-796: The ship, saying if he refused then "You are a dead man this instant." This display made Thorn order the Tonquin crew to sail back and pick up the stranded crew. Thorn's actions led to increasing tensions between him and the employees of the Pacific Fur Company. Communication between company workers was no longer held in English to keep the captain excluded from discussions. Company partners held talks in their ancestral Scottish Gaelic and hired PFC workers used Canadian French . The atmosphere of "their jokes and chanting their outlandish songs" greatly frustrated Thorn. On 25 December, Tonquin safely traversed around Cape Horn and sailed north into
2800-488: The southern promontory of the entrance to the sound. In 1985, for the first time in British Columbia history, the courts froze resource development on crown land because of a related Aboriginal title claim. Chiefs of the Ahousaht and Tla-o-qui-aht first nations obtained an injunction halting logging on Meares Island in Clayoquot Sound pending treaty negotiations with the provincial government. These negotiations resulted in
2856-420: The time of Brumley's absence. However, he was insistent that no sandalwood had been sold to them, as he had declared a tabu on the sale of sandalwood among his subordinates. The sandalwood was delivered gradually to Tonquin from subjects of Tynahoa. This process would span several months, although the wait was apparently worth it. Fanning later stated that the entire hull and part of the deck were loaded with
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#17327731767712912-534: The vessel went south through the Atlantic Ocean and sailed past part of the Brazilian coast and later Gough Island . After passing Cape Horn , the ship continued to sail west, landing at King George Sound in modern Western Australia on 8 October 1808. A tent there was made to allow crew members with scurvy to recover. Local Noongar groups frequently visited the Americans at their tent. Through signs
2968-497: Was allowed to start the return voyage, leaving the port on 18 November 1807. Another vessel owned by Fanning & Coles, Hope , was encountered the same day. After meeting with its captain, Reuben Brumley, Fanning continued to sail towards the Bocca Tigris . A squadron of British vessels stationed there stopped Tonquin and detained it for a day. The following day, orders from Commodore Pellew arrived, detailing that Tonquin
3024-689: Was completed, Greenpeace lifted the boycott. After the inventory, the government reduced the Annual Allowable Cut, and clear-cuts in the area were limited to a maximum of four hectares. In addition, once biological and cultural inventories were completed, the government required Eco-Based Planning. The sound's ecological features have made it a major site for the farming of salmon , a fish traditional to this area. Floating feedlots have been installed, consisting of giant fenced pens. There are roughly twenty such farms in operation. A massive die-off of fish, possibly linked to an algal bloom caused by
3080-591: Was flogged, another put in chains. Thorn assembled all of the crew and PFC employees and harassed the men to remain on the ship. Commercial transactions eventually began with the Hawaiians; the crew purchased cabbage , sugar cane , purple yams , taro , coconuts , watermelon , breadfruit, hogs, goats, two sheep, and poultry for "glass beads, iron rings, needles, cotton cloth". A courier from government agent John Young ordered Tonquin to visit him for meat supplies and then to have an audience with King Kamehameha I who resided on Oʻahu . Upon entering Honolulu ,
3136-476: Was to be freed immediately and sent Fanning "his apology for your detention, and his good wishes, that you may have a pleasant and safe passage." Prior to the departure of the principal British officers, a toast to the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was held. Fanning returned to New York City with a full cargo of valuable trade goods on 6 March 1808. Organized in 1808,
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