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77-577: In 1874 and 1875, G. K. Gilbert named the Tonto Group. Although it was mentioned that it outcropped in the Tonto Basin and the headwaters of Tonto Creek of south-central Arizona, he did not indicate which of these landforms, for which this group is named. Although the word tonto is translated as silly or foolish in Spanish , this place name for either Tonto Basin or Tonto Creek is derived from

154-591: A Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano developed in the southern Philippines. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Spanish. The number of Chavacano-speakers was estimated at 1.2 million in 1996. The local languages of the Philippines also retain significant Spanish influence, with many words derived from Mexican Spanish , owing to the administration of the islands by Spain through New Spain until 1821, until direct governance from Madrid afterwards to 1898. Tonto Trail The Tonto Trail

231-603: A considerable number of words from Arabic , as well as a minor influence from the Germanic Gothic language through the period of Visigoth rule in Iberia. In addition, many more words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church. The loanwords were taken from both Classical Latin and Renaissance Latin , the form of Latin in use at that time. According to

308-600: A dark gray or rusty-orange color and forms cliffs or small ledges. This formation varies between 45 and 254 m (148 and 833 ft) in thickness. Its upper contact is a disconformity with the overlying Frenchman Mountain Dolostone. In the Muav Limestone, body fossils are infrequent and often poorly preserved. They include sponges, brachiopods, hyoliths, helcionelloids, trilobites, eocrinoids, and enigmatic invertebrates ( Chancelloria , Scenella ). Trilobites found in

385-522: A dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants , known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes , which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ ). See History of Spanish (Modern development of

462-482: A first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos ( Ilustrados ). Despite a public education system set up by the colonial government, by the end of Spanish rule in 1898, only about 10% of the population had knowledge of Spanish, mostly those of Spanish descent or elite standing. Spanish continued to be official and used in Philippine literature and press during the early years of American administration after

539-478: A long history in the territory of the current-day United States dating back to the 16th century. In the wake of the 1848 Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty , hundreds of thousands of Spanish speakers became a minoritized community in the United States. The 20th century saw further massive growth of Spanish speakers in areas where they had been hitherto scarce. According to the 2020 census, over 60 million people of

616-422: A maximum number of groups (7 to 11 people) and parties (1 to 6 people), as well as a maximum total number of persons. The Tonto Trail passes through numerous backcountry use areas. The three letter code indicates the park's use area designation (listed from east to west): Use permits are available on a first-come, first-served basis from the park's Backcountry Information Center. Requests are taken beginning on

693-508: A primarily Hassaniya Arabic -speaking territory, Spanish was officially spoken as the language of the colonial administration during the late 19th and 20th centuries. Today, Spanish is present in the partially-recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic as its secondary official language, and in the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf ( Algeria ), where the Spanish language is still taught as

770-563: A second language features characteristics involving the variability of the vowel system. While far from its heyday during the Spanish protectorate in Morocco , the Spanish language has some presence in northern Morocco , stemming for example from the availability of certain Spanish-language media. According to a 2012 survey by Morocco's Royal Institute for Strategic Studies (IRES), penetration of Spanish in Morocco reaches 4.6% of

847-531: A second language, largely by Cuban educators. The number of Spanish speakers is unknown. Spanish is also an official language of the African Union . Spanish was an official language of the Philippines from the beginning of Spanish administration in 1565 to a constitutional change in 1973. During Spanish colonization , it was the language of government, trade, and education, and was spoken as

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924-416: Is cognate to the root word of satisfacer ("to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is similarly cognate to the root word of satisfecho ("satisfied"). Compare the examples in the following table: Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table: In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent

1001-436: Is Latin in origin, including Latin borrowings from Ancient Greek. Alongside English and French , it is also one of the most taught foreign languages throughout the world. Spanish is well represented in the humanities and social sciences . Spanish is also the third most used language on the internet by number of users after English and Chinese and the second most used language by number of websites after English. Spanish

1078-802: Is a hiking trail on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon in Grand Canyon National Park , located in the U.S. state of Arizona . The Tonto Trail does not terminate at either rim of the Grand Canyon, but begins along the south bank of the Colorado River at Garnet Canyon (western end) and ends at Red Canyon (eastern end), also at the Colorado River. Through most of its 95-mile length, the trail runs along

1155-715: Is a mostly horizontal trail on the south side of Granite Gorge that lies upon the Tonto Platform. Spanish language This is an accepted version of this page Spanish ( español ) or Castilian ( castellano ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . Today, it is a global language with about 500 million native speakers, mainly in

1232-695: Is a very prominent, wide bench that occurs near the bottom of the eastern Grand Canyon. The gentle slopes of the Tonto Platform were created by rapid backwearing of the Bright Angle Shale. Along its lower edge, the erosion resistant Tapeats Sandstone forms a cliff that marks the outer boundary of the Inner Gorge and the lower boundary of the Outer Canyon. Forming the upper edge of the Tonto Platform are alternating cliffs and steep slopes formed by Cambrian limestones and dolomites. The Tonto Trail

1309-677: Is a very thin accumulation of sandstone, siltstone, and breccia underlying the Tapeats Sandstone . It is exposed only atop Nankoweap Butte and within Awatubi and Sixtymile Canyons in the eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona. Sixtymile Formation is preserved only in a broad asymmetric fold, called the Chuar syncline. The maximum thickness of the Sixtymile Formation is about 60 m (200 ft). The actual depositional thickness of

1386-496: Is about 57 to 150 m (187 to 492 ft) thick. The thin-bedded shales and sandstones are often interbedded in cm-scale cycles. Sedimentary structures are abundant in the Bright Angel Shale and include current, oscillation, and interference ripples. The Bright Angel Shale has a complex gradational and interfingering relationship with the overlying Muav Limestone and underlying Tapeats Sandstone. The Bright Angel Shale

1463-611: Is additional access to the Colorado River in Monument Canyon, Hermit Creek Canyon and Boucher Creek Canyon via approximately 1½ mile spur trails that lead to designated campsites at the river. Trail conditions vary based on the amount of traffic certain sections receive. The section between the Bright Angel Trail and the South Kaibab Trail (4.6 miles, 7.4 kilometres) is the most heavily travelled and

1540-454: Is estimated that about 486 million people speak Spanish as a native language , making it the second most spoken language by number of native speakers . An additional 75 million speak Spanish as a second or foreign language , making it the fourth most spoken language in the world overall after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi with a total number of 538 million speakers. Spanish is also

1617-761: Is heavily influenced by Venezuelan Spanish. In addition to sharing most of its borders with Spanish-speaking countries, the creation of Mercosur in the early 1990s induced a favorable situation for the promotion of Spanish language teaching in Brazil . In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President , making it mandatory for schools to offer Spanish as an alternative foreign language course in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil. In September 2016 this law

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1694-535: Is separated by the underlying Muav Limestone by a disconformity throughout the Grand Canyon region. Its lower part contains shale partings that separate individual dolomite beds. The Frenchman Mountain Dolostone forms a series of ledges, cliffs, and slopes. Its thickness varies from 60 to 140 m (200 to 460 ft). The only known fossils reported from the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone are invertebrate burrows and trails. The Tonto Platform

1771-844: Is spoken by very small communities in Angola due to Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned for their country's independence. Spanish is also spoken in the integral territories of Spain in Africa, namely the cities of Ceuta and Melilla and the Canary Islands , located in the Atlantic Ocean some 100 km (62 mi) off

1848-813: Is the de facto national language of the country, Spanish is often used in public services and notices at the federal and state levels. Spanish is also used in administration in the state of New Mexico . The language has a strong influence in major metropolitan areas such as those of Los Angeles , Miami , San Antonio , New York , San Francisco , Dallas , Tucson and Phoenix of the Arizona Sun Corridor , as well as more recently, Chicago , Las Vegas , Boston , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Salt Lake City , Atlanta , Nashville , Orlando , Tampa , Raleigh and Baltimore-Washington, D.C. due to 20th- and 21st-century immigration. Although Spanish has no official recognition in

1925-408: Is the most fossiliferous of the formations of the Tonto Group. It has yielded majority of the body fossils known from the Tonto Group and is particularly rich in ichnofossils. As a whole, trilobite and other body fossils are fragmentary and rare in Bright Angel Shale. However, individual fossil quarries in the Bright Angel Shale, when excavated, are just as productive as many other Cambrian formations in

2002-488: Is the official Spanish language of the State. ... The other Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Royal Spanish Academy ( Real Academia Española ), on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. However, from 1713 to 1923, it called the language castellano . The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by

2079-605: Is used as an official language by many international organizations , including the United Nations , European Union , Organization of American States , Union of South American Nations , Community of Latin American and Caribbean States , African Union , among others. In Spain and some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called not only español but also castellano (Castilian),

2156-578: Is usually assumed to be derived from castillo ('castle'). In the Middle Ages , the language spoken in Castile was generically referred to as Romance and later also as Lengua vulgar . Later in the period, it gained geographical specification as Romance castellano ( romanz castellano , romanz de Castiella ), lenguaje de Castiella , and ultimately simply as castellano (noun). Different etymologies have been suggested for

2233-483: The Americas and Spain , and about 600 million when including second language speakers. Spanish is the official language of 20 countries , as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations . Spanish is the world's second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese ; the world's fourth-most spoken language overall after English , Mandarin Chinese, and Hindustani ( Hindi - Urdu ); and

2310-585: The Frenchman Mountain Dolostone , have been restore as a formation within the Tonto Group. In addition, along with the Frenchman Mountain Dolostone, the Sixtymile Formation is regarded to be part of the Tonto Group. Throughout the majority of it extent, the Tonto Group lies unconformably on underlying Precambrian rocks forming the Great Unconformity . This contact is either an angular unconformity truncating tilted strata of

2387-538: The Grand Canyon Supergroup or a nonconformity cut into the crystalline Vishnu Basement Rocks . The base of the Tonto Group consists of discontinuous beds of the Sixtymile Formation at Nankoweap Butte and within Awatubi and Sixtymile Canyons in the eastern Grand Canyon. As currently defined Tonto Group consists of the Sixtymile Formation, Tapeats Sandstone, Bright Angel Shale, Muav Limestone, and Frenchman Mountain Dolostone. The Sixtymile Formation

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2464-541: The South Bass Trail , Boucher Trail , Hermit Trail , Monument Trail, Bright Angel Trail , South Kaibab Trail and ends at the New Hance Trail . The Grandview Trail is also accessible via its eastern and western spurs. All of the connecting trails provide access to and from the Grand Canyon south rim, while the Bright Angel Trail and South Kaibab Trail both provide access to the Colorado River, and

2541-568: The Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005. Spanish has historically had a significant presence on the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba , Bonaire and Curaçao ( ABC Islands ) throughout the centuries and in present times. The majority of the populations of each island (especially Aruba) speaking Spanish at varying although often high degrees of fluency. The local language Papiamentu (Papiamento on Aruba)

2618-508: The Spanish–American War but was eventually replaced by English as the primary language of administration and education by the 1920s. Nevertheless, despite a significant decrease in influence and speakers, Spanish remained an official language of the Philippines upon independence in 1946, alongside English and Filipino , a standardized version of Tagalog . Spanish was briefly removed from official status in 1973 but reimplemented under

2695-769: The Tonto Platform , the bench in the Grand Canyon that separates the inner gorge from the upper canyon. 95 miles (152.9 km): Garnet Canyon to Red Canyon Approximate mileages between key points on the Tonto Trail: 11.6 miles (18.7 km): Garnet Creek to Bass Canyon 35.7 miles (57.5 km): Bass Canyon to Hermit Creek 12 miles (19.3 km): Hermit Creek to Bright Angel Trail (Indian Garden) 4.5 miles (7.2 km): Bright Angel Trail to South Kaibab Trail 21.3 miles (34.3 km): South Kaibab Trail to Grandview Trail (Horseshoe Mesa) 9.9 miles (15.9 km): Grandview Trail to New Hance Trail (Red Canyon) Tonto crosses

2772-547: The 1st day of the month, up to four months before the requested first night of camping. Hazards hikers can encounter along the Tonto Trail include dehydration , sudden rainstorms, flash flooding, loose footing, rockfall, encounters with wildlife, and extreme heat. At the Colorado River, additional hazards include hypothermia (due to the river's consistently cold temperatures), trauma (due to collisions with boulders in rapids), and drowning . Hikers who venture east of

2849-404: The 2021–2022 school year alone. The local business process outsourcing industry has also helped boost the language's economic prospects. Today, while the actual number of proficient Spanish speakers is around 400,000, or under 0.5% of the population, a new generation of Spanish speakers in the Philippines has likewise emerged, though speaker estimates vary widely. Aside from standard Spanish,

2926-595: The 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara , and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City . For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language . Spanish is the primary language in 20 countries worldwide. As of 2023, it

3003-564: The 9th century, and the first systematic written use of the language happened in Toledo , a prominent city of the Kingdom of Castile , in the 13th century. Spanish colonialism in the early modern period spurred the introduction of the language to overseas locations, most notably to the Americas. As a Romance language, Spanish is a descendant of Latin. Around 75% of modern Spanish vocabulary

3080-600: The Apache word, Koun’nde . This word means wild, rough people and refers to the indigenous Dilzhe’e Tonto Apache. G. K. Gilbert also recognized that rocks similar to those found in the Tonto Basin are exposed near the bottom of the Grand Canyon and designated them also as the Tonto Group . From youngest to oldest, Gilbert subdivided the Tonto Group found in the Grand Canyon into the Marbled limestone (now subdivided into

3157-654: The Equatoguinean education system and is the primary language used in government and business. Whereas it is not the mother tongue of virtually any of its speakers, the vast majority of the population is proficient in Spanish. The Instituto Cervantes estimates that 87.7% of the population is fluent in Spanish. The proportion of proficient Spanish speakers in Equatorial Guinea exceeds the proportion of proficient speakers in other West and Central African nations of their respective colonial languages. Spanish

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3234-482: The Great Basin and Rocky Mountain regions. Finally, possible bryophyte-grade cryptospores have been recovered from the Bright Angel Shale. The Muav Limestone consists of thin-bedded, gray, medium to fine-grained, mottled dolomite; coarse- to medium-grained, grayish-white, sandy dolomite; and fine-grained limestone. It also contains thin beds of shale and siltstone, and conglomerate. The Muav Limestone weathers to

3311-705: The Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Proto-Basque , Iberian , Lusitanian , Celtiberian and Gallaecian . The first documents to show traces of what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the 9th century. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era , the most important influences on the Spanish lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages — Mozarabic ( Andalusi Romance ), Navarro-Aragonese , Leonese , Catalan/Valencian , Portuguese , Galician , Occitan , and later, French and Italian . Spanish also borrowed

3388-674: The Lost Orphan Uranium Mine (defunct) below Powell Point. The park's Backcountry Information Center has current water conditions for all water sources along the Tonto Trail. Camping is allowed along the Tonto Trail by permit only, issued by the Grand Canyon National Park Backcountry Information Center. Use of these areas overnight are regulated by the National Park Service , and they call for

3465-657: The Muav Limestone and Frenchman Dolostone); the Tonto shale (now the Bright Angel Shale); the Tonto sandstone (now the Tapeats Sandstone). However, he did not specify a specific type locality . Decades later, R. C. Rose proposed an exposure in Backtail Canyon for a type locality. In 1914, L F. Noble officially redefined and renamed the formations comprising the Tonto Group. The Tonto sandstone

3542-483: The Muav Limestone are of the same age as trilobites found in the Bright Angel Shale of eastern Grand canyon region, so it is likely not substantially younger. The trace fossils are common in the Muav Limestone and less abundant than the underlyingright Angel Shale. These trace fossils consist of invertebrate burrows and trails and Girvanella -like structures (oncolites). The Frenchman Mountain Dolostone consists of white to dark gray, thin- to medium-bedded dolomite, which

3619-540: The Old Spanish sibilants) for details. The Gramática de la lengua castellana , written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija , was the first grammar written for a modern European language. According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I , she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire. In his introduction to

3696-589: The Royal Spanish Academy) states that, although the Royal Spanish Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms— español and castellano —are regarded as synonymous and equally valid. The term castellano is related to Castile ( Castilla or archaically Castiella ), the kingdom where the language was originally spoken. The name Castile , in turn,

3773-712: The Sixtymile Formation is unknown owing to erosion prior to deposition of the Tapeats Sandstone. The Sixtymile Formation unconformably overlies the Chur Group. No fossils have been reported from the Sixtymile Formation. In the Grand Canyon, the Tapeats Sandstone is a medium- to coarse-grained, thin-bedded, cliff-forming conglomeratic sandstone that weathers to a tan or reddish-brown. Its thickness varies from very thin or absent where deposited over prominent paleotopographic highs, as much as to 90 m (300 ft) high. Typically, fine sandstone becomes common towards

3850-502: The U.S. population were of Hispanic or Hispanic American by origin. In turn, 41.8 million people in the United States aged five or older speak Spanish at home, or about 13% of the population. Spanish predominates in the unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico , where it is also an official language along with English. Spanish is by far the most common second language in the country, with over 50 million total speakers if non-native or second-language speakers are included. While English

3927-457: The administration of Ferdinand Marcos two months later. It remained an official language until the ratification of the present constitution in 1987, in which it was re-designated as a voluntary and optional auxiliary language. Additionally, the constitution, in its Article XIV, stipulates that the Government shall provide the people of the Philippines with a Spanish-language translation of

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4004-684: The classic hispanus or hispanicus took the suffix -one from Vulgar Latin , as happened with other words such as bretón (Breton) or sajón (Saxon). Like the other Romance languages , the Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin , which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War , beginning in 210 BC. Several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages )—some distantly related to Latin as Indo-European languages , and some that are not related at all—were previously spoken in

4081-446: The consonant written b (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v . Typical of Spanish (as also of neighboring Gascon extending as far north as the Gironde estuary , and found in a small area of Calabria ), attributed by some scholars to a Basque substratum was the mutation of Latin initial f into h- whenever it

4158-404: The country's constitution. In recent years changing attitudes among non-Spanish speaking Filipinos have helped spur a revival of the language, and starting in 2009 Spanish was reintroduced as part of the basic education curriculum in a number of public high schools, becoming the largest foreign language program offered by the public school system, with over 7,000 students studying the language in

4235-584: The easiest to follow. Less traveled sections are subject to overgrowth by canyon flora early in the spring season, and may require route finding skills to traverse. All water sources along this trail must be treated, filtered, or boiled before drinking, with the exception of water available at the junction with the Bright Angel Trail (at Indian Garden). Hermit Creek, Monument Creek, and Garden Creek flow year round and can be consumed after purification. Water from Horn Creek should be avoided except in emergency circumstances due to radioactive contamination from

4312-453: The eastern Grand Canyon, the Tapeats Sandstone uncomfortably overlies a hilly and weathered paleosurface underlain by the Grand Canyon Group and, in one structural basin, the Cambrian Sixtymile Formation. In the western Grand Canyon, the Tapeats Sandstone uncomfortably overlies a hilly and weathered paleosurface underlain by the Vishnu Basement Rocks The Tapeats Sandstone contains abundant invertebrate burrows and trails. But, body fossils, such as

4389-450: The following table: Spanish is marked by palatalization of the Latin double consonants ( geminates ) nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish año , and Latin anellum > Spanish anillo ). The consonant written u or v in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably " fortified " to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with

4466-466: The former British colony of Belize (known until 1973 as British Honduras ) where English is the sole official language, according to the 2022 census, 54% of the total population are able to speak the language. Due to its proximity to Spanish-speaking countries and small existing native Spanish speaking minority, Trinidad and Tobago has implemented Spanish language teaching into its education system. The Trinidadian and Tobagonian government launched

4543-492: The fossils of brachiopods and trilobites are absent, except where it interfingers with the overlying Bright Angel Shale. The Bright Angel Shale consists of green and red-brown, micaceous, thin-bedded shale, siltstone, and sandstone that weathers to a slope of the same colors. It is mostly composed of fissile shale (mudstone) and siltstone with some thicker beds of brown to tan sandstones and dolostones all of which are sometimes divided into numerous members. The Bright Angel Shale

4620-454: The grammar, dated 18 August 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire." From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Spanish-discovered America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America . Miguel de Cervantes , author of Don Quixote , is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes"). In

4697-632: The language from the Kingdom of Castile , contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician , Basque , Asturian , Catalan/Valencian , Aragonese , Occitan and other minor languages. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole of Spain, in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. "the other Spanish languages "). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. ... Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian

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4774-423: The language's hegemony in an intensely centralising Spanish state were established from the 18th century onward. Other European territories in which it is also widely spoken include Gibraltar and Andorra . Spanish is also spoken by immigrant communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom , France , Italy , and Germany . Spanish is an official language of the European Union . Today,

4851-419: The laterally gradation, time transgressive, and interfingering nature of the formations comprising the Tonto Group. In addition, they subdivided the Muav Limestone of Noble into undifferentiated dolomites, overlying an Muav Limestone composed entirely of the lower limestone strata. Furthermore, they removed the undifferentiated dolomites from the Tonto Group. Recently, the undifferentiated dolomites, now known as

4928-628: The majority of the Spanish speakers live in Hispanic America . Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure —of Argentina , Bolivia (co-official with 36 indigenous languages), Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Mexico (co-official with 63 indigenous languages), Nicaragua , Panama , Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní ), Peru (co-official with Quechua , Aymara , and "the other indigenous languages"), Puerto Rico (co-official with English), Uruguay , and Venezuela . Spanish language has

5005-447: The north rim via the North Kaibab Trail . At Garnet Canyon, the Tonto Trail officially ends, but a trail continues along the Colorado River to Elves Chasm. There is also a junction with the Royal Arch Route , which requires a short rappel to access the river trail. At Red Canyon, the eastern end of the Tonto Trail , the Escalante Route continues eastward, connecting to the Tanner Trail and Beamer Trail at Tanner Rapids. There

5082-498: The northwest of the African mainland. The Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands traces its origins back to the Castilian conquest in the 15th century , and, in addition to a resemblance to Western Andalusian speech patterns, it also features strong influence from the Spanish varieties spoken in the Americas, which in turn have also been influenced historically by Canarian Spanish. The Spanish spoken in North Africa by native bilingual speakers of Arabic or Berber who also speak Spanish as

5159-481: The population. Many northern Moroccans have rudimentary knowledge of Spanish, with Spanish being particularly significant in areas adjacent to Ceuta and Melilla. Spanish also has a presence in the education system of the country (through either selected education centers implementing Spain's education system, primarily located in the North, or the availability of Spanish as foreign language subject in secondary education). In Western Sahara , formerly Spanish Sahara ,

5236-431: The term español (Spanish). According to the Royal Spanish Academy, español derives from the Occitan word espaignol and that, in turn, derives from the Vulgar Latin * hispaniolus ('of Hispania'). Hispania was the Roman name for the entire Iberian Peninsula . There are other hypotheses apart from the one suggested by the Royal Spanish Academy. Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal suggested that

5313-444: The theories of Ramón Menéndez Pidal , local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish, in the north of Iberia, in an area centered in the city of Burgos , and this dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo , where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century. In this formative stage, Spanish developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese , and, according to some authors,

5390-465: The third most used language on the Internet , after English and Chinese. Spanish is the official language of Spain . Upon the emergence of the Castilian Crown as the dominant power in the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the Middle Ages, the Romance vernacular associated with this polity became increasingly used in instances of prestige and influence, and the distinction between "Castilian" and "Spanish" started to become blurred. Hard policies imposing

5467-403: The top in its upper 12 to 15 m (39 to 49 ft), which is part of a transition zone between it and the overlying Bright Angel Shale. The basal part of the Tapeats Sandstone is locally conglomeratic with beds of mudstone. Except where it overlies the Sixtymile Formation, the base of the Tapeats Sandstone is an unconformity underlying Precambrian rocks and is known as the Great Unconformity. In

5544-596: The world's most widely spoken Romance language. The country with the largest population of native speakers is Mexico . Spanish is part of the Ibero-Romance language group , in which the language is also known as Castilian ( castellano ). The group evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. The oldest Latin texts with traces of Spanish come from mid-northern Iberia in

5621-689: Was developed in the cities of Toledo , in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid , from the 1570s. The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages , including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish vida ). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o —which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in

5698-622: Was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages ). This distinctive dialect spread to southern Spain with the advance of the Reconquista , and meanwhile gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus , much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects (some 4,000 Arabic -derived words, make up around 8% of the language today). The written standard for this new language

5775-713: Was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h- , still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects, it is still aspirated in some words. Because of borrowings from Latin and neighboring Romance languages, there are many f -/ h - doublets in modern Spanish: Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish for "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish for "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish for "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both words pertaining to depth in Spanish, though fondo means "bottom", while hondo means "deep"); additionally, hacer ("to make")

5852-600: Was officially renamed the Tapeats Sandstone and the Tonto shale was officially renamed the Bright Angel Shale . The Marbled limestone was later officially renamed the Muav Limestone , which by Noble's definition consisted of an upper set of dolomite beds and a lower set of limestone beds. Later in 1945, E. D. McKee and C. E. Resser subdivided the formations into a number of members in their recognition of

5929-462: Was revoked by Michel Temer after the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff . In many border towns and villages along Paraguay and Uruguay, a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken. Equatorial Guinea is the only Spanish-speaking country located entirely in Africa, with the language introduced during the Spanish colonial period . Enshrined in the constitution as an official language (alongside French and Portuguese), Spanish features prominently in

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