Top Gas (T/G) is a former NHRA drag racing professional class.
68-626: Analogous to Top Fuel , Top Gas was a pro class, and allowed dragsters (T/GD) as well as bodied cars. Several noteworthy cars ran in Top Gas. One of the early streamliners , Scuderia , made her debut at the 1963 NHRA Winternationals at Pomona, California , recording a best pass of 8.83 seconds at 169.17 mph (272.25 km/h). At Arlington later that year, Scuderia set a Top Gas record (average of two passes) of 162.22 mph (261.07 km/h). Like Top Fuel, Top Gas dragsters experimented with twin engines, including Freight Train and
136-420: A "fueler" engine will provide power over a very broad range from very lean to very rich mixtures. Thus, to attain maximum performance, before each race, by varying the level of fuel supplied to the engine, the mechanical crew may select power outputs barely below the limits of tire traction. Power outputs which create tire slippage will "smoke the tires" and as a result the race is often lost. The air/fuel mixture
204-508: A (not necessarily constant) acceleration vector pointing along the car's forward direction, but the velocity vector will reverse direction from initially pointing backwards to forward, leaving the "hook" mark. At least as late as the 1970s in the United States, burnout enthusiasts would occasionally coat their (usually rear) drive wheel tires with a liquid chlorine-type bleach. This would result in spectacular bursts of white smoke during
272-471: A campaign by Santo Rapisarda, a car owner who often runs NHRA races in the United States. Before their run, racers often perform a burnout to clean and heat tires. The burnout also applies a layer of fresh rubber to the track surface, improving traction during launch. At maximum throttle and RPM, the exhaust gases escaping from a dragster's open headers produce about 900–1,100 pounds-force (4.0–4.9 kN) of downforce . The massive airfoil over and behind
340-505: A major purse, the Cragar - Weld Top Fuel Classic and "Big Daddy" Don Garlits returned to Top Fuel full-time. By 1987, NHRA Top Fuel Funny Car was drawing twice as many entrants as positions available. In 2012 enclosed cockpits were allowed to be used regularly used in top fuel by the NHRA. Burnout (vehicle) A burnout (also known as a peel out , power brake , or brakestand )
408-408: A much lower energy density (11.2 MJ/kg (1.21 Mcal th /lb)) than either gasoline (44 MJ/kg (4.8 Mcal th /lb)) or methanol (22.7 MJ/kg (2.46 Mcal th /lb)), an engine burning nitromethane can produce up to 2.4 times as much power as an engine burning gasoline. This is made possible by the fact that, in addition to fuel, an engine needs oxygen in order to generate force:
476-878: A period of 3.8 seconds. Much of organized drag-racing is sanctioned by the National Hot Rod Association. Since 1955, the association has held regional and national events (typically organized as single elimination tournaments, with the winner of each two car race advancing) and has set rules for safety, with the more powerful cars requiring ever more safety equipment. Typical safety equipment for contemporary top fuel dragsters: full face helmets with fitted HANS devices ; multi-point, quick release safety restraint harness; full body fire suit made of Nomex or similar material, complete with face mask, gloves, socks, shoes, and outer sock-like boots, all made of fire-resistant materials; on board fire extinguishers; kevlar or other synthetic "bullet-proof" blankets around
544-513: A practical purpose: drag racing slicks perform better at higher temperatures, and a burnout is the quickest way to raise tire temperature immediately prior to a race. They also clean the tire of any debris and lay down a layer of rubber by the starting line for better traction. The origin of the burnout can be traced to Ted Edwards Drag Strip in Fairburn GA in the mid 1960s (later to become Houston Brothers Drag Strip and Reds Drag Strip and said
612-465: A short while before all four gain traction. Another burnout technique is aimed at cars with insufficient power to perform a burnout from a standing-still position. It involves putting the car into reverse, reversing at a higher speed than normal and then quickly putting the car into first gear and hitting the accelerator. A variant of this is to reverse at an angle which will result in two (for cars with limited slip differentials) distinctive skidmarks once
680-463: A timer-based retard system is used. The engine is fitted with eight individual open exhaust pipes, 2.75 in (69.85 mm) in diameter and 18 in (457.20 mm) long. These are made of steel and fitted with thermocouples for measuring of the exhaust gas temperature . They are called "zoomies" and exhaust gases are directed upward and backwards. Exhaust temperature is about 500 °F (260 °C) at idle and 1,796 °F (980 °C) by
748-536: A way to gain leverage on NHRA, so Nix could use nitro himself). These cars ran in NHRA's S/FX class, variously defined as "Super Factory Experimental" or "Supercharged Factory Experimental". They were shortly turning in E.T.s in the low 11s and trap speeds of over 140 mph (225.3 km/h); at Long Beach on 21 March, an 11.49 pass at 141.66 mph (228.0 km/h) was recorded. Bob Sullivan's Pandemonium (a '65 Plymouth Barracuda ) joined about six other nitro-fuelled early funny cars facing fuel dragsters in
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#1732787827379816-428: Is a result of using very high boost levels and running at extremely high RPMs; both of these stress the internal components to a high degree, meaning that the peak power can only safely be achieved for brief periods of time, and even then only by intentionally sacrificing components. The engine power output can also be calculated based upon the car's weight and its performance. The calculated power output of these engines
884-447: Is about 10 kg (22 lb) lighter than 90 degree crankshaft, but they create a lot of vibration. Such is the strength of a top fuel crankshaft that in one incident, the entire engine block was split open and blown off the car during an engine failure, and the crank, with all eight connecting rods and pistons, was left still bolted to the clutch. Pistons are made of forged aluminum. They have three rings and aluminum buttons retain
952-422: Is an engine driven mechanical fuel pump and about 42 fuel nozzles. The pump can flow 100 US gallons (380 L) per minute at 7500 rpm and 500 psi (3,450 kPa) fuel pressure. In general 10 injectors are placed in the injector hat above the supercharger, 16 in the intake manifold and two per cylinder in the cylinder head. Usually a race is started with a leaner mixture, then as the clutch begins to tighten as
1020-447: Is built exclusively of specialized parts. It retains the basic configuration with two valves per cylinder activated by pushrods from a centrally-placed camshaft. The engine has hemispherical combustion chambers , a 58-degree in. to ex. valve stem angle; 4.8 inches (121.92 mm) bore pitch. The block is machined from a piece of forged aluminum. It features press-fitted, ductile iron cylinder liners. There are no water passages in
1088-624: Is disassembled and examined, and worn or damaged components are replaced. Measuring the power output of a top fuel engine directly is not always feasible. Certain models use a torque sensor incorporated as part of the RacePak data system. Dynamometers that can measure the output of a Top Fuel engine exist; however, the main limitation is that a Top Fuel engine cannot be run at its maximum power output for more than 10 seconds without overheating or possibly destroying itself explosively. Making such high power levels from such relatively limited displacement
1156-620: Is driven by gears in the front of the engine. Mechanical roller lifters ( cam followers ) ride atop the cam lobes and drive the steel push rods up into the steel rocker arms that actuate the valves. The rockers are of roller tip type on the intake and exhaust sides. Like the cam follower rollers, the steel tip roller rotates on a steel roller bearing and the steel rocker arms rotate on a pair of through-hardened tool steel shafts within bronze bushings. Intake and exhaust rockers are billet. The dual valve springs are of coaxial type and made out of titanium. Valve retainers are also made of titanium, as are
1224-464: Is fitted with a 200 pounds per square inch (1,379 kPa) burst plate . Air is fed to the compressor from throttle butterflies with a maximum area of 65 sq in (41,935 mm ). At maximum pressure, it takes approximately 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) to drive the supercharger. These superchargers are in fact derivatives of General Motors scavenging-air blowers for their two-stroke diesel engines , which were adapted for automotive use in
1292-463: Is ignited by two 14 mm (0.55 in) spark plugs per cylinder. These plugs are fired by two 44- ampere magnetos . Normal ignition timing is 58-65 degrees BTDC (This is dramatically greater spark advance than in a petrol engine as "nitro" and alcohol burn far slower). Directly after launch the timing is typically decreased by about 25 degrees for a short time as this gives the tires time to reach their correct shape. The ignition system limits
1360-456: Is likely to be adopted as a mandated rule for competition. The 54-year history of NHRA has provided hundreds of examples of safety upgrades. In 2000, the NHRA mandated the maximum concentration of nitromethane in a car's fuel be no more than 90%. In the wake of a Gateway International Raceway fatality in 2004, involving racer Darrell Russell , the fuel ratio was reduced to 85%. Complaints from teams in regards to cost, however, has resulted in
1428-472: Is most likely somewhere between 8,500 and 10,000 hp (6,340 and 7,460 kW), which is about twice as powerful as the engines installed on some modern diesel locomotives , with a torque output of approximately 7,400 pound force-feet (10,030 N⋅m ) and a brake mean effective pressure of 1,160–1,450 psi (8–10 MPa). In late 2015, tests using sensors developed by AVL Racing showed peak power of over 11,000 hp (8,200 kW). For
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#17327878273791496-430: Is often a problem when using nitromethane. Because of the relatively slow burn rate of nitromethane, very rich fuel mixtures are often not fully ignited, and some remaining nitromethane can escape from the exhaust pipe and ignite on contact with atmospheric oxygen, burning with a characteristic yellow flame . Additionally, after sufficient fuel has been combusted to consume all available oxygen, nitromethane can combust in
1564-534: Is the practice of keeping a vehicle stationary and spinning its wheels, the resultant friction causing the tires to heat up and smoke. While the burnout gained widespread popularity in California, it was first created by Buddy Houston, his brother Melson and David Tatum II at Ted Edwards Drag Strip in Fairburn GA (later to become Houston Bros Drag Strip and Reds Drag Strip) in the mid 1960s. The origins of burnouts can be traced to drag racing , where they have
1632-437: The engine displacement to 500 cubic inches (8.19 L). A 4.1875-inch (106.36 mm) bore with a 4.5-inch (114.30 mm) stroke are customary dimensions. Larger bores have been shown to weaken the cylinder block. Compression ratio is about 6.5:1, as is common on engines with overdriven Roots-type superchargers . The engine used to power a Top Fuel drag racing car is based on a second generation Chrysler RB Hemi, but
1700-424: The 1.156 in × 3.300 in (29.36 mm × 83.82 mm) steel wrist pin. The piston is anodized and Teflon coated to prevent galling during the high thrust load operation encountered. The top ring is an L-shaped section "Dykes" ring that provides the best seal during combustion, but a second ring must be used to prevent excessive oil from entering the combustion chamber during intake strokes, as
1768-644: The 1965 season. In 1971, Don Garlits introduced the Swamp Rat XIV , a rear-engined Top Fuel dragster. While others had been developed in the previous decade, it was the first successful one, winning the 1971 NHRA Winternationals . In 1984, Top Fuel was at a low point. It was having trouble attracting full sixteen-car fields, leading to cutting back to eight-car rosters, while the International Hot Rod Association dropped Top Fuel entirely. The same year, Joe Hrudka offered
1836-507: The 1971 Gatornationals . Late model cars were first allowed in the Gas classes in 1967. Other notable drivers who started or drove in Top Gas include Gordon Collett , Jim Bucher , Eddie Hill , and Jack Moss, while teams like Frakes and Funk, and Schultz and Jones, had many fans. The last event was the 1971 NHRA Supernationals at Ontario Motor Speedway in California. It was won by Jim Bucher , whose twin-engined dragster redlighted, but
1904-496: The Dykes-style ring offers less than optimal reverse gas/oil sealing. The third ring is an oil scraper ring whose function is to scrape the majority of the oil film off the cylinder wall as the piston descends from top dead center (TDC), to prevent oil being exposed to combustion heat and contaminating the upcoming round of fuel/air. This "oil scraping" also provides a key heat removal step for the cylinder walls and piston skirts,
1972-647: The Motes & Peters digger . It also saw a number of streamliners, including Sidewinder III (in BB/GD) and Scuderia . Driver Ray Motes and owner R. C. Williams, based in Russell, Kansas , ran "one of the most successful Top Gas dragsters ever". Motes would win the Springnationals and the Top Gas national title in both 1970 and 1971. Williams, then owner of Freight Train (driven by Walt Rhodes), would win
2040-456: The Top Fuel category is also the most associated female in the drag racing world, Shirley Muldowney , who won three championships during her career. Since 2015, NHRA regulations limit the composition of the fuel to a maximum of 90% nitromethane ; the remainder is largely methanol . However, this mixture is not mandatory, and less nitromethane may be used if desired. While nitromethane has
2108-495: The absence of atmospheric oxygen, producing hydrogen , which can often be seen burning from the exhaust pipes at night as a bright white flame. In a typical run the engine can consume between 12 US gallons (45.42 L) and 22.75 US gallons (86.12 L) of fuel during warmup, burnout, staging, and the quarter-mile run. Like many other motor sport formulas originating in the United States, NHRA -sanctioned drag racing favors heavy restrictions on engine configuration, sometimes to
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2176-499: The back-half of the roll-cage to prevent any debris from entering the cockpit. This also was the result of the fatal crash at Gateway International Raceway. The rear tire pressure is also heavily regulated by Goodyear Tire and Rubber on behalf of the NHRA, at 7 psi (48 kPa), the absolute minimum pressure allowed. At present, final drive ratios higher than 3.20 (3.2 engine rotations to one rear axle rotation) are prohibited, in an effort to limit top speed potential, thus reducing
2244-494: The be the first drag strip east of the Mississippi River) where Buddy Houston, his brother Melson, and David Tatum II used water and bleach to break the tires loose and spin creating heat thus cleaning the tires prior to pulling up to the line. People would hold the car in place from the rear to start the burnout. The practice gained momentum and made its way across the country to widespread popularity in California where
2312-420: The big end while the pin runs directly in the rod. The supercharger must be a 14-71 type Roots blower . It has twisted lobes and is driven by a toothed belt . The supercharger is slightly offset to the rear to provide an even distribution of air. Absolute manifold pressure is usually 56–66 pounds per square inch (386–455 kPa), but up to 74 pounds per square inch (510 kPa) is possible. The manifold
2380-616: The block, which adds considerable strength and stiffness. The engine is cooled by the incoming air/fuel mixture and the lubricating oil. Like the original Hemi, the racing cylinder block has a deep skirt for strength. There are five main bearing caps, which are fastened with aircraft-standard-rated steel studs, with additional reinforcing main studs and side bolts (" cross-bolting "). There are three approved suppliers of these custom blocks; Keith Black , Brad Anderson, and Alan Johnson. The cylinder heads are machined from aluminum billets . As such, they, too, lack water jackets and rely entirely on
2448-470: The burnout. These and similar techniques are generally not recommended because they place a great load on drivetrain components and can result in transmission damage. The effective lifetime of the drive wheel tires is appropriately shortened. An additional technique sometimes used by those celebrating a race victory (such as in NASCAR) is to position the racecar so that its nose is against the outside wall of
2516-524: The car pushes forward — in Arab parts of the world, this trick is called the "88", as the skidmarks resemble two number-eights in Arabic ("٨ ٨"). In the United States, these marks are referred to as "fishhooks", a very accurate description of the skidmarks as the car will leave a longer mark when the vehicle's velocity becomes aligned with its forward direction. During this stunt, the vehicle always experiences
2584-454: The clutch, shift into first gear, floor the gas, and finally dump the clutch and quickly move your foot onto the brake pedal to hold the brakes. After this you can then release off the brakes to peel out or you can stand on it. It is worth noting that this will put a large amount of strain on your drivetrain due to the shock from engaging the clutch. It is possible to make rear-wheel drive burnouts easier by installing "line locks", which allows
2652-461: The detriment of technological development. In some cases, teams are required to use technologies that may be decades old, resulting in cars that may seem substantially less advanced than the average family car. However, while some basic facets of engine configuration are heavily restricted, other technologies, such as fuel injection , clutch operation, ignition, and car materials and design, are under constant development. NHRA competition rules limit
2720-513: The driver to an average acceleration of about 4.0 g 0 (39 m/s ) over the duration of the race and with a peak of over 5.6 g 0 (55 m/s ). Because of the speeds, this class races a 1,000 foot (304.8 m) distance, not the traditional drag-race length of one-fourth of a statute mile, or 1,320 feet (402.3 m). The rule was introduced in 2008 by the National Hot Rod Association after
2788-415: The early days of the sport. The model name of these superchargers delineates their size – the once commonly used 6-71 and 4-71 blowers were designed for General Motors diesels having six cylinders of 71 cu in (1.16 L) each, and four cylinders of 71 cu in (1.16 L) each, respectively. Thus, the currently used 14-71 design can be seen to be a huge increase in power delivery over
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2856-475: The early designs, purpose-built for the GM Detroit Diesel truck powerplants. Mandatory safety rules require a secured Kevlar-style blanket over the supercharger assembly as "blower explosions" are not uncommon, from the volatile air/fuel mixture coming from the fuel injectors being drawn directly through them. The absence of a protective blanket exposes the driver, team and spectators to shrapnel in
2924-410: The end of NASCAR races to celebrate their victory. Performing a burnout in a front wheel drive vehicle is usually achieved by engaging the parking brake to lock up the rear tires along with stomping the gas to break the front wheels loose. To perform a burnout in a rear wheel drive vehicle, the driver has to simultaneously engage the gas and brake pedals. The brake pedal will require modulation, as
2992-416: The end of a run. During a nighttime event, the slow-burning nitromethane can be seen to extend flames many feet out from the exhaust pipes. The engine is warmed up for about 80 seconds. After the warm up the valve covers are taken off, oil is changed and the car is refueled. The run including tire warming is about 100 seconds which results in a "lap" of about three minutes. After each lap, the entire engine
3060-454: The engine speed builds, the air/fuel mixture is enriched. As the increased engine speed builds up pump pressure, the mixture is made leaner to maintain a predetermined ratio that is based on many factors, especially race track surface friction. The stoichiometry of both methanol and nitromethane is considerably greater than that of racing gasoline, as they have oxygen atoms attached to their carbon chains and gasoline does not. This means that
3128-405: The engine speed to 8400 rpm. The ignition system provides initial 60,000 volts and 1.2 amperes. The long duration spark (up to 26 degrees) provides energy of 950 millijoules (0.23 cal th ). The plugs are placed in such a way that they are cooled by the incoming charge. The ignition system is not allowed to respond to real time information (no computer-based spark lead adjustments), so instead
3196-445: The entrance of a Top Fuel event. Dragsters are limited to a wheelbase of 300 inches (7.6 m). The most prolific active driver in Top Fuel is Tony Schumacher and the most successful crew chief is Alan Johnson, who was the crew chief for six of Schumacher's championships, the back-to-back titles won by driver Gary Scelzi and was the crew chief for his brother Blaine for his entire professional career. The first female driver in
3264-424: The event of a blown rod. Teams are fined and points are lost if oil is spilled on the track surface, so all teams make provision for absorbent blankets/diapers below the engine. Oil pump pressure is somewhere around 160–170 psi (1,100–1,170 kPa) during the run, 200 psi (1,380 kPa) at start up, but actual figures differ between teams. Fuel is injected by a constant flow injection system. There
3332-404: The event that nearly any irregularity in the induction of the air/fuel mixture, the conversion of combustion into rotating crankshaft movements, or in the exhausting of spent gasses is encountered. The oil system has a wet sump which contains 16 US quarts (15.1 L) of SAE 70 mineral or synthetic racing oil. The pan is made of titanium or aluminum. Titanium can be used to prevent oil spills in
3400-470: The fastest competitors reaching speeds of 341.68 miles per hour (549.9 km/h) and finishing the 1,000 foot (304.8 m) runs in 3.62 seconds. A top fuel dragster accelerates from a standstill to 100 mph (160.9 km/h) in as little as 0.8 seconds (less than one third the time required by a production Porsche 911 Turbo to reach 60 mph (96.6 km/h)) and can exceed 297 mph (478.0 km/h) in just 660 feet (201.2 m). This subjects
3468-708: The fatal crash of Funny Car driver Scott Kalitta during a qualifying session at Old Bridge Township Raceway Park in Englishtown, New Jersey . The shortening of the distance was used by the FIA at some tracks, and as of 2012 is now the standard Top Fuel distance defined by the FIA. The International Hot Rod Association , which at the time sanctioned Top Fuel in Australia, dropped the 1/4-mile distance in September 2017 after
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#17327878273793536-606: The first U.S. Fuel and Gas Championship at Famoso Raceway in March 1959. Bob Hansen won Top Fuel Eliminator (TFE) in his A/HR, with a speed of 136 mph (218.9 km/h). Jimmy Nix , who previously ran a Top Gas dragster; Jim Johnson , who ran a Dodge Polara stocker , and who had won the B/SA title in 1963; Jim Nelson ; and Dode Martin pioneered TF/FC. (Nix tried to persuade Chrisman to get Mercury Racing Director Fran Hernandez to allow him to run his Comet's 427 on nitro, as
3604-402: The front brakes to be selectively activated by holding down a switch and releasing the brake pedal and freeing the rear brakes. Burnouts are most difficult to perform in four-wheel drive and all-wheel drive cars, as they have better traction than FWD or RWD vehicles. It requires significantly more powerful engines to break all four tires loose at the same time, and the tires will spin for only
3672-454: The goal is to allow the rear tires to spin while holding the car in place with the front wheels remaining motionless. At a certain point of balance, the front brakes will prevent the car from moving forward while the rear brakes will have insufficient grip to keep the wheels from spinning, since engine power is transferred to the rear wheels only. To do a burnout in a manual transmission vehicle, you first start in neutral, then you press and hold
3740-402: The incoming air/fuel mixture and lubricating oil for their cooling. The original Chrysler design of two large valves per cylinder is used. The intake valve is made from solid titanium and the exhaust from solid Nimonic 80A or similar. Seats are of ductile iron . Beryllium-copper has been tried but its use is limited due to its toxicity. Valve sizes are around 2.45 in (62.23 mm) for
3808-450: The intake and 1.925 in (48.90 mm) for the exhaust. In the ports there are integral tubes for the push rods. The heads are sealed to the block by copper gaskets and stainless steel o-rings . Securing the heads to the block is done with aircraft-rated steel studs and stud nuts. The camshaft is billet steel, made from 8620 carbon or S7 through-hardened tool steel or similar. It runs in five oil pressure lubricated bearing shells and
3876-500: The level of danger. In 1958, NHRA banned nitro in all categories; the American Hot Rod Association (AHRA) still allowed it, and Fuel Dragsters (FD), Hot Roadsters (HR), and Fuel Coupés (FC): this led to Fuel Altereds (AA/FAs), Factory Experimentals (A/FXs), and (ultimately) Funny Cars (TF/FCs). Independent drag strips, not NHRA sanctioned, offered venues for the fuel racers. Smokers Car Club hosted
3944-441: The oil film is renewed as the piston moves upward after reaching bottom dead center (BDC). The connecting rods are of forged aluminum and do provide some shock damping, which is why aluminum is used in place of titanium, because titanium connecting rods transmit too much of the combustion impulse to the big-end rod bearings, endangering the bearings and thus the crankshaft and block. Each con rod has two bolts, shell bearings for
4012-513: The purposes of comparison, a 2009 SSC Ultimate Aero TT , which at the time was among the world's most powerful production automobiles, produces 1,287 hp (960 kW) of power and 1,112 lbf⋅ft (1,508 N⋅m) of torque. From start to finish the engine will turn 240 revolutions. Including start up, burnout, staging and the race, the engine must survive just 500 revolutions before being rebuilt. This calculation assumes an average racing engine speed of roughly 3,800 revolutions per minute over
4080-441: The rear wheels produces much more, peaking at around 12,000 pounds-force (53.4 kN) when the car reaches about 330 mph (531.1 km/h). The engine of a Top Fuel dragster generates around 150 dB of sound at full throttle, enough to cause physical pain or even permanent damage. Before a run, race announcers usually advise spectators to cover or plug their ears. Ear plugs and even earmuffs are often handed out to fans at
4148-477: The rocker covers. Billet steel crankshafts are used; they all have a cross plane a.k.a. 90 degree configuration and run in five conventional bearing shells. 180 degree crankshafts have been tried. Due to ease of laying out an exhaust system with even pulsation, the 180 degree crankshaft can offer increased power in engines with interacting exhaust. However this does not concern Top Fuel engines with separate exhaust pipes for each cylinder. A 180 degree crankshaft
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#17327878273794216-427: The rule being rescinded starting in 2008, when the fuel mixture returns to 90%, as NHRA team owners, crew chiefs, and suppliers complained about mechanical failures that can result in oildowns or more severe crashes caused by the reduced nitromethane mixture. They also mandated enclosed roll cages. The NHRA also mandated that different rear tires be used to reduce failure, and that a titanium "shield" be attached around
4284-584: The severity of punishments vary. In New South Wales , Australia, for example, police have the power to confiscate the offending vehicle for 3 months for a first offense. In March 2010, British Formula 1 World Champion, Lewis Hamilton had his Mercedes car impounded for allegedly performing a burnout in Melbourne, Australia while leaving the Albert Park Grand-Prix Circuit. Burnouts are also frequently performed by winning drivers at
4352-617: The sport was more popular and organized. Drag race tracks sometimes use a specially-reserved wet-surface area known as the "water box", because water is poured onto a certain area to reduce the friction to initiate the burnout. This was once called a "bleach box", when bleach was used instead of water; this began in 1969, the year the first burnout was done in NHRA, at the Hot Rod Magazine Championship Drag Races in Riverside, California . Don Garlits
4420-725: The stoichiometric ratio of petrol is 14.7:1 air to petrol, and 1.7:1 air to nitromethane, which, unlike gasoline, already has oxygen in its molecular composition. For a given amount of air consumed, this means that an engine can burn 7.6 times more nitromethane than gasoline. Nitromethane also has a high latent heat of vaporization , meaning that it will absorb substantial engine heat as it vaporizes, providing an invaluable cooling mechanism. The laminar flame speed and combustion temperature are higher than gasoline's at 0.5 m/s (1.6 ft/s) and 2,400 °C (4,350 °F) respectively. Power output can be increased by using very rich air-fuel mixtures. This also helps prevent pre-ignition , which
4488-450: The superchargers and clutch assemblies to contain broken parts in the event of failure or explosion; damage resistant fuel tank, lines, and fittings; externally accessible fuel and ignition shut-offs (built to be accessible to rescue staff); braking parachutes; and a host of other equipment, all built to the very highest standards of manufacturing. Any breakthrough or invention that is likely to contribute to driver, staff, and spectator safety
4556-432: Was given the win after his opponent, Ken Ellis (in another twin-engined dragster), was disqualified. Top Gas was eliminated by NHRA in 1972. This motorsport-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Top Fuel Top Fuel is a type of drag racing whose dragsters are the quickest accelerating racing cars in the world and the fastest sanctioned category of drag racing, with
4624-1019: Was the first to do burnouts across the starting line, which is now standard practice. Water, bleach and resin were used, and water is said to work as well as bleach. Early on, traction compound RFI also produced the spectacular flame burnouts. The hazard of using flammable traction compound led NHRA to mandate use of water, instead. Burnouts eventually became a serious form of competition and entertainment in their own right. Considerable prize money or goods are sometimes involved, and cars may even be sponsored or purpose-built specifically as "burnout cars". Burnout contests are judged on crowd response, with style and attitude therefore being important factors. Such contests are particularly popular in Australia but often occur in North America as well. Burnouts are also common in informal street racing , usually for show value. As with all street racing activities, burnouts on public property are illegal in most countries but
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